Fuel economy and idle reduction were the focus of the workshop. The document discussed the need to improve fuel economy due to concerns over energy security and emissions. It provided an overview of vehicle and fuel choices as well as technologies that can increase fuel economy such as hybrids, natural gas vehicles, and reducing unnecessary idling. The workshop aimed to educate attendees on options for improving fleet fuel efficiency and sustainability.

1. 7/13/2011
Fuel Economy & Idle Reduction Workshop
East Tennessee Clean Fuels
Knoxville, Tennessee
July 13, 2011
This workshop made possible through support from the U.S. Department of Energy and partners.
Materials for the Clean Transportation Education Project were developed by the NC Solar Center/NC State University and partners with
funding from the U.S. Dept of Energy Clean Cities program. The U.S. Government does not assume any legal liability, responsibility for the
accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information provided, nor endorse any particular product through this support.
1

2. 7/13/2011
Clean Transportation Education
Project
• CTEP is a 2 year initiative that will deliver 36 workshops across
the U.S. in 4 subject areas:
h b
‐ Biodiesel
‐ Ethanol
‐ Natural Gas and Propane
‐ Fuel Economy/ Idle Reduction (including electric & hybrid vehicles)
• CTEP success relies on partnerships among Clean Cities
CTEP success relies on partnerships among Clean Cities
coalitions, industry and educational organizations
• Lead by NC Solar Center/NC State University and Wake Tech
Community College with funding provided by the U.S.
Community College with funding provided by the U S
Department of Energy
• Workshop schedule and more information at
www.altfueled.org
2

3. 7/13/2011
Today s Topics:
Today’s Topics:
• Wh C ? E
Why Care? Energy Security & Emissions
S i &E i i
• Vehicle Choices & Fuel Economy Technologies
• Idle reduction: Policies, Practices, and Technologies
• Driver Behavior & Driving Tips
• P
Preventative Maintenance (PM)
i M i (PM)
• Accountability‐Establishing a Green Fleet Program
3

4. 7/13/2011
Fuel Economy
Fuel Economy
Why Care?
Why Care?
Energy Security, Emissions
4

5. 7/13/2011
Energy Map of the United States
5

6. 7/13/2011
Energy Map of the United States circa 2050
6

7. 7/13/2011
The End of Oil?
7

8. 7/13/2011
Graphic: Bosch
• China will pass the U.S. in vehicle population within 25 years
p p p y
• This will put increasing strain on oil supplies
• Not to mention India!
8

9. 7/13/2011
Combustion Creates Emissions
Combustion Creates Emissions
• Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
– P d d( l
Produced (along with water) when combusting a carbon fuel
ith t ) h b ti b f l
• Carbon Monoxide (CO)
– Produced by an incomplete burn (not enough oxygen)
• O id
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX)
f Ni (NO
– Produced in internal combustion engines by heat and pressure
• Oxides of Sulfur (SOX)
– Fossil fuels, in particular diesel and coal, contain sulfur
• Hydrocarbons (HC) or Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
– Unburned petroleum due to an incomplete burn
• Particulate Matter (PM)
– Particulate carbon released from the fuels, mostly in diesel
combustion
9

10. 7/13/2011
Summary
• Business as usual is not a
sustainable energy plan for the
United States.
• Oil, while not going away, will
l hl ll
continue to increase in cost.
• Ai
Air quality regulations governing
lit l ti i
NOx, Hydrocarbons, CO2 etc. will
continue to tighten.
continue to tighten
10

11. 7/13/2011
Vehicle & Fuel Choice
Vehicle & Fuel Choice
Are you right sizing?
When choosing new?
When choosing new?
When using what you have?
11

12. 7/13/2011
Technology
Transportation is becoming a mix of technologies taking us
toward sustainability through fuel economy (efficiency) and idle
reduction.
12

13. 7/13/2011
Decision Making for Fuel Economy :
Technology Matrix
h l
Technology/Price Fuel economy Range Fuel/Availability
Gas direct injection
Diesel
Hybrid
Flex Fuel E 85
Flex Fuel‐E‐85
CNG
Plug in hybrid
Pl i h b id
Range extender electric
Hydrogen
Source: SAE Hybrid Symposium, Synovate data, Feb 2007
13

