used for reporting in Introduction to Stylistics
includes the types of style (expository/argumentative, descriptive, narrative, persuasive) basic principles in stylistic analysis, teaching of language and literature: a case for stylistics, and stylistics and levels of language
used for reporting in Introduction to Stylistics
includes the types of style (expository/argumentative, descriptive, narrative, persuasive) basic principles in stylistic analysis, teaching of language and literature: a case for stylistics, and stylistics and levels of language
Style and Importance of Style in StylisticsZia ullah
Here you will find; Style and Importance of Style in Stylistics. Definition of Style and Stylistics. Scholarly definitions. Importance of Style in Stylistics. Conclusion.
The manner a person writes can be characterized by his/her writing style. It is the writing method that a certain author uses. It differs from writer to writer and is influenced by syntax, word choice, and tone. It can also be referred to as the "voice" that readers hear when they read a writer's work.
This paper aims to analyze ‘EID’ by Auragzeb Alamgir Hashmi from stylistic perspectives including graphological, grammatical, phonological, syntactic and semantic issues. The analysis will help the reader understand not only theoretical aspects of the poem but also its technical ones. So, the study is conducted to analyze graphological, grammatical, phonological, syntactic and semantic issues. It has been helpful to comprehend theme, cultural aspects of Pakistani society, its structure and stylistic issues.
Contextual Aspects of Style and Translation: With Particular Reference to Eng...FadilElmenfi1
Some activities are easier to practice than to talk about, translation is one of them. This is simply because translation as a practice existed long before translation as a theoretical discipline. Most translators with no doubt wish to see their role in such a positive way: “opening a window” for TT readers, in order to illuminate for them an unfamiliar culture.
This study aims at stylistically analyzing Men in the Sun in terms of the use of rhetorical questions and polyphony. The main objective is to show the contribution of these stylistic features (rhetorical questions and use of polyphony) in construing meaning and heightening the aesthetic values of novella and show how focus on specific stylistic features helps in analyzing a literary text. The researchers used the analytical approach to examine how the use of rhetorical questions and polyphony helps in constructing the meaning of the novella and highlighting its main themes. This study will be helpful to students of literature who want to better understand stylistic analysis and how writers use stylistic devices to enhance the meaning they want to convey. The study could also serve as a springboard for further studies in this area and could promote academic discourse on stylistic analysis of various Arabic literary works in English translation.
PREDOMINANT DEVICES USED BY NGUGI WA THIONG’O IN HIS NOVEL WIZARD OF THE CROW...ResearchWap
Language is a distinctive quality unique to man. It is what enables man to express him/herself and communicate with his/her fellow man, and it is acquired naturally. According to Fromkin et al “…language is the source of human life and power” (3). They also state that “we use language to convey information to others…, ask questions…, give command…, and express wishes” (173). There are two specific media of using language: oral – which is by words of mouth; and written – which is a graphic representation of words on paper.
It is in the use of language that style comes in. Style shows the difference between one piece of writing and the other. According to Adejare, “style is an ambiguous term…” (1). He further states that the term style means different things to different professions. Some examples are: to a psychologist, a style is a form of behaviour, to the critic, style is individuality and to the linguist, it is the formal structures in function (1).
Stylistics is the study of oral and written texts. It is the description of the linguistic characteristics (which means features of linguistics) of all situationally restricted uses of language. Linguistics is the scientific study of language or of a particular language. Linguistics is scientific because it applies the method of objective observation, collection, classification and application of facts to the study of language.
Stylistics focuses on texts and gives much attention to the devices, parts of speech and figures of speech. It goes further to look into the effects of the use of the devices on the reader.
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Skeem Saam in June 2024 available on ForumIsaac More
Monday, June 3, 2024 - Episode 241: Sergeant Rathebe nabs a top scammer in Turfloop. Meikie is furious at her uncle's reaction to the truth about Ntswaki.
Tuesday, June 4, 2024 - Episode 242: Babeile uncovers the truth behind Rathebe’s latest actions. Leeto's announcement shocks his employees, and Ntswaki’s ordeal haunts her family.
