Transport for London - Low Emission Zones
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Presentation given to SUAQ SG on 6 Feb 2015 on development and implementation of London's Low Emission Zone (LEZ)
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Transport for London - Low Emission Zones
- 2. What is the London Low Emission Zone? Environmental zone covering Greater London (1580 square kilometres) Encourages the most individually polluting vehicles driving in London to become cleaner Operates 24 hours a day, every day of the year Introduced in 2008 following extensive consultation and has been very successful so far but now needs to go further To improve air quality: the scheme is absolutely critical and targets only the oldest and dirtiest vehicles.
- 3. Air Quality in London Despite significant improvements in recent years, London's air pollution is still a concern and contributes to: 4,000 premature deaths in London in 2008 (GLA health report) 50,000 deaths in the UK annually (UK Environmental Audit Committee in 2009) Heavier diesel vehicles are a major source of air pollution that affects people with asthma, chest and heart conditions: it’s the poorest, the old, the very young and the sick that suffer most.
- 4. PM Emissions Sources in Central London
- 5. Mayor’s Air Quality Strategy Sets out a range of measures to tackle air quality NOx standard for LEZ in 2015 (subject to Government action and consultation) Cleaning up buses (Euro IV for NOx & PM by 2015) Age limits for taxis (15 yrs from 2012, 10 yrs from 2015) Age limit private hire vehicles (10 yrs from 2012) No idling zones Best Practice Scheme for construction equipment on site Clean and Dust Suppressants Smoothing traffic flow Boiler replacements & energy efficiency Minimum standards biomass boilers Air quality neutral new developments
- 7. Vehicles Affected by the LEZ cont… Heavy diesel- engined vehicles >12 tonnes Feb 2008 Euro III Jan 2012 Euro IV for particulates Includes: - Goods Vehicles - Motor Caravans - Motorised Horseboxes Includes: - Goods Vehicles - Motor Caravans - Motorised Horseboxes July 2008 Euro III Jan 2012 Euro IV for particulates July 2008 Euro III Jan 2012 Euro IV for particulates Includes: - Vehicles with more than eight seats, plus the driver’s seat Heavy diesel- engined vehicles between 3.5 and 12 tonnes HGVs >12t HGVs 3.5t > 12t Heavy diesel- engined passenger vehicles > 5 tonne Buses & Coaches A proposal for a NOx standard in 2015 is currently out for consultation. 7
- 8. Vehicles Affected by the LEZ: Diesel-engined vehicles between 1.205 tonnes unladen and 3.5 tonnes 2012 Euro III for particulates Large Vans Minibuses 2012 Euro III for particulates Includes: - Ambulances (over 2.5 tonnes) - Motor Caravans (over 2.5 tonnes Diesel-engined passenger vehicles below 5 tonnes Includes: - Vehicles with less than eight seats, plus the driver’s seat 8
- 9. LEZ Roll Out : Summary LEZ Phase 1 - Launched 4 February 2008 - HGVs over 12 tonnes - c. 120,000 subject vehicles of which c. 30,000 were non-compliant in ‘07. - 98% of these vehicles now compliant LEZ Phase 2 - Launched 7 July 2008 - HGVs of 3.5 – 12 tonnes plus buses and coaches over 5 tonnes - c. 90,000 subject vehicles of which c. 35,000 were non-compliant in 2007. - 96% of these vehicles now compliant LEZ Phase 3 (subject to confirmation) - Originally scheduled for October 2010 - Proposal to defer to 2012 - Includes large vans and minibuses - c. 530,000 subject vehicles of which c. 70,000 could be non-compliant in 2012. LEZ Phase 4 - Scheduled for 3rd January 2012 - Tougher PM standards for Phase 1 and 2 vehicles. LEZ Phase 5 - NOX standard for TfL 9
- 10. Options for Compliance Options available to operators include: – Certifying a Euro I/II engine on TfL’s Eligible Engine’s list meets the standards – Fitting an approved abatement device – Converting the engine to gas with a spark ignition. – Fitting a new compliant engine in the vehicle – Buying a new or compliant second-hand vehicle – Reorganising fleet so only compliant vehicles travel in zone – Or paying the daily charge (online, by phone or post) Operators driving a non-complaint vehicle without paying the daily charge risk a Penalty Charge Notice 10
