media economics are the economic policies and practices of media companies and disciplines including journalism and the news industry, film production, entertainment programs, print, broadcast, mobile communications, Internet, advertising and public relations.
The different ownership patterns in Media includes Individual ownership, Corporation ownership, partnership ownership, group/chain ownership, employee ownership and vertical ownership etc.
The different ownership patterns in Media includes Individual ownership, Corporation ownership, partnership ownership, group/chain ownership, employee ownership and vertical ownership etc.
An introduction to what an audience is, how this relates to media studies and why audiences are important. Presentation talks about categorisation, audience fragmentation, the impact of new technology and links to help support your learning.
Development support communication, its history and needs, development communication its failure and the need of DSC, also a touch of DSC campaign, By Aamir Ayub, department of Journalism and mass communication University of Peshawar.
This presentation is for use when covering media ethics in an introductory mass media course. Includes media organization ethics, the need for ethics, types of ethics, ethical media examples.
Online journalism, strengths and weaknesses, citizen journalism, history of online journalism (including comprehensive history of online journalism in Nepal)
This presentation is a contribution to the definition of the New Media concept. Prepared by Ismail H. Polat. (Instructor in New Media Department @ Kadir Has University, Istanbul.
Department of Journalism and Mass Communication- Approaches: Development Communication
Magic Multiplier
Diffusion of Innovation
Localized Approach
Awareness
Interest
Evaluation
Trial
What is mass media research? Describe the development of mass media research....Md. Sajjat Hossain
Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. The main purpose of research is to inform action, to prove a theory, and contribute to developing knowledge in a field or study according to the scientific method. Research can be about anything but the important thing for all researchers to understand is the correct methods to follow and to ensure the best results. ( ★★For making this content author used various online resources, it is share here only for those who want to know something about it. This content is not the author's primary/ own creating property. )
An introduction to what an audience is, how this relates to media studies and why audiences are important. Presentation talks about categorisation, audience fragmentation, the impact of new technology and links to help support your learning.
Development support communication, its history and needs, development communication its failure and the need of DSC, also a touch of DSC campaign, By Aamir Ayub, department of Journalism and mass communication University of Peshawar.
This presentation is for use when covering media ethics in an introductory mass media course. Includes media organization ethics, the need for ethics, types of ethics, ethical media examples.
Online journalism, strengths and weaknesses, citizen journalism, history of online journalism (including comprehensive history of online journalism in Nepal)
This presentation is a contribution to the definition of the New Media concept. Prepared by Ismail H. Polat. (Instructor in New Media Department @ Kadir Has University, Istanbul.
Department of Journalism and Mass Communication- Approaches: Development Communication
Magic Multiplier
Diffusion of Innovation
Localized Approach
Awareness
Interest
Evaluation
Trial
What is mass media research? Describe the development of mass media research....Md. Sajjat Hossain
Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. The main purpose of research is to inform action, to prove a theory, and contribute to developing knowledge in a field or study according to the scientific method. Research can be about anything but the important thing for all researchers to understand is the correct methods to follow and to ensure the best results. ( ★★For making this content author used various online resources, it is share here only for those who want to know something about it. This content is not the author's primary/ own creating property. )
Media Corporation Product PortfolioThis is a portfolio, devel.docxandreecapon
Media Corporation / Product Portfolio:
This is a portfolio, developed over the course of the semester, of any media corporation or series of media products, whether programs, movies, newspapers, magazines, video-games, receiver devices (e.g. iPod, Blackberry, Notebook), artists (musical groups) that exemplify aspects of corporate practice and the political-economy of mass communication. The completed portfolio could address the following questions, among others:
************************************************************************************************************
Topic: iPad
Instruction:
* There are total of 12 entries, each entry includes an article and 2 pages analysis.
* For each entry, we need to summarize the article in about 100 words, then analysis the article on the remaining session.
* The analysis has to show how this article related of political-economy of mass communication.
* The component examples of your portfolio may focus on the relationship between your chosen products and their wider corporate and
political parentage, and/or on the economics of media operations in the market.
* Your analysis should be driven by your discovery of particular news items or other sources of information about your products and you
should aim to add at least one example or discovery AND your corresponding analysis for each week of the course.
* You are strongly advised not to just enter the first items that you encounter in your searches, but to think carefully about the value of each
entry in terms of its weight and potential for insight into key aspects of the political economy of mass communication.
