This document discusses various modes of transportation including rail, road, water, pipeline and air transportation. It provides details on each mode such as how rail transportation uses tracks and rolling stock, how road transportation involves the movement of goods and people using vehicles, and how water transportation involves the movement of goods via ships, boats and barges. Pipeline transportation is described as the long-distance movement of liquids and gases through a system of pipes. Air transportation is highlighted as the fastest mode and its development in India is briefly outlined.

1. By:
S . Manoj Kumar

2.  the movement of people or goods from one place
to another
 the safe transportation of used nuclear fuelIn the
past, British convicts could be sentenced to
transportation .

3.  an act, process, or instance of transporting or
being transported
 means of conveyance or travel from one place to
another
 public conveyance of passengers or goods
especially as a commercial enterprise
 banishment to a penal colony

4. 1.Extensive Market:
 Transport helps in the assembly of raw materials
and distribution of finished goods. It makes it
possible to move goods from the place of production
to the place where they are to be consumed. In the
earlier days, there were only local markets due to
the absence of safe means of transport. Now-a-days,
trade is not restricted to the boundaries of a nation,
but has spread throughout the world.

5.  Development of the efficient means of transport
has knit together all the nations of the world into
the one big world market. Even the perishable
articles like fish, dairy products, meat etc. are
being transported to distant places of the world.
But for good transport facilities, such a
development in trade and commerce would not
have been possible

6.  Transport reduces the rigours of immobility of
certain factors of production. Mobility of labour
and capital increases with the development of
transport. An efficient network of transport
services encourages the movement of people from
one place to another.

7.  Labour can migrate to the place where they can
get better job opportunities, which reduces the
exploitation of workers. The development of
Australia and United States would not have been
possible without immigrations from Europe. With
the development of transport, the investment of
capital is also channelised to new lands and other
places of the world.

8.  Transport helps each region and country to make optimum
and efficient use of its national resources. Each region can
concentrate on production of those goods for which its
resources are best suited. Thus, movement of goods and
people from one place to another leads to specialisation
and division of labour which results in minimum wastage
of resources and reduction in the cost of production.

9.  Transport has helped the development of large scale
industries. It would not have been possible for these
industries to procure raw materials, gather large
number of workers and sell the finished goods, without
the efficient facilities of transport. Thus, transport has
made possible the various economies of large scale
production which tend to reduce unit cost of production
and help the economy.

10.  Transport facilities .iron out wild fluctuations.
Goods can be transported to places where there is
scarcity and the prices are high from places where
there is surplus and the prices are low. Such
movement of goods helps in maintaining uniform
prices throughout the country and further tends to
equalise the prices of goods throughout the world.

11.  Improved means of transport benefit the consumers
in many ways. The consumers can enjoy the benefit
of use of many goods, which cannot be produced at
their place, by transporting such goods from other
distant places. Further, it helps in reducing the cost
of goods of consumers and increases their
purchasing power.

12.  The various means of transport provide
employment to millions of people throughout the
world. The economic development of a country
depends upon the improved means of transport.
Thus, transport contributes substantially to the
national income of the nations.

13.  The scope of total income is extended by the
development of the means of transport. As
commodities can be quickly transported from one
place to another, local producers cannot charge
prices at their own will. This discourages
monopoly and encourages competition.

14.  Transport has helped in the development of
agriculture also. The business of agricultural
products has grown to such a large extent only do to
the efficient means of transport. It would not have
been possible to use modern techniques of
agriculture, improved quality of seeds and
fertilisers, etc., but for good transport facilities.

15.  Transport facilitates the industrial development of
a country. It helps the growth of industries by
making available various factors of production. It
would not have been possible to make such rapid
industrial development without efficient means of
transport.

16.  Transport helps in increasing the national wealth
of a country by facilitating agriculture, industry,
trade and commerce.

17. 1 - OVER VIEW
 Many of your major fixed expenses are paid on a
monthly basis – and your people weekly. A change in
utilization dramatically affects your FIXED cost per
mile (CPM) and your bottom line.
 What follows is a review of the fixed expenses in a
typical over-the-road Class 8 operation and projected
monthly costs, along with some general comments.