- 11. Certifying a Vehicle as Compliant Vehicles can be certified as compliant to the LEZ emissions standards by a national body: Vehicle and Operator Services Agency (VOSA) if they have: – An approved abatement device fitted – A Euro I/II engine on TfL’s eligible engine list – A conversion to gas with a spark emission • VOSA have 94 national test stations • Inspections take approx. 15 minutes. • Certification lasts a minimum of 12 months. • Future tests can be scheduled as part of the annual vehicle inspection to minimise vehicle down time. 11
- 12. VOSA Test Stations & Authorised Examiners (Fit and Certify Filters)
- 13. 100% Discounts/Exempt Vehicles • Few exemptions so as to maintain the benefits of the scheme • Exemptions/discounts have been granted where there are problems with retro-fitting or identifying the emissions of vehicles: – UK and Foreign Military Vehicles (green fleet) – Historic Vehicles (registered pre 1973) – Non-Road Going Vehicles – Showman’s Vehicles 13
- 14. Registrations The following vehicles must register with TfL to enable them to travel within the zone without charge: • NI registered vehicles – If they meet the required emissions standards ( e.g. are Euro III certified or have been issued with an RPC from DVA testing) – If they qualify for a discount or exemption (see later) • Non-GB Registered vehicles – if they meet the required emissions standards – If they qualify for a discount or exemption (see later) • GB Registered vehicles – Eligible Showman’s vehicles must register to qualify for a 100% discount – In the event TfL has classified a vehicle as non-compliant, but the operator can provide documentary evidence that the vehicle does meet the required standard. 14
- 15. How LEZ operates • The LEZ is a charging scheme – but most will avoid paying the charge by driving a compliant vehicle. • There will be signs at entry points and in the zone • Vehicles which are subject to the LEZ are detected using fixed and mobile cameras • TfL checks vehicle registration against a register of compliant vehicles • Non compliant vehicles have to pay a daily charge £200 per day for HGV, buses and coaches £100 per day for vans and minibuses • Charging day midnight to midnight, 365 days a year • Payment can be made by phone or internet, up to midnight on the next working day after entering the zone 15
- 16. Enforcement of the LEZ • Vehicles which are non compliant, or which are not on the register will be sent a Penalty Charge Notice: – £1000 (reduced to £500 if paid within 14 days) for HGVs, buses & coaches (subject to LEZ in 2008) – £500 (reduced to £250 if paid within 14 days) for heavier LGVs & minibuses (subject to LEZ in 2010) • Our agent, EPC, has agreements with vehicle registration authorities in a number of European countries to obtain vehicle and keeper information • EPC already successfully collects outstanding foreign penalty charges for CC, in countries where they can gain access to keeper details. • Since data needed to identify the vehicle characteristics is not available, non-GB registered vehicles which are compliant need to register with TfL. • The first time a non-compliant vehicle is observed in the zone for which no daily charge has been paid, they will be sent a warning letter giving them 28 days to take action to comply with the scheme. 16
- 17. Helping Operators Understand the LEZ • Online Compliance Checker allows operators to check the status of their vehicles by entering their license plate • 732 entry signs were installed at every entry point to the LEZ, and 322 enforcement cameras were installed at strategic points across the capital. • TfL set up a dedicated enquiries service to help vehicle owners understand how they can comply with the scheme. • TfL established a comprehensive registrations process for foreign registered vehicles. To date some 67,000 vehicles from 43 countries have registered with TfL. 17
- 18. TfL vehicle online register shows when vehicles will be affected … 18
- 20. Global Media Coverage The LEZ was the lead story on BBC London and ITV’s London Tonight on 4 February, and featured on the Politics Show on 3 February. The LEZ also featured in press coverage all over the world, including the USA and Australia, Japan & China. “London's low emission zone will add to its reputation as a leader in sustainable transport policies, following its congestion pricing scheme.” Reuters 1 February 2008. “This is an ambitious project with a worthwhile goal, which deserves to succeed” Evening Standard 4 February 2008. Truck pollution fine for capital Financial Times 2 February 2008. London launches £200-a-day ‘dirty lorry’ entry charge Guardian 4 February 2008 Polluting trucks entering London have to pay $400 Wall Street Journal Europe 5 February 2008 London’s new low emission zone will be a breath of fresh air Surveyor 31 January 2008 “There has been so much publicity about the LEZ… you’d have to have been living in a cave for the last 12 months not to have picked up something about it” Motor Transport 7 February 2008 Dirty truckers’ zone toll The London Paper 5 February 2008 20