* please also related it to our class material if it’s possible. We learned about business model, major trends in communication industries, rise of
global media system.
*****PLEASE READ THE POWERPOINT I UPLOADED, it’s based on my textbook (market model, business model and trends*****
* REMEMBER, the article has to deal with the relationship between iPad and political-economy of mass communication Here are some of the questions that you can discuss in the analysis:
1) Which is the principal corporation(s) involved in the production and distribution of these products? How do the products relate to and exemplify the business strategies of the parent corporation(s)?
2) In the case of a corporation: what are the key features of its history; what kind of ownership structure does it have and what other companies does it own? What are its main activities and how important are these to the entity’s overall revenues?
3) How do these corporations and/or their products exemplify strategic alliances and partnerships between different corporations?
4) What evidence is there of market success or failure, on the basis of what criteria, at national and international levels?
5) To what market(s) are these corporations/products directed; how are these markets defined?
6) To what extent do these corporations/products exemplify ...
The importance of a strategic plan for the media companiesNargis Alokozay
For all media companies which have been working for many years before, the tension is about the new technology, new customer, new demand, and new entrance. These new technologies brought many trends in the Media and entertainment industry. They can’t influence today Z generation with the previous quality and distribution system of their services. This research well pointed out the essence of having a strategy for Media companies and the result of not having it. There are companies that well establish their strategy and still survive because of the commitment and loyalty that they have for their strategy. It also points to the importance of having the greatest management for the greatest strengths because of delivering what they have promised. This paper also compared two companies and illustrate the importance of having the right and flexibility of the strategy. To be a successful media company in the market while the toughest situation of technology trend is ongoing in the Media and Entertainment industry. The right strategy will keep companies alive and value them as a brand in their target market mind. It is required to be proactive in planning and more structured in the area of environmental scanning in aim to survive in the market.
How to Identify Successful Content Strategiesfcrehan
A short presentation on how Forrester can help define a successful digital content strategy. Whether you are a Brand or Media, Telco or Retail company, the Forrester Content Strategy could be for you.
Chapter17In This Chapter, We Will Address the Fo.docxmccormicknadine86
Ch
ap
ter
17
In This Chapter, We Will Address
the Following Questions
1. What is the role of marketing communications?
2. How do marketing communications work?
3. What are the major steps in developing effective communications?
4. What is the communications mix, and how should it be set?
5. What is an integrated marketing communications program?
Ocean Spray has revitalized its brand
through extensive new product develop-
ment and a thoroughly integrated modern
marketing communications program.
PART 7 Communicating Value
Chapter 17 | Designing and Managing Integrated Marketing Communications
Chapter 18 | Managing Mass Communications: Advertising, Sales Promotions, Events and Experiences, and Public Relations
Chapter 19 | Managing Personal Communications: Direct and Interactive Marketing, Word of Mouth, and Personal Selling
Modern marketing calls for more than developing a good product, pricing it
attractively, and making it accessible. Companies must also communicate with their present and
potential stakeholders and the general public. For most marketers, therefore, the question is not
whether to communicate but rather what to say, how and when to say it, to whom, and how often.
Consumers can turn to hundreds of cable and satellite TV channels, thousands of magazines and
newspapers, and millions of Internet pages. They are taking a more active role in deciding what
communications they want to receive as well as how they want to communicate to others about
the products and services they use. To effectively reach and influence target markets, holistic
marketers are creatively employing multiple forms of communications. Ocean Spray—an agricultural
cooperative of cranberry growers—has used a variety of communication vehicles to turn its sales
fortunes around.
Facing stiff competition, a number of adverse consumer trends, and nearly a decade of
declining sales, Ocean Spray COO Ken Romanzi and Arnold Worldwide decided to
“reintroduce the cranberry to America” as the “surprisingly versatile little fruit that
supplies modern-day benefits,” through a true 360-degree campaign that used all
facets of marketing communications to reach consumers in a variety of settings. The
intent was to support the full range of products—cranberry sauce, fruit juices, and dried cranberries
in different forms—and leverage the fact that the brand was born in the cranberry bogs and
remained there still. The agency decided to tell an authentic, honest, and perhaps surprising story
dubbed “Straight from the Bog.” The campaign was designed to also reinforce two key brand bene-
fits—that Ocean Spray products tasted good and were good for you. PR played a crucial role.