14. 7/13/2011
Hybrid Technology
Hybrids use a
y
combination of
internal combustion
and one or more
and one or more
electric machines to
drive the wheels.
Energy is stored in
d
both the fuel tank
and a pack of nickel
p
metal‐hydride
batteries.
Graphic: Honda Motor Co.
14

15. 7/13/2011
Hybrid Types
Hybrid fuel economy is affected by drive cycle. Hybrids provide
superior fuel economy in urban environments but are not
effective in high speed interstate driving.
15

16. 7/13/2011
Natural Gas Vehicle (NGV)
Compare Honda Civics:
Compare Honda Civics:
• 2010 Honda GX (CNG) • 2010 Honda Civic
• Combined MPG = 28 • Combined MPG = 29
• Fuel $/yr = $1,340based on • Fuel $/yr = $1,654based on
CNG @ $2.50gge and 15K miles/yr reg. gas @$3.20/gal and 15K miles/yr
g g /g /y
• Carbon Footprint 5.4 • Carbon Footprint 6.3
annual tons of CO2 annual tons of CO2
• Air Pollution score = 9 • Air Pollution Score = 6
Air Pollution Score 6
• Energy Impact Score = • Energy Impact Score =
0.1 barrels 11.8 barrels
Source: www.fueleconomy.gov
16

17. 7/13/2011
Green Choice vehicle
from US EPA Green Vehicle Guide
2010 Malibu 2LT 4 cylinder
2010 Malibu 2LT 4 cylinder 2010 Malibu 2LT 6 cylinder
2010 Malibu 2LT 6 cylinder
• Combined MPG= 25 • Combined MPG= 22
• Gals/100 miles = 4
Gals/100 miles 4 • Gals/100 miles = 4.55
Gals/100 miles 4.55
• Fuel cost/yr = $1,590 15K/yr • Fuel cost/yr = $1,807 15K/yr
• Smog/yr = 3.64 lbs • Smog/yr = 5.29 lbs
• GHG/yr = 5.91 tons • GHG/yr = 6.71 tons
• MSRP= $22,895 • MSRP= $24,690
6 cyl costs $1,795 more, uses more fuel, cost more to
operate, emits more criteria pollutants and greenhouse
operate, emits more criteria pollutants and greenhouse
gas emissions.
17

18. 7/13/2011
Neighborhood Electrics (NEV’s)
• NEVs can fulfill many
tasks especially in
urban centers, campus
environments, etc.
• Range is typically 30 to
Range is typically 30 to
50 miles/charge
• Speed limited by
Federal law to 25 mph.
• Can be driven on streets zoned
Can be driven on streets zoned
up to 35 MPH,
• No special recharging
infrastructure required,
• Can be plugged into 110 outlet.
18

19. 7/13/2011
Right Size Vehicles to Optimize Fuel Economy
& Reduce Emissions
& d i i
• It is important to remember that real emissions are
It is important to remember that real emissions are
based on the mass of emission products (such as CO2
produced) and that this is a function of engine size
(displacement).
• When choosing a vehicle/power train, right size your
vehicle to its intended application! Only buy the
power you need.
• CNG engines utilize higher compression ratios which
offsets reduced energy density of the fuel.
19

20. 7/13/2011
Summary
• The fleet manager/consumer has more
e eet a age /co su e as o e
choices of types vehicles than ever before.
g g
• Choices range from enhanced gasoline and
diesels to various types of electric drive
systems.
• Purchase decisions should be made only
after careful research and analysis of
needs.
needs
• Don’t forget the color! Light colors such as
white will improve fuel economy.
white will improve fuel economy
20

21. 7/13/2011
Technology
We have made great progress
We have made great progress
toward higher efficiency
Let’s take a look!
Let’s take a look!
21

22. 7/13/2011
Energy Densities & Fuel Choices
The joule is the energy
exerted by the force of
one Newton acting to
move an object through
a distance of one meter
or the work required to
continuously produce
one watt of power for
one second or one watt
second.
d
The megajoule (MJ) is
equal to one million
bon
joules, or approximately
joules or approximately
% Carb
the kinetic energy of a
one‐ton vehicle moving
at 100 MPH
% Hydrogen
22