- 21. Impacts Monitoring • The LEZ Baseline Impacts Monitoring report was published in July 2008 • Sets out the conditions prior to the start of the scheme providing a baseline against which the scheme impacts can be analysed. It includes: • Measurement of the change in vehicle characteristics using cameras. • Use of established London Atmospheric Emissions Inventory and AQ model to cover vehicle changes and to calculate emissions / AQ impacts. • Supporting research around these and other key issues such as health and economic / business impacts. 21
- 22. LEZ Impacts • Since its Introduction in 2008 LEZ has had a real impact on pollution saving 28 tonnes of particulate matter which is equal to saving – 127 million km driven by a Euro III Artic – that is 160 return trips to the moon or – approximately 677,000 times around the M25 LEZ reduces pollution at the road site – where the pollution is heaviest and targets the kind of pollution – fine particles - which are most hazardous to health. The LEZ changes in 2012 estimated to deliver around twice these reductions in air pollution -critical to London meeting legal air quality standards. Including vans and minibuses will give children with chest complaints over 12,000 days free from suffering symptoms and adults almost 18,000 days 22
- 24. Since January 2012: » Some 99% of vans and minibuses seen driving in the zone now meet the new emissions standards (Euro 3 for PM) » Some 96% of lorries, buses and coaches seen driving in the zone now meet the new emissions standards (Euro IV for PM) LEZ Compliance 2012 - Present
Editor's Notes
- The LEZ covers all of Greater London and encourages the most polluting vehicles to clean up before driving in the capital. The scheme works by setting standards for heavier diesel vehicles driving in London to limit the amount of pollution coming from their exhaust pipes. Vehicles that meet the LEZ standards – and its worth noting that most vehicles on the road already do meet these standards - can drive free of charge and those that don’t can pay a daily charge. Its worth underlining that the scheme does not ban any vehicles from London but targets a small numbers of vehicles that produce a disproportionate amount of pollution. However, TfL would like every vehicle driving in London to meet these pollution standards rather than pay us any money and I’ll talk later about how to do that without having to buy a new lorry! The LEZ operates 24h a day every day of the year to improve air quality and I just want to spend a few minutes talking about why this is important. Additional Info for Questions Two key kinds of pollution: particulate matter ( soot) and oxides of nitrogen. LEZ has already had a massive impact on pollution – see info on slide 5 for figs Air quality worst in central London, main roads for example Victoria embankment.. Trucks, buses and coaches largest individual emitters, closely followed by vans and minibuses.
- Although air quality in London has improved over recent years, it remains a serious problem and London still does not meet a legal standards that limit air pollution . If we don’t get this right by end of 2011, the UK will be facing massive fines from the EU – up to £300 M And its important as this has a real impact on our health. Road transport – particularly heavier diesel vehicles are a major source of air pollution that affects people with asthma, chest and heart conditions and it’s the poorest, the old , the very young and the sick who suffer most. This is a key concern for Londoners and they want to see it improved – and organisations like the Asthma Society and the British Heart Foundation are big supporters of the LEZ because it is doing something tangible to tackle this problem. I think it worth noting that the scheme hasn’t been introduced lightly. We have looked at alternatives to LEZ but there really is no other choice – this scheme is critical to delivering cuts in air pollution and is the least costly and least painful way to address a problem that has been allowed to go unchecked for far too long leaving this type of action as the only available way forward.
