Transmission Impairment (Attenuation, Distortion, Noise)
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Transmission impairment occurs when the received signal is not identical to the sent signal due to interruptions in the transmission medium. The main causes of impairment are attenuation, distortion, and noise. Attenuation is the loss of signal strength over distance due to resistance of the medium. Distortion changes the shape of the signal from unstable packet propagation velocities. Noise occurs when unwanted signals collide with the actual signal, producing spikes, thermal movement interference, or crosstalk between wires.
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Transmission impairments(presentation)
Attenuation, distortion, and noise are the main causes of transmission impairments. Attenuation is the reduction of signal strength during transmission, distortion alters the original signal shape, and noise is random electrical interference from internal and external sources that disrupts signal reception. These transmission impairments degrade, weaken, and contaminate signals as they travel through transmission mediums.
Transmission impairments
Network transmission impairments can degrade or corrupt signals and introduce bit errors. Attenuation causes signals to weaken over distance depending on the transmission medium. Delay distortion occurs for guided media where propagation speed varies with frequency. Noise such as thermal, intermodulation, crosstalk, and impulse noise from external sources can also be introduced that interferes with the original signal.
Transmission impairment
In this slide we discuss about following topics:
1: TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENT
2: Causes of Transmission impairment
3: Attenuation
4: Amplifiers and Repeater/Regenerator:
5: Decibel (dB)
6: Distortion
7: Noise
8: Types of Noise: ( Thermal noise, induced noise, Crosstalk, impulse noise)
9: Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
Transmission impairement (1)
This document discusses transmission impairment, which refers to degradation of signals as they travel through transmission media. There are three main causes of transmission impairment: 1) attenuation, which is the loss of signal energy as it passes through a medium, 2) distortion, which is a change in the signal's form or shape, such as different frequency components arriving at different times, and 3) noise, which adds unwanted signals from sources like thermal effects, interference, or crosstalk between wires. Attenuation is measured in decibels and can be compensated for using amplifiers, while signal to noise ratio (SNR) measures the quality of a transmission system by comparing the signal strength to the noise power.
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Transmission impairments
This document discusses different types of transmission impairments that can occur when sending data through a communication medium. It defines transmission impairments as errors that occur when signals received are not identical to those sent. The main types of impairments covered are attenuation, amplification, distortion, and crosstalk. Attenuation refers to loss of signal strength over distance. Amplification strengthens weak signals using amplifiers. Distortion changes a signal's shape or frequency during transmission. Crosstalk corrupts signals when cables are in close proximity. Understanding these impairments is important for data communication.
Transmission Impairment
With any communications system, it must be recognized that the received signal may differ from the transmitted signal due to various transmission impairments.
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Transmission impairments(presentation)
Attenuation, distortion, and noise are the main causes of transmission impairments. Attenuation is the reduction of signal strength during transmission, distortion alters the original signal shape, and noise is random electrical interference from internal and external sources that disrupts signal reception. These transmission impairments degrade, weaken, and contaminate signals as they travel through transmission mediums.
Transmission impairments
Network transmission impairments can degrade or corrupt signals and introduce bit errors. Attenuation causes signals to weaken over distance depending on the transmission medium. Delay distortion occurs for guided media where propagation speed varies with frequency. Noise such as thermal, intermodulation, crosstalk, and impulse noise from external sources can also be introduced that interferes with the original signal.
Transmission impairment
In this slide we discuss about following topics:
1: TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENT
2: Causes of Transmission impairment
3: Attenuation
4: Amplifiers and Repeater/Regenerator:
5: Decibel (dB)
6: Distortion
7: Noise
8: Types of Noise: ( Thermal noise, induced noise, Crosstalk, impulse noise)
9: Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
Transmission impairement (1)
This document discusses transmission impairment, which refers to degradation of signals as they travel through transmission media. There are three main causes of transmission impairment: 1) attenuation, which is the loss of signal energy as it passes through a medium, 2) distortion, which is a change in the signal's form or shape, such as different frequency components arriving at different times, and 3) noise, which adds unwanted signals from sources like thermal effects, interference, or crosstalk between wires. Attenuation is measured in decibels and can be compensated for using amplifiers, while signal to noise ratio (SNR) measures the quality of a transmission system by comparing the signal strength to the noise power.