23. 7/13/2011
Energy 101
Second Law: “In all energy
exchanges, if no energy
enters or leaves the
system, the potential
s stem the potential
energy of the state will
always be less than that of
always be less than that of
the initial state." This is
also known as entropy. In
the process of energy
conversion, some energy
will always dissipate as
ill l di i
Courtesy Wikipedia heat.
23

24. 7/13/2011
Thermal Efficiency
Thermal Efficiency
• As often stated,
As often stated,
Graphic Courtesy WIKIPEDIA
• O TE W k O t di id d b E
Or TE = Work Out divided by Energy In
I
• TE will be a percentage and must always be
greater than 0 and less than 100
t th 0 d l th 100
24

25. 7/13/2011
Choosing Torque & Power
• Choose the power train carefully!
• Analyze the primary function of the
vehicle. Is it intended for highway
vehicle Is it intended for highway
use? Urban drive cycle? Payload?
Will it provide power via a PTO?
• Maximizing efficient use will
maximize fuel economy.
/ p
• Short stroke/lower compression
vehicles well suited to light duty
high speed operation, such as
transporting people over long
p gp p g
distance.
• Long stroke/high compression Specs for 3 Ford engines,
engines suitable for hauling heavy
engines suitable for hauling heavy Approx 6.5 litres
Approx 6 5 litres
loads, large chassis and continuous
low speed operation.
25

26. 7/13/2011
Technologies That Impact Fuel
Economy
• Variable Valve Timing & Lift
Variable Valve Timing & Lift
• Cylinder Deactivation or Active Fuel
Management
• Turbo charging & Supercharging
• Gasoline Direct Injection
Gasoline Direct Injection
• Low Rolling Resistance Tires
• S l ti C t l t R d ti
Selective Catalyst Reduction
• Idle Reduction
Points 1,2,3,4: http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/tech_adv.shtml l
26

27. 7/13/2011
Variable Valve Timing (VVT)
• VVT can be found on many
current light duty vehicles,
li h d hi l
• Also coming to gasoline
medium duty,
medium duty,
• Provides better control of
emissions, especially EGR.
27

28. 7/13/2011
Variable Valve Timing & Lift
Variable Valve Timing & Lift
• When and how long the valves open (timing) and how much the
valves move (lift) both affect engine efficiency.
valves move (lift) both affect engine efficiency.
• Optimum timing and lift settings are different for high and low engine
speeds.
• VVT&L systems automatically alter timing and lift to the optimum
& i ll l i i d lif h i
settings for the engine speed.
Potential Efficiency Improvement 5%
Savings over vehicle lifetime $1,100 Fuel
Cost savings are estimated assuming an average vehicle lifetime of 185,000 miles, a fuel price of $2.58, and
an average fuel economy of 21 MPG. All estimates are rounded to the nearest hundred dollars.
f l f 21 MPG All i d d h h d d d ll
Energy and Environmental Analysis, Inc. 2005. Automotive Technology Cost and Benefit Estimates. Arlington, Virginia, March.
Average light‐duty vehicle fuel economy: Heavenrich, R. M. 2005. Light‐Duty Automotive Technology and Fuel Economy Trends: 1975 Through 2005. Office of Transportation
and Air Quality, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Average vehicle lifetime: Calculated based on Transportation Energy Data Book, Edition 24. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Tables 3.9 & 8.13.
28

29. 7/13/2011
Cylinder Deactivation
Cylinder Deactivation
Also called multiple displacement, displacement on
demand (DOD), Active Fuel Management and variable
d d (DOD) A i F l M d i bl
cylinder management This technology merely deactivates
some of the engine s cylinders when they are not needed.
some of the engine's cylinders when they are not needed
This temporarily turns a 8‐ or 6‐cylinder engine into a 4‐ or
3‐cylinder engine. This technology is not used on 4‐cylinder
y g gy y
engines since it would cause a noticeable decrease in
engine smoothness.
Potential Efficiency improvement 7.5%
Savings over vehicle lifetime $1,700 Fuel
Savings over vehicle lifetime $1 700 Fuel
cost savings are estimated assuming an average vehicle lifetime of 185,000 miles, a fuel price of $2.58, and an average fuel economy of 21 MPG. All estimates are
rounded to the nearest hundred dollars.
29