Wednesday, June 5, 2024 - Episode 243: Rathebe blocks Babeile from investigating further. Melita warns Eunice to stay clear of Mr. Kgomo.
Thursday, June 6, 2024 - Episode 244: Tbose surrenders to the police while an intruder meddles in his affairs. Rathebe's secret mission faces a setback.
Friday, June 7, 2024 - Episode 245: Rathebe’s antics reach Kganyago. Tbose dodges a bullet, but a nightmare looms. Mr. Kgomo accuses Melita of witchcraft.
Monday, June 10, 2024 - Episode 246: Ntswaki struggles on her first day back at school. Babeile is stunned by Rathebe’s romance with Bullet Mabuza.
Tuesday, June 11, 2024 - Episode 247: An unexpected turn halts Rathebe’s investigation. The press discovers Mr. Kgomo’s affair with a young employee.
Wednesday, June 12, 2024 - Episode 248: Rathebe chases a criminal, resorting to gunfire. Turf High is rife with tension and transfer threats.
Thursday, June 13, 2024 - Episode 249: Rathebe traps Kganyago. John warns Toby to stop harassing Ntswaki.
Friday, June 14, 2024 - Episode 250: Babeile is cleared to investigate Rathebe. Melita gains Mr. Kgomo’s trust, and Jacobeth devises a financial solution.
Monday, June 17, 2024 - Episode 251: Rathebe feels the pressure as Babeile closes in. Mr. Kgomo and Eunice clash. Jacobeth risks her safety in pursuit of Kganyago.
Tuesday, June 18, 2024 - Episode 252: Bullet Mabuza retaliates against Jacobeth. Pitsi inadvertently reveals his parents’ plans. Nkosi is shocked by Khwezi’s decision on LJ’s future.
Wednesday, June 19, 2024 - Episode 253: Jacobeth is ensnared in deceit. Evelyn is stressed over Toby’s case, and Letetswe reveals shocking academic results.
Thursday, June 20, 2024 - Episode 254: Elizabeth learns Jacobeth is in Mpumalanga. Kganyago's past is exposed, and Lehasa discovers his son is in KZN.
Friday, June 21, 2024 - Episode 255: Elizabeth confirms Jacobeth’s dubious activities in Mpumalanga. Rathebe lies about her relationship with Bullet, and Jacobeth faces theft accusations.
Monday, June 24, 2024 - Episode 256: Rathebe spies on Kganyago. Lehasa plans to retrieve his son from KZN, fearing what awaits.
Tuesday, June 25, 2024 - Episode 257: MaNtuli fears for Kwaito’s safety in Mpumalanga. Mr. Kgomo and Melita reconcile.
Wednesday, June 26, 2024 - Episode 258: Kganyago makes a bold escape. Elizabeth receives a shocking message from Kwaito. Mrs. Khoza defends her husband against scam accusations.
Thursday, June 27, 2024 - Episode 259: Babeile's skillful arrest changes the game. Tbose and Kwaito face a hostage crisis.
Friday, June 28, 2024 - Episode 260: Two women face the reality of being scammed. Turf is rocked by breaking
Are the X-Men Marvel or DC An In-Depth Exploration.pdfXtreame HDTV
The world of comic books is vast and filled with iconic characters, gripping storylines, and legendary rivalries. Among the most famous groups of superheroes are the X-Men. Created in the early 1960s, the X-Men have become a cultural phenomenon, featuring in comics, animated series, and blockbuster movies. A common question among newcomers to the comic book world is: Are the X-Men Marvel or DC? This article delves into the history, creators, and significant moments of the X-Men to provide a comprehensive answer.
As a film director, I have always been awestruck by the magic of animation. Animation, a medium once considered solely for the amusement of children, has undergone a significant transformation over the years. Its evolution from a rudimentary form of entertainment to a sophisticated form of storytelling has stirred my creativity and expanded my vision, offering limitless possibilities in the realm of cinematic storytelling.
Scandal! Teasers June 2024 on etv Forum.co.zaIsaac More
Monday, 3 June 2024
Episode 47
A friend is compelled to expose a manipulative scheme to prevent another from making a grave mistake. In a frantic bid to save Jojo, Phakamile agrees to a meeting that unbeknownst to her, will seal her fate.