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This document discusses different types of transmission impairments that can occur when sending data through a communication medium. It defines transmission impairments as errors that occur when signals received are not identical to those sent. The main types of impairments covered are attenuation, amplification, distortion, and crosstalk. Attenuation refers to loss of signal strength over distance. Amplification strengthens weak signals using amplifiers. Distortion changes a signal's shape or frequency during transmission. Crosstalk corrupts signals when cables are in close proximity. Understanding these impairments is important for data communication.
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A case study leading to the outcome impacts of Telecom Media services on the mindset of the youth/young generation.
IoT based Tracking System
This project involves building a vehicle tracking and accident alert system using an Arduino board, GPS and GSM modules, and an accelerometer. The accelerometer detects collisions and sends a signal to the GSM module, which then sends an SMS alert with a live location link to predefined phone numbers and emergency services. The alert is generated using the latitude and longitude coordinates from the GPS module. Additionally, the system can be used for live vehicle tracking via software. Key components are the Arduino, GPS, GSM, and accelerometer. The circuit connects these components to the Arduino board to enable GPS tracking and GSM alert functionality.
DMA Controller Modes Of Operation
The document discusses different modes of Direct Memory Access (DMA) controllers. It defines two basic types of DMA modes: slave mode and master mode. In slave mode, the DMA controller monitors the bus and responds to I/O commands addressing its registers. In master mode, the DMA controller places addresses and memory read/write signals on the CPU bus to directly access memory. The document also discusses DMA operations in single byte, block transfer, and cascade modes. It defines three types of DMA transfer - burst mode, transparent mode, and cycle stealing mode - based on how the DMA controller accesses and releases the system bus.
LAN ARCHITECTURE (LAN Network Design)
This document discusses different LAN architectures and network topologies. It describes bus, star, tree, mesh, and ring topologies. The bus topology connects all systems and devices in series to a main cable, making it the simplest but also most prone to single point of failure. The star topology connects each device and computer separately to a central hub, making it easier to troubleshoot but more expensive to install. The tree topology branches out like a hierarchical tree from a main root hub. Mesh topologies provide robustness and security through redundant connections but are also more complex and costly to implement.
Purpose of Writing (Inform,Entertain,Persuade)
This document discusses the main purposes of writing. It identifies the three main purposes as: to inform, to persuade, and to entertain. To inform is to provide information or knowledge to readers. To persuade is to convince or attract an audience towards an idea or opinion. To entertain is to amuse readers for writing's own sake, such as through fiction stories. While these three purposes - inform, persuade, entertain - cover many common reasons for writing, the document notes there are countless other reasons and purposes for why we write as well.
8085 Pin Configuration
The document discusses the pin configuration of the 8085 microprocessor. It begins by providing a basic pin diagram of the 8085 and stating it can address 64KB of memory and operate at up to 3MHz. It then classifies the 40 pins into 7 groups: 1) Address and Data Bus, 2) Control and Status Signals, 3) Power Supply and Clock Frequency, 4) Interrupts, 5) Reset Signals, 6) External/Peripheral Signals, 7) Serial I/O ports. Each group is then described in 1-2 sentences. The document concludes with a thank you.
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TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
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4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
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Transmission Impairment (Attenuation, Distortion, Noise)
- 2. 2 WHAT IS TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENT When we send any signal from one place to another, so obviously there are some interruptions in the transmission medium that cause some imperfection to the signal. Simply can be said as the received signal is not the same as the signal that was sent.
- 3. CAUSES OF IMPAIRMENTS 3 The most obvious and main causes that tends the signals to be impaired are: Attention Distortion Noise
- 4. 4 ATTENUATION Due to the resistance of the medium the travelling signal loses the actual energy. And that lost energy cause that signal to be weaker. To avoid the attenuation we use the amplifiers the amplify the signal to its original frequency. We can also find the attenuation that how much the energy is being lost if we have input and output signals: dB = 10Log10 P2/P1 Where P1 and P2 are signals.
- 5. 5
- 6. 6 D I S T O R T I O N Distortion means that anything change its shape from usual to unstable. If we talk in terms signals, this happens in composite signals. where each frequency has its own propagation velocity through the medium so each packet arrive at different time. So the receiver will have different phases.
- 7. 7 AT THE SENDER AT THE RECIEVER
- 8. 8 N O I S E Basically, when the unwanted and unknown signal collide with actual signal it produces noise. There are several types of which the noise could be produce. Impulse: These are spikes with high energy that arise from the power lines. Thermal: This noise is the result of movement of electrons in wire. Crosstalk: Cross talk is noise between the two wires.
- 9. 9
- 10. 10 THANK YOU