30. 7/13/2011
Gasoline Direct Injection
• GDI technology will
enable widespread use
p
of Idle reduction
technologies in light
duty gasoline vehicles.
duty gasoline vehicles
• Also used with cylinder
deactivation systems.
“Turbocharged‐Direct Injection Gasoline
engines offer the best bang for the Buck”*
*Paul Whitaker Chief Technologist AVL Corp )
Paul Whitaker, Chief Technologist, AVL Corp.)
30

31. 7/13/2011
Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI)
Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI)
Also called fuel stratified injection or direct injection stratified charge
In conventional multi‐port fuel injection systems, fuel is injected into
the port and mixed with air before the air‐fuel mixture is pumped
p p p
into the cylinder. In direct injection systems, fuel is injected directly
into the cylinder so that the timing and shape of the fuel mist can be
precisely controlled. This allows higher compression ratios and more
precisely controlled This allows higher compression ratios and more
efficient fuel intake, which deliver higher performance with lower
fuel consumption.
Potential Efficiency Improvement 12‐15%
Savings over vehicle lifetime $2,700
Savings over vehicle lifetime $2 700
Fuel cost savings are estimated assuming an average vehicle lifetime of 185,000 miles, a fuel price of $2.58, and an average fuel economy of 21 MPG. All estimates are
rounded to the nearest hundred dollars.
31

32. 7/13/2011
Air Management: Why Charge The Air?
• Engine output is limited by the amount of fuel that can be
efficiently burned.
efficiently burned
• The fuel burned efficiently in an engine depends on how
much air is inducted.
• Air charging is a method to induct more air into an engine by
using a fan or blower to pump the air.
32

33. 7/13/2011
Turbochargers & Superchargers
Turbochargers & Superchargers
• Turbocharger utilizes
Turbocharger utilizes • Supercharger is fan
Supercharger is fan
exhaust gas pressure to driven by the engine to
spin a fan inducing induce boost to intake
boost to intake air air
Both systems allow a engine to act bigger than it is
Both systems allow a engine to act bigger than it is‐
a smaller engine, more fuel stingy engine with
boost can mimic the power of a larger engine.
Potential efficiency improvement 7.5%
Savings over vehicle lifetime
S i hi l lif i $1,700
$1 700
33

34. 7/13/2011
Air Management: Why Charge The Air?
Boost Methods:
Super charging
Turbo charging
Figures applicable to gasoline engines Inductive resonance
34

35. 7/13/2011
Low Rolling Resistance Tires
How they work:
• Tire rubber has a very high carbon
content.
• Carbon molecules rub against each other
as the tire sidewall and tread flexes. The
rubbing involves friction, which produces
heat (wasting fuel).
h t( ti f l)
• LRTs utilize newly developed compounds
designed, on a nano level, to disperse the
carbon molecules farther from each other.
carbon molecules farther from each other
• Reduces friction by about 15%.
Bridgestone’s Ecopia Series LRT
35

36. 7/13/2011
Low Rolling Resistance Tires
Tips:
• Rolling resistance accounts for about
Rolling resistance accounts for about
20% of a vehicle’s parasitic friction
• SAE estimates every 10% reduction in
rolling resistance improves FE by 1‐2%,
but results vary widely
• Using LRT’s can impact fuel economy by
Using LRT s can impact fuel economy by
3‐7%
• Remember! New tires have a higher Yokohama db Super‐E tire is made from
80% non petroleum compounds including
rolling resistance than used tires! Orange Oil and natural Rubber to reduce
Carbon content
36

37. 7/13/2011
Summary
• Energy density is tied to fuel type and determines the
Energy density is tied to fuel type and determines the
practical operating range of a vehicle.
• Torque & horsepower are a function of “stroke”.
• Efficiency is a function of compression ratio (among other
Efficiency is a function of compression ratio (among other
things).
• Efficiency is also determined by the “Stoichiometry” of
combustion (BSFC).
combustion (BSFC)
• Many new technologies are available to improve fuel
economy. Many of these carry upfront costs.
• Gearing increases torque but costs fuel and increases wear
Gearing increases torque, but costs fuel and increases wear
and tear.
37

38. 7/13/2011
Driver Behavior
Driver Behavior
Have we trained people to drive
Have we trained people to drive
economically?
Do we remind them how important it is?
Do we remind them how important it is?
Do we evaluate?
38