Tuesday, 4 June 2024
Episode 48
A mother, with her son's best interests at heart, finds him unready to heed her advice. Motshabi finds herself in an unmanageable situation, sinking fast like in quicksand.
Wednesday, 5 June 2024
Episode 49
A woman fabricates a diabolical lie to cover up an indiscretion. Overwhelmed by guilt, she makes a spontaneous confession that could be devastating to another heart.
Thursday, 6 June 2024
Episode 50
Linda unwittingly discloses damning information. Nhlamulo and Vuvu try to guide their friend towards the right decision.
Friday, 7 June 2024
Episode 51
Jojo's life continues to spiral out of control. Dintle weaves a web of lies to conceal that she is not as successful as everyone believes.
Monday, 10 June 2024
Episode 52
A heated confrontation between lovers leads to a devastating admission of guilt. Dintle's desperation takes a new turn, leaving her with dwindling options.
Tuesday, 11 June 2024
Episode 53
Unable to resort to violence, Taps issues a verbal threat, leaving Mdala unsettled. A sister must explain her life choices to regain her brother's trust.
Wednesday, 12 June 2024
Episode 54
Winnie makes a very troubling discovery. Taps follows through on his threat, leaving a woman reeling. Layla, oblivious to the truth, offers an incentive.
Thursday, 13 June 2024
Episode 55
A nosy relative arrives just in time to thwart a man's fatal decision. Dintle manipulates Khanyi to tug at Mo's heartstrings and get what she wants.
Friday, 14 June 2024
Episode 56
Tlhogi is shocked by Mdala's reaction following the revelation of their indiscretion. Jojo is in disbelief when the punishment for his crime is revealed.
Monday, 17 June 2024
Episode 57
A woman reprimands another to stay in her lane, leading to a damning revelation. A man decides to leave his broken life behind.
Tuesday, 18 June 2024
Episode 58
Nhlamulo learns that due to his actions, his worst fears have come true. Caiphus' extravagant promises to suppliers get him into trouble with Ndu.
Wednesday, 19 June 2024
Episode 59
A woman manages to kill two birds with one stone. Business doom looms over Chillax. A sobering incident makes a woman realize how far she's fallen.
Thursday, 20 June 2024
Episode 60
Taps' offer to help Nhlamulo comes with hidden motives. Caiphus' new ideas for Chillax have MaHilda excited. A blast from the past recognizes Dintle, not for her newfound fame.
Friday, 21 June 2024
Episode 61
Taps is hungry for revenge and finds a rope to hang Mdala with. Chillax's new job opportunity elicits mixed reactions from the public. Roommates' initial meeting starts off on the wrong foot.
Monday, 24 June 2024
Episode 62
Taps seizes new information and recruits someone on the inside. Mary's new job
Meet Crazyjamjam - A TikTok Sensation | Blog EternalBlog Eternal
Crazyjamjam, the TikTok star everyone's talking about! Uncover her secrets to success, viral trends, and more in this exclusive feature on Blog Eternal.
Source: https://blogeternal.com/celebrity/crazyjamjam-leaks/
From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained. The Philos...Rodney Thomas Jr
#SSAPhilosophy #DjangoUnchained #DjangoFreeman #ExistentialPhilosophy #Freedom #Identity #Justice #Courage #Rebellion #Transformation
Welcome to SSA Philosophy, your ultimate destination for diving deep into the profound philosophies of iconic characters from video games, movies, and TV shows. In this episode, we explore the powerful journey and existential philosophy of Django Freeman from Quentin Tarantino’s masterful film, "Django Unchained," in our video titled, "From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained. The Philosophy of Django Freeman!"
From Slave to Scourge: The Existential Choice of Django Unchained – The Philosophy of Django Freeman!
Join me as we delve into the existential philosophy of Django Freeman, uncovering the profound lessons and timeless wisdom his character offers. Through his story, we find inspiration in the power of choice, the quest for justice, and the courage to defy oppression. Django Freeman’s philosophy is a testament to the human spirit’s unyielding drive for freedom and justice.