- And this graph shows why: HGVs, vans and minibuses are key sources of PM pollution in the capital. London air does not meet legally required standards and the EU are taking legal action NOW against the UK The EU and UK legislation has set limits for key kinds of air pollution. Particulate matter (that is soot) limits came into force in 2008. The UK are applying to the EU for an extension of this deadline to 2011 and if this is not granted we face major fines of around £300M. Only London exceeds legal PM standards in the UK. LEZ is a critical part of the Mayors strategy that will bring us in line with this legislation by 2011. – the changes in Jan 2012 will mean operators will take action in 2011 and this is the difference between meeting these standards and facing a massive fine. It is worth noting that the go-live dates for LEZ in Jan 2012 is as late as possible to enable operators as much time as possible before acting whilst still ensuring we meet legal requirements. We know that LEZ does mean costs for operators but the Mayor is legally required to meet these air quality standards and LEZ is critical to get us there. It is worth noting that taxis - as you can see - are also key contributors and the Mayor has introduced a range of measures for this industry including a 15 year age limit from 2012 and a 12 year age limit from 2015, two MOTs a year, all new taxis to be Euro V for 2012. Private hire vehicles have a 12 year age limit from 2012 and the whole industry is looking at no idling restrictions and ecodriving training for drivers.
- The LEZ and taxis standards are part of the Mayor’s Air Quality Strategy which sets out an integrated package of measures that are needed to tackle air pollution in London and its important to note that other industries are also being asked to take action to address air quality e.g. taxis have a new age limit ( 15 years) and the building industry is being set new standards both for construction and operation of new developments The EU has also set standards set limits for oxides of nitrogen (known as NOx)– Defra will be applying for an extension to the deadline to 2015 to meet this standard. All major cities have a problem with NOx pollution and action will be needed at an European and National level to help address this problem. There is a proposal in the Mayor’s transport Strategy to introduce a NOX standard from 2015 but this will require support from national government and will be subject to extensive consultation before this became a requirement.
- So where does LEZ operate – well it covers most of Greater London including parts of the M1 and M4 motorways The zone follows the boundary of the GLA as closely as possible whilst still allowing safe turning points for the very large vehicles affected if they get the edge of the zone and decide not to come in – the M25 is outside the zone even where is passes inside the GLA to allow a safe circuit around London for vehicles. There are signs at every entry point around the boundary and repeater signs inside the zone so everyone will be able to tell if they are inside or out. The scheme is enforced using cameras which capture the license plate of vehicles and compare them to the TfL database which tells us which vehicles meet the standards. The LEZ is not the same as the central London Congestion Charging zone which is the small shaded area in eth middle here. The Congestion Charge applies 7.00am – 6.00pm, Monday – Friday, excluding bank holidays. If you drive within the Congestion Charging zone during these times you will have to pay the congestion charge, even if you meet the LEZ emissions standards or have already paid the LEZ daily charge. Further info in questioned: There are no barriers or tollbooths within the Low Emission Zone (LEZ). Instead, cameras will read your number plate as you drive within the LEZ and check it against our database of registered vehicles. This database is compiled using information from The Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA), the Vehicle Operator Services Agency (VOSA), the Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT) and drivers and operators who have registered directly with us. This tells us automatically whether your vehicle meets the LEZ emissions standards, is exempt, is registered for a discount or if you've already paid the daily charge.
- This shows how extensive the supply network is: the red tags show authorised examiners who can fit a filter and certify on the spot. (note this list is still being expanded) Many AEs are mobile and can come to you if you have a big fleet. The blue vans are VOSA test centres if you have had a filter fitted and just need a test.