39. 7/13/2011
Primary Factors Affecting Fuel Economy: Mass
Primary Factors Affecting Fuel Economy: Mass
• Cut weight! Carry only what is needed onboard.
g y y
• Specify the lightest vehicle for the intended purpose. 5
passenger sedans are not needed for 1‐2 passengers
• Lighter vehicles can use smaller engines and drive trains
Lighter vehicles can use smaller engines and drive‐trains
Graphic: Wikipedia
39

40. 7/13/2011
Primary Factors Affecting Fuel Economy:
Speed
• All frictional losses increase
with speed, primarily air drag
• Most efficient speed for
passenger car is 30 MPH. FE
drops approximately 4 mpg
for every 10 mph increase
f 10 hi
above 30. Curve flattens
above 80 mph
(source SAE “AE” April, 2010)
40

41. 7/13/2011
Primary Factors Affecting Fuel Economy:
Acceleration
• Think of acceleration Fuel flows during various operating modes
as overcoming rest Mode Flow in grams/second
inertia.
inertia
OFF 0
• Think of cruising as
conserving inertia. Idle 0.28
• AAn engine may use up
i
to 85% of its power Moderate
capability to acceleration 5
accelerate a vehicle
accelerate a vehicle (.2 g)
but only uses 5‐10% to
cruise. Light (.1g)
Acceleration 3
• It takes a lot of fuel to
It takes a lot of fuel to
accelerate a vehicle. WOT (.5 g) 10
2010 Ford Fusion, 2.5L L4 w/ automatic transmission
Data: SAE “AE” April, 2010
“ ” l
Isaac Newton
Graphic: Wikipedia
41

42. 7/13/2011
Find Your Sweet Spot & Stay There
Always maximize time spent in top gear
Center RPM in the sweet spot
Center RPM in the “sweet spot”
Minimize brake usage. Use engine braking or
coast. Remember no fuel is delivered during
deceleration
Avoid the “WOT” operating mode. WOT uses
>16 gal/hr of fuel in a passenger car
Minimize on‐board friction including the
electrical load
For every 5 mph over 60,
A/C can reduce FE by 20%! your fuel efficiency
decreases by 7% !!
42

43. 7/13/2011
Fuel Economy: Driver Training
Fuel Economy: Driver Training
• Drivers learn by doing – 2‐hour in classroom and on
road training
• Participants drive a 15‐minute course on city streets
using a vehicle equipped with a fuel flow gauge. Each
using a vehicle equipped with a fuel flow gauge. Each
driver makes two trips. The first time instructed to
drive as usual, and the On the second run, training
team coaches the driver on fuel efficient driving
team coaches the driver on fuel‐efficient driving
techniques. The gauge provides a continuous estimate
of the fuel being used, which enables the driver to see
first hand how different techniques can reduce fuel
first‐hand how different techniques can reduce fuel
consumption.
http://fleetsmart.nrcan.gc.ca/index.cfm?fuseaction=docs.view&id=municipal‐edmonton
http://fleetsmart nrcan gc ca/index cfm?fuseaction=docs view&id=municipal edmonton
43

44. 7/13/2011
Good Driving Habits
Good Driving Habits
• Avoid jack‐rabbit starts,
• hard braking,
• high‐speed driving,
• Reduce idling. When waiting for more than a minute, turn off
Reduce idling. When waiting for more than a minute, turn off
your engine.
• Around town, turn your air conditioner off and roll down the
windows. At speeds of 40 mph or more, roll up your windows
p p , py
and turn on the air conditioner to reduce drag.
• Use four‐wheel drive only when necessary. Engaging all four
wheels makes the engine work harder and increases crankcase
g
losses.
• Inflate your tires to the recommended pressure. Check tire
pressure at least once per month.
• For more tips and information about fuel conservation, visit
www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/driveHabits.shtml.
44