Don’t forget to like, comment, and subscribe to SSA Philosophy for more in-depth explorations of the philosophies behind your favorite characters. Hit the notification bell to stay updated on our latest videos. Let’s discover the principles that shape these icons and the profound lessons they offer.
Django Freeman’s story is one of the most compelling narratives of transformation and empowerment in cinema. A former slave turned relentless bounty hunter, Django’s journey is not just a physical liberation but an existential quest for identity, justice, and retribution. This video delves into the core philosophical elements that define Django’s character and the profound choices he makes throughout his journey.
Link to video: https://youtu.be/GszqrXk38qk
In the vast landscape of cinema, stories have been told, retold, and reimagined in countless ways. At the heart of this narrative evolution lies the concept of a "remake". A successful remake allows us to revisit cherished tales through a fresh lens, often reflecting a different era's perspective or harnessing the power of advanced technology. Yet, the question remains, what makes a remake successful? Today, we will delve deeper into this subject, identifying the key ingredients that contribute to the success of a remake.
From the Editor's Desk: 115th Father's day Celebration - When we see Father's day in Hindu context, Nanda Baba is the most vivid figure which comes to the mind. Nanda Baba who was the foster father of Lord Krishna is known to provide love, care and affection to Lord Krishna and Balarama along with his wife Yashoda; Letter’s to the Editor: Mother's Day - Mother is a precious life for their children. Mother is life breath for her children. Mother's lap is the world happiness whose debt can never be paid.
Maximizing Your Streaming Experience with XCIPTV- Tips for 2024.pdfXtreame HDTV
In today’s digital age, streaming services have become an integral part of our entertainment lives. Among the myriad of options available, XCIPTV stands out as a premier choice for those seeking seamless, high-quality streaming. This comprehensive guide will delve into the features, benefits, and user experience of XCIPTV, illustrating why it is a top contender in the IPTV industry.
Panchayat Season 3 - Official Trailer.pdfSuleman Rana
The dearest series "Panchayat" is set to make a victorious return with its third season, and the fervor is discernible. The authority trailer, delivered on May 28, guarantees one more enamoring venture through the country heartland of India.
Jitendra Kumar keeps on sparkling as Abhishek Tripathi, the city-reared engineer who ends up functioning as the secretary of the Panchayat office in the curious town of Phulera. His nuanced depiction of a young fellow exploring the difficulties of country life while endeavoring to adjust to his new environmental factors has earned far and wide recognition.
Neena Gupta and Raghubir Yadav return as Manju Devi and Brij Bhushan Dubey, separately. Their dynamic science and immaculate acting rejuvenate the hardships of town administration. Gupta's depiction of the town Pradhan with an ever-evolving outlook, matched with Yadav's carefully prepared exhibition, adds profundity and credibility to the story.
New Difficulties and Experiences
The trailer indicates new difficulties anticipating the characters, as Abhishek keeps on wrestling with his part in the town and his yearnings for a superior future. The series has reliably offset humor with social editorial, and Season 3 looks ready to dig much more profound into the intricacies of rustic organization and self-awareness.
Watchers can hope to see a greater amount of the enchanting and particular residents who have become fan top picks. Their connections and the one of a kind cut of-life situations give a reviving and interesting portrayal of provincial India, featuring the two its appeal and its difficulties.
A Mix of Humor and Heart
One of the signs of "Panchayat" is its capacity to mix humor with sincere narrating. The trailer features minutes that guarantee to convey giggles, as well as scenes that pull at the heartstrings. This equilibrium has been a critical calculate the show's prosperity, resounding with crowds across different socioeconomics.
Creation Greatness
The creation quality remaining parts first rate, with the beautiful setting of Phulera town filling in as a scenery that upgrades the narrating. The meticulousness in portraying provincial life, joined with sharp composition and solid exhibitions, guarantees that "Panchayat" keeps on hanging out in the packed web series scene.
