The document discusses the issues surrounding real-world diesel emissions and proposes solutions. It finds that while cleaner diesels exist, many Euro 6 diesels still emit significantly more NOx than their emission standards. This has led to consumer confusion and distrust. It also discusses how the independent testing organization Emissions Analytics has built a large emissions database, but more is needed. The document proposes that Emissions Analytics works with the new independent non-profit organization AIR to make the data and testing methodology open and help cities take effective action to improve air quality.

1. The first Real Driving Emissions results,
consequences for Euro 6 diesels
and how to make a clear air zone work
Nick Molden
30 October 2018

2. 2
• Genuinely clean diesels are now on the market
• But consumer confusion and distrust are greater than ever
• Sales of new diesels cars are falling due to uncertainty about emissions and future access
to cities and countries
• Sales of gasoline cars are up as consumers choose gasoline over diesel (not EV or hybrid)
• Making air quality and greenhouse gas emissions worse
• Some cities are taking unilateral action now to implement policies, including restricting
diesel cars and the longer-term banning of all internal combustion engine (ICE) cars
• Growth of PHEV and EV sales is slow so cannot solve the air quality problem quickly
enough
• Politicisation and evangelism is obscuring the optimal response
Current situation

3. EMISSIONS ANALYTICS
3

4. 4
• International testing and ratings organisation
• Founded in 2011
• Headquartered in the UK
• Operations in UK, Germany, USA and South Korea
• Focused on on-road testing and data analysis
• Largest commercially available database of real-world emissions data
• Works with researchers, regulators, OEMs, Tier 1/2 suppliers, fuel and chemical companies,
fleets, consumer media
• Co-founder of Allow Independent Road-testing (AIR), and initiator and chairman of EU CEN
workshop
Emissions Analytics’ credentials

5. 5
Equipment
• SEMTECH range from Sensors, Inc.
• Portable Emissions Measurement System
connects to tailpipe
• Captures emissions for CO2, CO, NO, NO2,
total hydrocarbons, particulates
• At 1 Hertz
• Air temperature, pressure, humidity
• GPS for speed and altitude
• Engine data via CANBUS
• Fuel economy derived via carbon balance
• Weight addition 100kg

6. 6
• Over 2000 passenger cars tested
• ~50 light commercial vehicles tested
• Heavy-duty commercial vehicles
tested
• Agricultural equipment tested in
service
• Newly-launched programme testing
non-road mobile machinery,
including generators, construction
equipment
• Waterborne vessel testing
commenced
• Capacity to test for AIR and CWA
Key activities

7. 7
Comparative data with EQUA Index

8. 8
EQUA Aq, CO

9. 9
EQUA Mpg, CO2

10. URBAN AIR QUALITY PROBLEM
10

11. 11
• Many Euro 6 diesels
are still dirtier than
Euro 3/4
• Average Euro 5 emits
749 mg/km NOx
• Average Euro 6 emits
382 mg/km NOx
• 49% lower than Euro 5
but 4.8 times the
official limit
• Approximately 40
million over-emitting
diesels on EU roads
Installed base of dirty diesel
0.000
0.200
0.400
0.600
0.800
1.000
1.200
1.400
1.600
1.800
2.000
1998 2001 2004 2006 2009 2012 2014 2017 2020
Real-worldNOx(g/km)
Euro 3
Euro 4
Euro 6
Euro 5

12. 12
• All of these diesels are labelled
“Euro 6”
• And many are still on sale now
• Of 2017 crop, the worst are
emitting 32 times more than
the best
• Effective policy can’t be based
on Euro 6
• Breeds consumer cynicism
• Need for honesty and clarity
at the model level
Market confusion
Cleanest in 2018, 15
Average Euro 5/6
gasoline, 41
Average RDE
compliant, 48
Cleanest 10% in
2017, 32
Dirtiest 10% in
2017, 1020
Cleanest 10% in
2013, 265
Dirtiest 10% in
2013, 1777
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
NOx, g/kmNOx, mg/km

13. 13
Best and worst Euro 6 diesels ever
Rank Manufacturer Euro stage
Average combined
NOx (g/km)
1. BMW Euro 6abc
2. Mercedes-Benz Euro 6abc
3. Audi Euro 6abc 12
4. Mercedes-Benz Euro 6abc
5. Mercedes-Benz Euro 6d-temp
258. Fiat Euro 6abc
259. Nissan Euro 6abc
260. Renault Euro 6abc 1590
261. Audi Euro 6abc
262. Mercedes-Benz Euro 6abc
• Best are two orders of
magnitude cleaner
than the worst
• The best are not RDE
• The first diesel to emit
below 80mg/km was
tested in 2013
• Dirtiest diesel on sale
in 2018 emitted
1472mg/km
• All Euro 6!