18.  For ease of showing the relationship of monthly
dollars to CPM, we have used an industry average
utilization of 8,000 miles per month and calculated
the resulting CPM. If your business receives weekly
settlements with deductions, simply multiply those
dollars by 4.33 weeks per month to get to your
monthly dollar projections.

19. - Tractor Payment – This is your largest fixed cost,
unless your equipment is significantly paid down or paid
off. Most lease-type arrangements are totally deductible.
Otherwise, you deduct interest and depreciation. A new
premium tractor today without a trade or buy-down will
cost about $2,000 per month ($115,000 for 6 years @ 8%
interest). At 8,000 miles per month, this is $0.25 per
mile.

20. RAIL
ROAD WAYS
WATER
PIPE LINE
AIR

21.  Rail Transport(also known as train transport) is a
means of transferring passengers and goods on wheeled
vehicles running on rails, which are located on tracks.
 In contrast to road transport, where the vehicles run on
a prepared flat surface, rail vehicles (rolling stock) are
directionally guided by the tracks on which they run.

22.  Tracks usually consist of steel rails, installed on sleepers
(ties) set in ballast, on which the rolling stock, usually
fitted with metal wheels, moves.
 Other variations are also possible, such as "slab track", in
which the rails are fastened to a concrete foundation
resting on a prepared subsurface.

23.  Road transport or road transportation is a type of
transport by using roads.
 Transport on roads can be roughly grouped into the
transportation of goods and transportation of people.
 In many countries licensing requirements and safety
regulations ensure a separation of the two industries.

24.  Movement along roads may be by bike or automobile,
truck, or by animal such as horse or oxen.
 Standard networks of roads were adopted by Romans,
Persians, Aztec, and other early empires, and may be
regarded as a feature of empires.
 Cargo may be transported by trucking companies,
while passengers may be transported via mass transit.

25.  Commonly defined features of modern roads include
defined lanes and signage.
 Various classes of road exist, from two-lane local roads
with at-grade intersections to controlled-access highways
with all cross traffic grade-separated.
 The nature of road transportation of goods depends on,
apart from the degree of development of the local
infrastructure, on the distance the goods are transported
by road, the weight and volume of an individual shipment,
and the type of goods transported.

26.  For short distances and light, small shipments a
van or pickup truck may be used.

27.  Water transportation is the intentional movement of
water over large distances. Methods of
transportation fall into three categories:
 Aqueducts, which include pipelines, canals, tunnels
and bridgesContainer shipment, which includes
transport by tank truck, tank car, and tank ship.

28.  Towing, where a tugboat is used to pull an iceberg
or a large water bag along behind it.
 Due to its weight, the transportation of water is very
energy-intensive.
 Unless it has the assistance of gravity, a canal or
long-distance pipeline will need pumping stations at
regular intervals.

29.  In this regard, the lower friction levels of the canal
make it a more economical solution than the
pipeline. Water transportation is also very common
in rivers and oceans.

30.  Pipeline transport is the long-distance
transportation of a liquid or gas through a system
of pipes—a pipeline—typically to a market area
for consumption.
 The latest data from 2014 gives a total of slightly
less than 2,175,000 miles (3,500,000 km) of
pipeline in 120 countries of the world.

31.  The United States had 65%, Russia had 8%, and
Canada had 3%, thus 75% of all pipeline were in
these three countries.

32.  Air transport is the fastest means of movement
from one place to the other.
 It has reduced distances by minimising the travel
time.
 It is very essential for a vast country like India,
where distances are large and the terrain and
climatic conditions are diverse.

33.  Air transport in India made a beginning in 1911
when airmail operation commenced over a little
distance of 10 km between Allahabad and Naini.
 But its real development took place in post-
Independent period.
 The Airport Authority of India is responsible for
providing safe, efficient air traffic and
aeronautical communication services in the Indian
Air Space.

34.  The authority manages 125 airports. The air
transport in India is managed by two
corporations, Air India and Indian Airlines after
nationalisation.
 Now many private companies have also started
passenger services.

35. THANK YOU