- These values exclude the dramatic reductions to particulate emissions from the TfL bus fleet achieved separately but as part of wider efforts to improve air quality in London (these vehicles are in-scope for phase 2 of the LEZ scheme). Exhaust emissions of PM10 from TfL’s buses have reduced by around 90 per cent since year 2000, despite a 32 per cent increase in vehicle kilometres operated. In terms of concentrations of key pollutants in the atmosphere, LEZ targets the reductions in pollution where it is needed most – at the roadside where pollution is heaviest (because a lot of it comes from diesel engined vehicles). LEZ also targets the most toxic portion of particulate matter – the kind of soot that has the most serious impact on health – the finer particles of soot. Black carbon is a marker in urban areas for finer particles from road vehicle exhaust ( ie.e where you find black carbon, you also find fine soot particles). At roadside sites with heavy goods vehicle flows there have been significant reductions of this pollutant at the road - of between 40 and 50 per cent have occurred over the period 2006 to 2009. LEZ is delivering a clean up of the worst pollution where it is needed most. Health Benefits for Any questions: Benefits for LEZ Phases 3 and 4 combined is between £45m - £100m (Defra methodology) and £70m – £270m (EU methodology which takes into account a wider range of health benefits). Since 2008 the LEZ has saved: Reduction in PM10 exhaust emissions of 3.6% (28 tonnes) Reduction in PM 2.5 exhaust emissions of 3.7% (26 tonnes) Reduction in NOx emissions of 2% (529 tonnes) Including vans and minibuses will save children with chest complaints over 12,000 days of illness, and adults almost 18,000 days – this is from the last consultation (supplementary info) Info on Moon stat: total savings of 28 tonnes - this is equivalent to 127 million kms NOT being driven by a Euro III artic HGV (28-34tonnes) at 30km/hr. - the equivalent distance to around 160 return trips to the moon. Health impacts 2008 The LEZ will improve the health of many people who live, work and visit London: Defra estimates that up to 5362 years of life expectancy lost across London would be gained. EU Café estimates that the LEZ will bring: 350,000 fewer cases of lesser respiratory symptoms 34,000 fewer cases of respiratory medication use 256,000 fewer restricted activity days.
- So as many of you may know, the LEZ first stared in 2008 and has been really successful. What this graph shows is how the number of vehicles that did not meet the standards in 2007 cleaned up in the run up to the introduction of the LEZ. Since 2008 lorries (over 3.5 tonnes) and buses and coaches ( over 5 tonnes with more than 8 passenger seats) have had to meet a Euro III standard for particulate matter. For those of you not familiar with Euro standards – these are European emission standards which set limits on the amount of pollution that a vehicle can emit from its exhaust. These standards apply to all new vehicles sold in EU member states and have been revised and tightened over time so that older vehicles produce a lot more pollution that equivalent newer vehicles. Euro III standards came into force in October 2001 so that vehicles bought after this time i.e. nearly 10 years ago meet the current LEZ standards without doing anything. However, in 2008, about a quarter of the heaviest lorries over 12 tonnes) and about 1/3 of lorries ( between 3-5 and 12 tonnes) buses and coaches driving in London did not meet these standards: now about 98% of the heaviest lorries and 96 % of the lorries, buses coaches do meet these standards – they have taken action to clean up their emission to meet these current LEZ (Euro III for PM) standards. However, as we set out in 2008, to meet the legal air quality limits we have to do more and so in Jan 2012 the standards that these vehicles will have to meet are going up. Info for QuestionsSince its Introduction in 2008 LEZ has had a real impact on pollution in London but we need to go further Reduction in PM10 exhaust emissions of 3.6% (28 tonnes) Reduction in PM 2.5 exhaust emissions of 3.7% (26 tonnes) Reduction in NOx emissions of 2% (529 tonnes) The changes in 2012 will deliver around twice these benefits!