Expectation and Delivery
As the delivery date draws near, expectation for "Panchayat" Season 3 is at a record-breaking high. The authority trailer has previously created critical buzz, with fans enthusiastically anticipating the continuation of Abhishek Tripathi's excursion and the new undertakings that lie ahead in Phulera.
All in all, the authority trailer for "Panchayat" Season 3 recommends that watchers are in for another drawing in and engaging ride. Yet again with its charming characters, convincing story, and ideal mix of humor and show, the new season is set to enamor crowds. Write in your schedules and prepare to get back to the endearing universe of "Panchayat."
Tom Selleck Net Worth: A Comprehensive Analysisgreendigital
Over several decades, Tom Selleck, a name synonymous with charisma. From his iconic role as Thomas Magnum in the television series "Magnum, P.I." to his enduring presence in "Blue Bloods," Selleck has captivated audiences with his versatility and charm. As a result, "Tom Selleck net worth" has become a topic of great interest among fans. and financial enthusiasts alike. This article delves deep into Tom Selleck's wealth, exploring his career, assets, endorsements. and business ventures that contribute to his impressive economic standing.
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Early Life and Career Beginnings
The Foundation of Tom Selleck's Wealth
Born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, Tom Selleck grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. His journey towards building a large net worth began with humble origins. , Selleck pursued a business administration degree at the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. But, his interest shifted towards acting. leading him to study at the Hills Playhouse under Milton Katselas.
Minor roles in television and films marked Selleck's early career. He appeared in commercials and took on small parts in T.V. series such as "The Dating Game" and "Lancer." These initial steps, although modest. laid the groundwork for his future success and the growth of Tom Selleck net worth. Breakthrough with "Magnum, P.I."
The Role that Defined Tom Selleck's Career
Tom Selleck's breakthrough came with the role of Thomas Magnum in the CBS television series "Magnum, P.I." (1980-1988). This role made him a household name and boosted his net worth. The series' popularity resulted in Selleck earning large salaries. leading to financial stability and increased recognition in Hollywood.
"Magnum P.I." garnered high ratings and critical acclaim during its run. Selleck's portrayal of the charming and resourceful private investigator resonated with audiences. making him one of the most beloved television actors of the 1980s. The success of "Magnum P.I." played a pivotal role in shaping Tom Selleck net worth, establishing him as a major star.
Film Career and Diversification
Expanding Tom Selleck's Financial Portfolio
While "Magnum, P.I." was a cornerstone of Selleck's career, he did not limit himself to television. He ventured into films, further enhancing Tom Selleck net worth. His filmography includes notable movies such as "Three Men and a Baby" (1987). which became the highest-grossing film of the year, and its sequel, "Three Men and a Little Lady" (1990). These box office successes contributed to his wealth.
Selleck's versatility allowed him to transition between genres. from comedies like "Mr. Baseball" (1992) to westerns such as "Quigley Down Under" (1990). This diversification showcased his acting range. and provided many income streams, reinforcing Tom Selleck net worth.
Television Resurgence with "Blue Bloods"
Sustaining Wealth through Consistent Success
In 2010, Tom Selleck began starring as Frank Reagan i
2. Style in language ?
What is style in language?
How is it produced?
How it can be recognized and described?
Is it a general feature of language?
4. Stttttttyleeeeee
She writes in a vigorous style.
Haris started off in a fine style.
She dresses in a superb style.
I don‟t like his style of management.
Your cooking style differs from mine.
The elegant style of a home !
They live in grand style .
Here one can eat in style !
5. ssssssssssstyle
How stylish she is !
How stylishly does she speak!
I like Bernard Shaw‟s style.
Housewives don‟t care much for style.
What a student has to do with style ?
Stylish means being brand conscious.
I like Operah‟ s style .
7. Style in Language
Style in language can be defined to be “
Distinctive linguistic expression”
What makes an expression distinctive?
Is every expression distinctive ?
Does every expression carry style ?
Does stylistics seek to study every human
expression ?
9. Stylistics
The aesthetic function of language
Expressive means in language
Synonymous ways of rendering one and the
same idea
Emotional colouring of language
A system of special devices ,called stylistic
devices
10. Stylistics
The splitting of the literary language into separate
subsystems called stylistic devices.