Miniature bogs were brought to Manhattan and featured on an NBC Today morning segment.
A “Bogs across America Tour” brought the experience to Los Angeles,
Chicago, and even London. Television and print advertising featured
two growers (depicted by actors) standing waist-deep in a bog and
talking ...
Into the Mainstream: Influencer Marketing in Societyrun_frictionless
TAKUMI surveyed over 3,500 consumers, marketers, and influencers across the UK, US, and Germany to uncover the latest trends in the sector. The report ‘Into the mainstream: Influencer marketing in society’, uncovered divided opinions on what consumers want to see and what brands are willing to engage with influencers on.
https://runfrictionless.com/b2b-white-paper-service/
New strategies for old media - understanding media convergence in South AfricaJude Mathurine
New strategies for old media - understanding media convergence in South Africa. Presentation made at the launch of Media Management in the New Age: How managers lead media in Southern and Eastern Africa on 2 September 2013.
It is best to know the branches of literature since it evolves and involves our everyday life that connects individuals with larger truths and ideas in a society as it creates a way for people to record their thoughts and experiences that is accessible to others, through fictionalized accounts of the experience.
Knowing the critic's specific purpose may be to make value judgments on a work, to explain his or her interpretation of the work, or to provide other readers with relevant historical or biographical information and the critic's general purpose, in most cases that is to enrich the reader's understanding of the literary work presented.
translation connects the world, and to be able to communicate with others. it transfers knowledge between the languages. to enable to communication between different people, and through translation, we help to understand each other.
Globalization represents an unavoidable phenomenon in the history of mankind, which is making the world smaller and smaller by increasing the exchange of goods, services, information, knowledge and cultures between different countries, therefore, it is very important to understand the "why, where, what and how" of our current situation.
Understanding the nature, function, and value of literature and how to critiqueCheldy S, Elumba-Pableo
It pays to know more about Literature in order to appreciate written works whether good or bad that will serve as a guiding principles for everyone and likewise have a lasting importance in ones life and experience.
Media ethics are important in Journalism because they create guidelines for journalists to follow fair and unbiased information dissemination. It makes sure that media stays true and further helps journalists maintain a sense of equality.
Media management is seen as a business administration discipline that identifies and describes strategic and operational phenomena and problems in the leadership of media enterprises. Media management contains the functions strategic management, procurement management, production management, organizational management and marketing of media enterprises
Digital journalism also known as online journalism is a contemporary form of journalism where editorial content is distributed via the Internet as opposed to publishing via print or broadcast.
Public relations promotes goodwill and communication between the company and consumer. Good public relations builds relationships with your customers. It is a component of your marketing strategy; a company will be more profitable through communication and relationships with customers.
Judgment is a decision of a court regarding the rights and liabilities of parties in a legal action or proceeding. Judgments also generally provide the court's explanation of why it has chosen to make a particular court order.
when all the facts of a case are heard, and a judge or jury makes the final decision about the court case. An offender can waive their rights to a jury trial and just have the judge make the ruling in a bench trial.
Ethics concern an individual's moral judgements about right and wrong. Decisions taken within an organisation may be made by individuals or groups, but whoever makes them will be influenced by the culture of the company.
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The Challenges of Good Governance and Project Implementation in Nigeria: A Re...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This study reveals that systemic corruption and other factors including poor leadership,
leadership recruitment processes, ethnic and regional politics, tribalism and mediocrity, poor planning, and
variation of project design have been the causative factors that undermine projects implementation in postindependence African states, particularly in Nigeria. The study, thus, argued that successive governments of
African states, using Nigeria as a case study, have been deeply engrossed in this obnoxious practice that has
undermined infrastructure sector development as well as enthroned impoverishment and mass poverty in these
African countries. This study, therefore, is posed to examine the similarities in causative factors, effects and
consequences of corruption and how it affects governance, projects implementation and national growth. To
achieve this, the study adopted historical research design which is qualitative and explorative in nature. The
study among others suggests that the governments of developing countries should shun corruption and other
forms of obnoxious practices in order to operate effective and efficient systems that promote good governance
and ensure there is adequate projects implementation which are the attributes of a responsible government and
good leadership. Policy makers should also prioritize policy objectives and competence to ensure that policies
are fully implemented within stipulated time frame.