45. 7/13/2011
Fuel Saving Driver Training Programs
Fuel Saving Driver Training Programs
• GreenDriver full‐service e‐learning and certification
program focused solely on driver behavior. Online course –
based on industry best practices and fact‐based studies –
keeps fleet drivers engaged as they learn ways to reduce
manage their fuel costs.
th i f l t
• Networkfleet, which provides telematics products, is also
working with fleets to monitor driving habitats and
encourage drivers to take steps to increase MPG.
di t t k t t i MPG
• Advanced Driver Training Services (ADTS), which helps
fleets reduce crash rates through training and services, is
now offering an online "Driving Green" course.
ff i li "D i i G "
• Wheels, a comprehensive fleet management services
company, offers fuel‐smart driving tips to fleet drivers
through a variety of existing communications channels.
h h i f i i i i h l
45

46. 7/13/2011
Summary
• All are under control of the driver/operator,
• Driver’s need to be trained to find the vehicle
“sweet spot” and stay there,
• Consider reduction of A/C usage and other non‐
Consider reduction of A/C usage and other non
essential electrical loads such as lighting,
• Education and feedback are key
Education and feedback are key.
46

47. 7/13/2011
Preventative Maintenance
Preventative Maintenance
Tire pressure
Tire pressure Electrical load
Electrical load Filters
Non‐payload weight
Oil quality/viscosity
Aero‐dynamics Alignment Brake drag/bearings
Tips for keeping your car is shape at:
Tips for keeping your car is shape at:
http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/maintain.shtml
47

48. 7/13/2011
Filtration
• All fil
All filters are critical items for fuel economy and longevity.
i i li f f l dl i
• Energy used to draw fluids and gasses through a restricted
filter will reduce fuel economy.
filter will reduce fuel economy.
• Manufacturer recommendations do not take severe
operating conditions into account.
• High ambient dust levels quickly restrict filters.
• Vehicle filters include:
‐Fuel
F l
‐Air
‐Engine Oil
‐Engine Oil
‐Hydraulics (steering, PTO, etc)
Air filter monitor works by
‐Transmission measuring restriction
g
through the air filter
‐HVAC
‐Final drive (trucks & equipment).
48

49. 7/13/2011
Filtration‐You Get What You Pay For
•OOne stage fuel filter only rejects water
t f l filt l j t t
Graphics courtesy Bosch
and only active on one layer
• Two stage filter both repels AND
g p
absorbs water, active on the filter and
supporting mesh
49

50. 7/13/2011
Fluids
• All fluids age during use.
• Engine oil undergoes the greatest wear.
Engine oil undergoes the greatest wear
• As oil ages, viscosity increases.
• More energy required to pump the oil
More energy required to pump the oil
through the engine,
• Will affect the ability of the piston rings
to seal with a direct impact on fuel
l i h di i f l
economy,
• Oil becomes acidic and acquires
Oil becomes acidic and acquires
moisture, forms polymers that restrict
Catastrophic engine failure due to
flow, ring failure caused by aged &
• Aged oil will shorten engine life. diluted oil
Graphic: Chevron Oil Co.
50

51. 7/13/2011
Tires & Alignment
• The tire is a part of the suspension
h f h
system.
• It converts kinetic energy to heat.
• The lower the tire pressure, the more
heat is produced as a result of
sidewall flex.
• This heat energy comes from the fuel.
• As the vehicle goes down the road,
the suspension system is designed to
“drag” the tires slightly. This is
“d ” h i li h l Thi i
necessary to maintain good handling
characteristics and is why tires wear
out.
out
• “Dragging” the tires requires energy
which can reduce fuel economy.
• Vehicle alignment changes over time
Vehicle alignment changes over time
and should be checked regularly.
51

52. 7/13/2011
Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF) & Fuel Economy
• If soot is found at the tailpipe
the DPF is defective & fuel
economy will plummet.
ill l t
• Technical staff and drivers
need to be trained on DPF
theory & operation.
• DPF’s must be carefully
y
monitored for successful
regeneration.
• S
Success of regeneration
f ti
largely determined by drive
cycle.
52

53. 7/13/2011
Selective Catalyst Reduction versus Electronic
Gas Recirculation
Gas Recirculation
• SCR is the leading
technology that
allows diesels to
ll di l
meet current NOx
standards.
• Th th
The other alternative
lt ti
is use of massive
EGR.
• SCR better fuel
SCR‐better fuel
economy but more
equipment &
maintenance.
• EGR‐ reduced fuel
economy but no urea
y
tank & catalyst
• Urea = Diesel Exhaust
Fluid (DEF)
53