The inter-relation between language and thought
The individual manner of an author in making use
of language
11. stylistics
Language is not a disorganized mass of sounds
and symbols ,,,
It is instead an intricate web of levels ,layers and
links.
Any utterance or piece of text is organized
through several distinct levels of language.
Levels are inter-connected ,they interpenetrate
and depend on one another.
13. Style in language
Style as choice
Style as man
Style as deviation
Style as conformity
Style as time/period
Style as situation
14. Style as choice
Choice means options and variations that are
available to the author.
Depends on the situation and the genre that the
writer chooses.
Writer‟s choice reflects his ego and social
conditions of his time.
A writer can choose between “start” ,and
“commence” , “ proceed” and “go”
Style is the name of writer‟s choice of words ,and
rhetorical devices.
15. Style as man
Distinctive features distinguish one person from
the other
One is able to differentiate between the writings
of Morrison and Achebe.
Style is shaped by one‟s social and political
background, religious inclination,culture
,education ,and geographical location etc.
style an index of personality
Objection : if a person exhibits different styles on
different occasion ,does it mean that he has
different personalities?
16. Style as deviation
Deviation from the norm: style
The concept of style as deviation ,itself implies
that there are rules , norms ,and conventions to
be followed.
When these conventions are crossed ,deviation
occurs.
Departure from what is taken as a common
practice.
Rules of language are jettisoned intentionally by
the writer , whether at any level.
“dangerous safety” , “ open secret”.
17. Style as conformity
Conformity is the first available option to a writer
It is writer‟s decision to conform or deviate from
the norms.
A major weakness : this notion clips creativity
“style as conformity” is often strictly enforced in
certain fields and circumstances
Most of the time conformity is the pre-requisite of
acceptability.
18. Style as period/ time
A period usually dictates the style employed by
the writers
The style of any given period has recognizably
predominant features that make such a poeriod
distinct.
Shakespeare and his contemporaries used a
particular style of writing : writing in verse
Henrik ibsen was a huge influence as dramas in
verse were never liked after him ,and the
previous style was abandoned.
Victorian ,Elizabethan , Renaissance and Modern
periods all have their particular styles ,different
19. Style as situation
It is the context that determines language choice
in speaking or writing .
Certain words are appropriate for certain
occasions ,while some are considered taboo
,vulgar or abominable.
Language is used according to situation or
circumstance .
21. Creativity and innovation is not the preserve of
literary writings only.
advertising, journalism, popular music – even
casual conversation) often display a high degree
of stylistic dexterity .
Linguistic and „ extra-linguistic‟ parameters are
inextricably woven together , and make the text
the way it means .
22. 3 Rs
stylistic analysis should be rigorous
stylistic analysis should be retrievable
stylistic analysis should be replicable.
23. Rigorous
it should be based on an explicit framework of
analysis.
It is underpinned by structured models of
language and discourse that explain how we
process and understand various patterns in
language.
25. Replicable
Replicability does not mean that we should copy
each other‟s work ,rather it means that the
methods should be sufficiently transparent as to
allow other stylisticians to verify them, either by
testing them on the same text or by applying
them beyond that text.
26. Linguistics stylistics
Explores the linguistic features of a text.
style is the selection of certain linguistic forms or
features over other possible ones.
Hence Linguistic stylistics, points out those
linguistic choices which a writer or speaker has
made as well as the effects of the choices.
primarily concerned with the use of language and
its effects in a text.
Uses objective and verifiable approach to analyse
texts.
27. Literary stylistics
Synonymous to literary criticism ,in a way.
The task of literary stylistics is to decipher a
message encoded in an unfamiliar way, to
express its meaning in familiar and communal
terms and thereby to provide the private message
with a public relevance.
The literary stylistician is obviously sensitive to
language, but his/her concern is not principally
with the way the signals of the artist are
constructed but with the underlying message
which an interpretation of the signals reveal.
29. Goals of stylistics
To establish discourse peculiarities
To induce appreciation of discourses
To ascertain linguistic habits
To make critical judgements
31. encoding stylistics/authorcentered
the peculiarities of the author's style are
singled out on the basis of comparison
with other writers.