KEYWORDS: Developing Countries, Nigeria, Government, Project Implementation, Project Failure
Enhance your social media strategy with the best digital marketing agency in Kolkata. This PPT covers 7 essential tips for effective social media marketing, offering practical advice and actionable insights to help you boost engagement, reach your target audience, and grow your online presence.
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Exploring Factors Affecting the Success of TVET-Industry Partnership: A Case ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to explore factors affecting the success of TVET-industry
partnerships. A case study design of the qualitative research method was used to achieve this objective. For the
study, one polytechnic college of Oromia regional state, and two industries were purposively selected. From the
sample polytechnic college and industries, a total of 17 sample respondents were selected. Out of 17
respondents, 10 respondents were selected using the snowball sampling method, and the rest 7 respondents were
selected using the purposive sampling technique. The qualitative data were collected through an in-depth
interview and document analysis. The data were analyzed using thematic approaches. The findings revealed that
TVET-industry partnerships were found weak. Lack of key stakeholder‟s awareness shortage of improved
training equipment and machines in polytechnic colleges, absence of trainee health insurance policy, lack of
incentive mechanisms for private industries, lack of employer industries involvement in designing and
developing occupational standards, and preparation of curriculum were some of the impediments of TVETindustry partnership. Based on the findings it was recommended that the Oromia TVET bureau in collaboration
with other relevant concerned regional authorities and TVET colleges, set new strategies for creating strong
awareness for industries, companies, and other relevant stakeholders on the purpose and advantages of
implementing successful TVET-industry partnership. Finally, the Oromia regional government in collaboration
with the TVET bureau needs to create policy-supported incentive strategies such as giving occasional privileges
of duty-free import, tax reduction, and regional government recognition awards based on the level of partnership
contribution to TVET institutions in promoting TVET-industry partnership.
KEY WORDS: employability skills, industries, and partnership
“To be integrated is to feel secure, to feel connected.” The views and experi...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Although a significant amount of literature exists on Morocco's migration policies and their
successes and failures since their implementation in 2014, there is limited research on the integration of subSaharan African children into schools. This paperis part of a Ph.D. research project that aims to fill this gap. It
reports the main findings of a study conducted with migrant children enrolled in two public schools in Rabat,
Morocco, exploring how integration is defined by the children themselves and identifying the obstacles that they
have encountered thus far. The following paper uses an inductive approach and primarily focuses on the
relationships of children with their teachers and peers as a key aspect of integration for students with a migration
background. The study has led to several crucial findings. It emphasizes the significance of speaking Colloquial
Moroccan Arabic (Darija) and being part of a community for effective integration. Moreover, it reveals that the
use of Modern Standard Arabic as the language of instruction in schools is a source of frustration for students,
indicating the need for language policy reform. The study underlines the importanceof considering the
children‟s agency when being integrated into mainstream public schools.
.
KEYWORDS: migration, education, integration, sub-Saharan African children, public school
Social media refers to online platforms and tools that enable users to create, share, and exchange information, ideas, and content in virtual communities and networks. These platforms have revolutionized the way people communicate, interact, and consume information. Here are some key aspects and descriptions of social media:
Multilingual SEO Services | Multilingual Keyword Research | Filosemadisonsmith478075
Multilingual SEO services are essential for businesses aiming to expand their global presence. They involve optimizing a website for search engines in multiple languages, enhancing visibility, and reaching diverse audiences. Filose offers comprehensive multilingual SEO services designed to help businesses optimize their websites for search engines in various languages, enhancing their global reach and market presence. These services ensure that your content is not only translated but also culturally and contextually adapted to resonate with local audiences.
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Non-Financial Information and Firm Risk Non-Financial Information and Firm RiskAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to examine how ESG disclosure and risk disclosure affect the total risk of
companies. Using cross section data from 355 companies listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange, data regarding
ESG disclosure and risk was collected. In this research, ESG and risk disclosures are measured based on content
analysis using GRI 4 guidelines for ESG disclosures and COSO ERM for risk disclosures. Using multiple
regression, it is concluded that only risk disclosure can reduce the company's total risk, while ESG disclosure
cannot affect the company's total risk. This shows that only risk disclosure is relevant in determining a
company's total risk.