14. 14
• Diesels sold in the US are very low
emitting for NOx and particles
• Excluding those currently under FCA
investigation
• The US diesels emit around 50% of the
limit and are similar to many gasoline
cars
• Lowest emitting EU vehicles now
approaching NOx emissions of typical US
diesels
Comparing EU to US
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
EU - all US - all US - excluding FCA
NOx(g/km)

15. 15
RDE diesels mostly clean
NOx, g/km Normal Extended Increment factor
OEM #1 0.017 0.032 1.9
OEM #2 0.022 0.017 0.8
OEM #3 0.029 0.038 1.3
OEM #4 0.039 0.072 1.9
OEM #5 0.049 0.039 0.8
OEM #6 0.053 0.116 2.2
OEM #7 0.085 0.067 0.8
OEM #8 0.086 0.077 0.9
OEM #9 0.144 0.296 2.1
Average 0.068 0.106 1.6

16. A SOLUTION IS AVAILIBLE
16

17. 17
• Emissions Analytics has built a large test database since 2011
• Established the EQUA Index and ratings; over 1,500 cars already tested
• But EA is a private, for-profit company
• Methodology had been historically private
• Test results cover a significant portion of cars on the road, but more data is needed
• Hard for cities to use a rating from one commercial company to take action
• Existing EU standards and emissions ratings inadequate to help cities take action now
EQUA ratings not enough

18. 18
EQUA Index helps cities and consumers
• Mayor of London
• Cleaner Vehicle Checker
• Launch October 2017
• Complement to T-Charge and
proposed ULEZ

19. 19
• AIR (www.allowair.org) was set up as an independent, non-for-profit entity to facilitate the
process and to disseminate to cities and consumers in a way that can be trusted
• EA has opened its methodology IP via the CEN CWA 90 to allow the growth and
improvement of the dataset through comparable third party testing
• Third parties will be able to test to the standard
• EA has granted its ratings IP to AIR, to create new ratings
• EA has granted its database to AIR
Independent not-for-profit alliance

20. 20
Scientific Advisory Committee of AIR
Helen ApSimon Professor of Air Pollution Studies, Imperial College London
Dr. Adam Boies
Reader in the Energy Division of the Department of Engineering, University of
Cambridge
Dr. Claire Holman Chair, Institute of Air Quality Management (IAQM)
Dr. Guido Lanzani Head of Air Quality Unit, Regional Environmental Agency, Lombardy, Italy
Dr. Xavier Querol
Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for
Scientific Research
Martin Lutz
Head of Sector Air Quality Management, Berlin Senate Department for Environment,
Transport and Climate Protection
Dr. Marc Stettler
Lecturer in Transport and the Environment in the Centre for Transport Studies,
Imperial College London
Dr. Martin Williams Professor of Air Quality Research, Kings College London

21. 21
• AIR’s role is to guarantee that the data and testing remain completely independent from car
makers and regulators to ensure trusted disclosure and public scrutiny
• AIR publishes past and future NOx emission results from standardised independent testing
of vehicles - freely available to everyone so they can make informed choices
• The CEN CWA will provide access to the test methodology to other parties to conduct
similar tests to same standards around the world
• AIR provides cities with a legal framework to implement effective policy to improve urban
air quality immediately
• This solves cities’ inability to separate high and low NOx Euro 6 cars.
• Independent way for OEMs to accredit retrofits
AIR provides multiple solutions

22. 0.000
0.200
0.400
0.600
0.800
1.000
1.200
1.400
1.600
1.800
2.000
1998 2001 2004 2006 2009 2012 2014 2017 2020
Real-worldNOx(g/km)
Euro 3
Euro 4
Euro 6
Euro 5
• Restrict diesels with EQUA
Aq ‘E’ rating or worse
• Real-world NOx needs to
be less than 250 mg/km
(Euro 4 limit)
• Affects ~50% Euro 6
diesels
• 87% reduction in total
emissions
• Quick and fair
EA proposal
22
Policy proposal
UK Govt
proposal

23. 23
• Clean diesel cars are available but consumer and city trust has been lost
• Independent testing offers a solution
• AIR and the CEN standard takes the EQUA Index to the next level
• Competition between automakers based on independent testing transformed safety and
can transform emissions
Summary

24. 26 September 2017AIR | 24
Nick Molden
Chief Executive Officer
Emissions Analytics Ltd
nick@emissionsanalytics.com
+44 (0) 20 7193 0489
+44 (0) 7765 105902
Massimo Fedeli
Chief Operating Officer
AIR Alliance
mfedeli@allowAIR.org
+44 (0) 20 3633 5047
+44 (0) 7917 081416