Encoding stylistic analysis includes the
critical study of the author's style,
vocabulary means used by him.
Ideas can be extracted from the writer's
diaries, letters, articles, etc.
32. Encoding stylistics
Encoding stylistic analysis takes into
consideration the facts of the writer's biography,
the genesis of the work in question, the
characteristic features of the epoch and literary
trend.
This kind of analysis is based on the thorough
knowledge of the History of Literature.
Analysis from the author's point of view treats the
work of art as a result or consequence of creative
activity.
33. Step by step analysis
The analysis of the text goes through a number of
definite stages. It begins with the analysis of main
ideas and themes of the literary work which
include the complex of philosophical, moral,
social, political, psychological problems and
author's emotions, attitudes and view on them.
This stage is followed with the analysis of the
composition and the system of images of the
literary work connected with the plot, characters
and setting.
34. Step by step………
Then follows the analysis of lexical and
grammatical expression of the images stylistic devices and means. And finally
we pay attention to phonetic or sound
form of the text and its graphical
representation.
35. A totally opposite way….
the reader usually follows the reversed way. He
transforms the graphical presentation into words,
then into the system of images, feelings, thoughts
of the author, and at last the reader can grasp the
main idea of the author. Much attention is paid to
the text, less to the writer. A work of art is treated
as a source of information and impressions. This
is another kind of stylistic analysis, i.e. from the
reader's point of view, or decoding stylistics.
37. Affective stylistics is derived from analyzing
further the notion that a literary text is an event
that occurs in time—that comes into being as it
is read—rather than an object that exists in
space.
38. The text is examined closely, often line by line
or even word by word, in order to understand
how (stylistics) it affects (affective) the
reader in the process of reading.
39. Although there is thus a great deal of focus on
the text, which is why some theorists consider
this approach transactional in nature, many
practitioners of affective stylistics do not
consider the text an objective, autonomous
entity—it does not have a fixed meaning
independent of readers—because the text
consists of the results it produces, and those
results occur within the reader.
40. For example, when Stanley Fish describes how a text
is structured, the structure he describes is the structure
of the reader’s response as it occurs from moment to
moment, not the structure of the text as we might
assemble it—like puzzle pieces all spread out at once
before us—after we’ve finished reading.
41. Indeed, it is the “slow-motion,” phrase-by-phrase
analysis of how the text structures the reader’s
response for which affective stylistics is perhaps best
known.
42. According to Fish, the question “What does this
sentence mean?” or “What does this sentence say?”
yields little because the sentence provides us with no
facts with which we could answer the question. Even if
we notice that the sentence does say something—
43. In addition to an analysis of the reading activities that
structure the reader’s response, other kinds of evidence
are usually gathered to further support the claim that
the text is about the experience of reading. For
example, most practitioners of affective stylistics will
cite the responses of other readers—of other literary
critics, for example—to show that their own analyses
of the reading activities provided by a particular text
are valid for readers other than just them-selves.
44. . A critic might even cite an extreme divergence of
critical opinion about the text to support, for example,
the contention that the text provides an unsettling,
decentering, or confusing reading experience. This
wouldn’t mean that the text is flawed but that by
unsettling the reader it demonstrates, say, the fact that
interpretation of written texts, and perhaps of the
world, is a problematic endeavor from which we
should not expect to achieve certainty.
45. Thematic evidence from the text itself is also usually
provided to show that the text is about the experience
of reading. For example, the reader-response critic
shows how the experiences of characters and
descriptions of settings mirror the reader’s experience
reading the text.
46.
As noted above, the textual evidence at this point
is thematic: the critic shows that the theme of the text
is a particular kind of reading experience, such as the
difficulties involved in reading, the processes involved
in making sense of the text, or the inevitability of
misreading.
47. Although many practitioners of affective stylistics
believe that the text, as an independent object,
disappears in their analysis and becomes what it really
is—an experience that occurs within the reader—their
use of thematic evidence, as we’ve just seen,
underscores the important role played by the text in
establishing what the reader’s experience is.