KEYWORDS: ESG disclosure, risk disclosure, firm risk
How social media marketing helps businesses in 2024.pdfpramodkumar2310
Social media marketing refers to the process of utilizing social media platforms to promote products, services, or brands. It involves creating and sharing valuable content, engaging with followers, analyzing data, and running targeted advertising campaigns.
www.nidmindia.com
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1. B Y : C H E L D Y S . E L U M B A -
P A B L E O , M P A , L L B
MEDIA ECONOMICS
BY: CHELDY S. ELUMBA-PABLEO,MPA,LLB
2. MEDIA ENTERPRENUERSHIP
Media entrepreneurship is based on
an idea that is based on recognized
opportunity.
Innovation is an integral part of
media entrepreneurship, but in many
cases an imitative innovation and
implementation of a successfully
tested innovation uses for a new
market or application.
3. WHAT IS MEDIA ECONOMICS?
RICHARD PICARD defines
media economics as a field of
study that is concerned with
“how media operators meet the
informational and entertainment
wants and needs of audiences,
advertisers and society with
available resources”(2002)
4. WHAT IS MEDIA ECONOMICS?
DOWNING, MCQUAIL, et al.
define media economics as a
field that applies “economic
theories, concepts, and principles
to study the macroeconomic and
microeconomic aspects of mass
media companies and industries”
(2004).
5. WHAT IS MEDIA ECONOMICS?
ALBARRAN provides a rationale
for the study of media economics,
as the “context within which one
can better understand the behavior
of media firms, media markets, and
consumers” (2002) when answering
questions such as why did one
company merge with another.
6. WHAT IS ITS FOCUS?
MEDIA ECONOMICS
focuses on the wider
ecosystem of markets
and consumers around
the companies. Media
management on the other
hand focuses on issues
within the companies
themselves.
8. SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MEDIA
PRODUCTS
Media products are characterized
by a high front-investment, with
high risk of failure from lack of
interest, as consumer traction is
difficult to test for before the actual
release, distribution and marketing
of the product. Attention scarcity is
a challenge for business in general
but especially so for media
businesses.
9. MEDIA ECONOMICS
Mainstream media economics
literature considers media products to
have high fixed costs, however
Bourreau, Gensollen and Perani
argue media products costs to be
variable, with a positive correlation
between increased production cost
and audience traction (2002), pointing
to large-budget Hollywood
productions.
10. WINDOWING
Movies in particular make use of
what is known as WINDOWING –
each release with a certain
timeframe set for each successive
channel, accompanied with a
marketing push for each window
in order to hedge against failure in
a high-risk environment, with
multiple tries to sell the product
becoming an insurance policy.
13. STAGGERING
STAGGERING of distribution is used
to create exclusive windows where 3rd
party actors (not necessarily the
original content producer but license-
buyers) act to market the content; the
release of the same product in distinct
distribution channels at different times
aims to maximize profit from each
channel and increase positive word of
mouth with each release.
15. FILM FRANCHISE
Because word of mouth can also turn
negative, an established FILM
FRANCHISE with a new tent pole
release is a safer investment than an
entirely new movie.
EXAMPLES: Cinemas, international
cinemas, DVDs and Blu-ray, television,
and online streaming and download
platforms such as Amazon and YouTube,
each have their own window of release.
16. WHEN CONSUMER MISSES THE
RELEASE
there’s still a chance to capture
their attention in the following
windows, with free television
licensing fees and long-tail DVD
sales as the final opportunity. Some
argue though, that windowing is a
thing of the past and movies should
be released on the same day and
date across channels to maximize
profits (Wilson, 2012).
17. ANALYTIC TOOL
to navigate the changing media
markets with confidence, media
managers make use of a number of
analytical tools to inform their
strategic thinking and communicate in
a systematic, clear and actionable
manner that’s applicable in
managerial decision-making and
corporate processes of planning and
assessment of the company’s
competitive advantages in the
marketplace.
18. SWOT
Is the most common tool IN BUSINESS: an
analysis of strengths and weaknesses,
referring to the internal characteristics of the
company; and opportunities and threats, referring
to the phenomena outside of the company – the
marketplace, the consumers, the other
companies, the regulatory frameworks in the
country – and increasingly outside of the home
country as media products are subject to cultural
preferences, which must be taken into account as
understanding cultural biases towards a product
may affect managerial decisions.
19. STATEGIC APPROACH
While such strategic
approaches are valuable in
decision-making, CHAN-
OLMSTED also argues that
strategy should leave room for
opportunism (2009) in cases
where a higher degree of
flexibility in management may
be the more prudent approach.