54. 7/13/2011
Summary
• Optimum fuel economy cannot be
achieved without quality maintenance
achieved without quality maintenance
• Emission control systems also require
scheduled maintenance procedures be
scheduled maintenance procedures be
implemented
• Be sure technicians receive great training
Be sure technicians receive great training
and feedback
• Increased costs for training and service
Increased costs for training and service
frequency can be offset by improved fuel
economy!
1

55. 7/13/2011
Accountability
Do you know where your fuel goes?
Are you efficient?
Are you efficient?
Do you have a Green Fleet Policy?
55

56. 7/13/2011
A Green Fleet:
A Green Fleet:
• Will have state of the art engines, CRD & GDI. Up
front costs for these technologies will payback in fuel
f f h h l i ill b ki f l
efficiency & reduced emission of CO2.
• V hi l
Vehicles will be sized correctly for their use. Extra
ill b i d tl f th i E t
mass burns extra fuel!
• BUT if the engine is too small for the job it will waste
BUT‐ if the engine is too small for the job it will waste
fuel and increase emissions! Keep it in the sweet
spot!
• Will have well trained and motivated drivers &
technicians.
56

57. 7/13/2011
Fleet Assessment
Fleet Assessment
• Identify the vehicles in your current fleet.
• Analyze the purpose of those vehicles.
• Chart the use of the vehicles (i.e. look at miles driven),
• Record fuel usage,
R df l
• Determine what environmental goals are you trying to
achieve
– for example: save money, reduce petroleum consumption,
reduce criteria pollutants,
• Review vehicle replacement and purchasing policy
Review vehicle replacement and purchasing policy
– predicting how many vehicles will be replaced or added
on.
57

58. 7/13/2011
Green Fleet Policies
What: Policy will indentify the goals your organization hopes to
accomplish, and lays out the mechanisms and metrics
required to meet the desired goals.
required to meet the desired goals
How do we adopt a “green fleet” policy?
• Option 1: (From the top) Pass a City/County wide ordinance,
or enact an executive order, that codifies the “green fleet”
process and delegates specific responsibilities within local
government to take action.
government to take action
• Option 2: (From the bottom) Establish internal departmental
or agency fleet policies, which are clear and carry sufficient
weight with departmental or agency heads.
weight with departmental or agency heads
• Option 3: (Hybrid of 1 & 2) Pass a resolution that serves as
enabling legislation for establishing a “green fleet” policy, and
then work out the details of the policy at the departmental or
then work out the details of the policy at the departmental or
agency level.
Sample Ordinance template at:
www.cleanaircounts.org/content/Green%20Fleet%20Policy%20Ordinance.pdf
58

59. 7/13/2011
Establish group and plan
g p p
Successful transportation • Review current fleet &
current fleet &
assessments involve the: maintenance procedures
Fleet manager
• Develop option list to reduce
p p
Maintenance manager
fuel use and fleet‐based
Vehicle Technicians
emissions
Purchasing director
Facility planner • Research specific products and
Administrative leader services
Vehicle users • Explore existing incentives and
grants
59

60. 7/13/2011
Strategies
• Procurement specifications to encourage more efficient
p g
vehicles and full life cycle costing,
• Rightsizing of vehicles,
• Eli i i
Elimination of older vehicles or those that are used
f ld hi l h h d
infrequently,
• Implementation of driver training and idle‐reduction
Implementation of driver training and idle reduction
program,
• Utilization of software programs and other tools to
increase fleet efficiency,
i fl t ffi i
• Developing a green fleet policy, setting clear goals and
sc edu e to assess p og ess
schedule to assess progress.
60

61. 7/13/2011
Recognize Success
• Establish a mechanism that
bl h h h
recognizes petroleum
reduction efforts.
• Recognition should include
everyone on the team from
ownership through fleet
o nership thro gh fleet
managers to technicians
and operators.
61

62. 7/13/2011
Resources for economical choices:
• http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg
/FEG2000.htm
/FEG2000 h
• http://www epa gov/smartway/
http://www.epa.gov/smartway/
• http://www.fueleconomy.gov/FE
p // yg /
G/atv.shtml
With permission, Automotive News & Leo Michael
With permission, Automotive News & Leo Michael
Thanks for your kind attention!
p
This presentation available at:
www.altfueled.org
62