20. MEDIA BUSINESS
exists to make money for its owners in a
private company or shareholders in a
public company. Increased net profits
come either from increased
1) license sales while costs remain
steady,
2) increased efficiency within the
company that decreases costs or
3) from increased market power through
corporate expansion.
21. MEDIA STRATEGY
Convergence of media companies into
larger conglomerates is a global trend;
media companies’ strategies for
expansion include international,
multinational, shared-language-based,
and multilingual global expansion through
vertical integration of service providers
(downstream expansion), distributors
(upstream expansion) or both (balanced
expansion).
22. MEDIA STRATEGY
Moreover, through a strategy of
horizontal expansion by buyout of –
or merger with –companies in the
same market and with the same
functionality; an example would be a
children’s books publisher buying a
competing children’s book publisher
in order to grasp a larger product
portfolio of books at lowered costs
and possibilities for creative
synergies between story worlds.
23. MEDIA STRATEGY
Companies expand through a diagonal
strategy that incorporates aspects of
both vertical and horizontal expansion in
a comprehensive approach.
media companies engage in talent
acquisitions that involve buying out a
company for their skilled workforce
and discontinuing the company’s
former functions.
24. MEDIA STRATEGY
The key thinker in this area, Chan-
Olmsted, focuses on competition
between media firms and
competitive strategies in a changing
media environment (Competitive
Strategy for Media Firms: Strategic
and Brand Management in
Changing Media Markets, 2009).
25. IN PRODUCTION
As business becomes larger, economies of
scale are achieved when distributing the
product to more markets with the average
costs of distribution decreased and the
average cost of production also decreased.
In production an in-front investments
into high quality camera equipment can
be amortized over a number of years
while it adds value in the production
number of media products.
26. IN DISTRIBUTION
an established brand name can
reduce the cumulative marketing
cost associated with each media
product released by the company as
the brand has earned a degree of
consumer trust through previous
products.
27. DIGITAL ECONOMY
the marginal cost of reproduction of a digital
media is close to zero, which means copies
are easily made and distributed.
While copyright is protected, licenses for
content provide theoretically an easy
revenue stream.
However, with markets saturated by media
products where a substitute product is easily
found, attention becomes the highest
scarcity, as there is too much content for
anyone to watch available.
28. DOUBLE SIDED REVENUE
MODEL
Media companies have a double-sided
revenue-model, with consumers and
advertisers bringing in revenue, in
businesses where the consumer pays for
content, copyright and piracy become
issues for lost revenue. However, in
models where advertisers pay no such
problems exist as increased viewership is
to the benefit of the advertisers (and
usually here the content is released for
free).
29. ECONOMIES OF SCOPE
are achieved through the repackaging of
content for new media products, achieved by
companies large enough to have accumulated
an archive of assets that can be incorporated
into new products, thus saving costs.
This applies also to repackaging content for a
foreign market or repurposing content for a
different use, such as a television show on
traffic safety created for distribution on national
free television but later repurposed as content
for showing inside an educational game used in
primary education.
30. ECONOMIES OF SCOPE
Another example is the practice or
remaking old Hollywood movies with
modern technology. With the studio
already holding rights to the screenplay
and an existing awareness of the story
bringing a built-in audience, economies
of scope can be achieved. By
diversification into similar products,
economies of scope save from the
higher costs of original production.
31. AREAS OF INTEREST
Media system has become global and
interconnected, key scholars now have a
large scope of analysis, taking a
systematic and planet-wide view of the
media economy. Because new areas of
the world are becoming part of the media
market, scholars increasingly focus on
emergent media in the African, Asian, and
Latin American markets.
32. AREAS OF INTEREST
GLOBAL INTERCONNECTEDNESS
ALBARRAN focuses on Spanish-language
media in the US as a way to reach people in
and of Latin American origin. This highlights a
crucial point, as even in the age of global
interconnectedness, language plays a role in
identification, community, and in how, what
types of, and whom messages reach. “Thus
Hispanic/Latino-oriented media have received
increased attention and advertising revenues
for their ability to reach a sizeable portion of the
electorate” (The Handbook of Spanish
Language Media, 2009).
33. AREAS OF INTEREST
A further branch of interest in media
economics is the consolidation of
ownership. The trend of an increasingly
small number of media increasingly
large media conglomerates owning the
media, also known as the concentration
of media ownership, and the structure
and reach of these companies merits its
of branch of economic analysis.
34. AREAS OF INTEREST
DOYLE focuses on the horizontal, diagonal,
and vertical expansion of European media
companies, especially in the UK (2002).
Downing, McQuail, et al argue that with
“increasing consolidation and concentration
across the media industries, media economics
emerged as an important area of study for
academics, policymakers, and industry
analysts” (2004), highlighting how media
economics can provide quantitative methods
and statistical analysis for guidance in financial
and policy-related decision-making.
35. AREAS OF INTEREST
As a formerly television-focused scholar, Picard has
emerged from a political analysis of the role of media
in democracy (1985) towards incorporating more
economic study into his argument. Picard analyses
companies in detail in Media Firms: Structures,
Operations and Performance, showing how media
companies that have traditionally worked with a
single product (such as a newspaper, a magazine, a
TV channel) now juggle a variety of products that
may number in the hundreds and span mediums in
highly complex portfolios of media products (2009).
36. MEDIA ECONOMICS
will have to accommodate for and expand
upon the emerging trends of:
1) attention economy
2) crossmedia distribution and
3) artists taking a stronger role in their
own economic well-being.
Albarran and Arrese already focus on
the role of time from a consumer,
producer, and advertiser perspective
(2009), however the latter areas
remain relatively un-explored.
37. NEW FORM OF FUNDING
While some artists are visibly successful at building
attentive audiences and large follower-bases, the
question remains whether and how these followers
can produce enough economic value for the artist
so the activity is sustainable.
New forms of funding, such as CROWDFUNDING
and MICROPAYMENTS, while still minimal in total
input of financing, are emerging trends and will
have to be focused on more in future economic
studies. Studies into artists like the Pixies who sell
merchandise and tickets directly through fans,
cutting out middlemen with Amazon and Apple
Books becoming the entire distribution channel will
have to be explored.
38. MEDIA ECONOMICS
Public companies release annual reports,
which list revenue sources, net income,
cost structure, and other financial
information.
Journals provide academic discussion of
media economics. The key journal of the
field is the Journal of Media Economics,
started by the preeminent researcher and
founder of the media economics field,
Robert G. Picard, and the International
Journal on Media Management based in
Switzerland provides another scholarly
source of reference.
39. DIGITALIZATION
Digitalization of content enables online
distribution and changes the options for
international media in a number of ways.
1) the globalization of media with content
accessible from new entrants like South
Africa or Australia on the media market,
increases competition between media
producers in separate parts of the world,
while also increasing global
interdependency through increased
cultural ties.
40. DIGITALIZATION
2) media corporations have more opportunity to
open up and re-package content stored in
siloes to international audiences through
franchising licenses across the planet
Example: a show that is popular in the US may
create demand in Bulgaria without any
targeted marketing as Bulgarians see clips of
the series in YouTube; when a legal way to
see the show is not provided increased piracy
of the content is likely to occur.
41. DIGITALIZATION
3) removal of the middlemen is a threat for
distributors, as when there is no need for a
traditional publisher and Amazon and
Google Books with 1-click-publishers are
the largest global platforms that act as a
single marketplace where consumers :
1) find movies, books, music, and other
types of media in a single platform
through advanced content discovery
engines,
2) can pay with 1-click through an
integrated payment processor and
42. DIGITALIZATION
3) have access to advanced delivery
mechanics that make the content available
independent of consumption device (iPad,
iPhone, iTV), there is little the distributor
can offer as added value. The value chain is
flattened, with media products created by a
single person – a book, written, edited, and
published and marketed through an online
platform, without the help of a professional
team, with lowered barriers of entry with
insignificant initial capital costs, while time
costs remain the same.
43. DIGITALIZATION
4) in a world with more content than time to consume it
(the attention economy), the platforms for content
aggregation, curation and repackaging, such as iTunes
and Amazon but also crowd-powered platforms such
as Pinterest, Quora, Facebook, Twitter and others
become a crucial part of media economics and the
convergence of traditional, single media companies
from publishing, broadcasting, movie producing and
other media backgrounds into transmedia companies
that provide content trough different platforms and
across media making use of transmedia storytelling to
immerse the audience and gain attention will be an
important focus of economic study in media.