This document discusses principles and methods of translation. It begins with Catford's definition of translation as replacing textual material in one language with equivalent material in another. It discusses issues like translation equivalence, types of translation like semantic and communicative translation, and structural elements like situational features, semantic structure, and levels of word meaning. It also examines sentence structure in English and implications for translation, including theme, subject types, and notions of structure across languages. Finally, it briefly discusses language varieties such as dialects, registers, styles, and modes that impact translation.
This document discusses various translation techniques and strategies for translating culture-specific concepts (CSCs) and allusions. It outlines 8 common translation techniques: 1) borrowing, 2) calque, 3) literal translation, 4) transposition, 5) modulation, 6) reformulation, 7) adaptation, and 8) compensation. It also discusses translation procedures proposed by Nida involving text analysis, thorough source text study, and semantic/syntactic judgment. Further, it examines global and local translation strategies as well as domesticating and foreignizing strategies for rendering CSCs and allusions in the target language.
The document discusses various technical components of the translation process. It describes translation as involving interpreting the source text, applying skills to render the meaning in the target language, and re-expressing that meaning. The document outlines different options for translation, including direct/literal translation and oblique translation. It also distinguishes between factual knowledge of languages and procedural knowledge of translation techniques.
The document discusses various translation procedures and techniques used in the technical component of the translation process. It describes translation as a problem-solving process involving interpreting the source text, using skills and resources to render the text in the target language while maintaining the intended meaning. It distinguishes between factual knowledge of languages and procedural knowledge of translation techniques. Direct translation techniques like literal translation are possible when languages share structures, while oblique techniques like transposition, modulation, and borrowing are needed when direct translation is not possible or idiomatic. The document provides examples of applying various translation techniques between English and Italian.
Spanish/Mayan-English Translation of the book “Kaambal, baaxal yéetel k'iimak...Anahi Ramirez
Spanish/Mayan-English Translation of the book “Kaambal, baaxal yéetel k'iimak óolal” with a detailed explanation of the techniques used by Anahí Ramírez.
The document discusses translation strategies and methods. It begins by explaining the analytical and transfer phases of translation. The goal of translation is to achieve equivalent effect, where the target text has the same impact on its readers as the source text had on its readers. Global translation strategies refer to the overall approach taken, focusing more on retaining source text features or adapting for the target language/audience. Local strategies are applied to individual expressions and include direct translation techniques as well as indirect techniques involving shifts, equivalents, and other procedures.
The document discusses translation, which involves interpreting the meaning of a text in one language and producing an equivalent text in another language that conveys the same message. It notes that translation requires competence in both languages as well as the ability to choose accurate and appropriate expressions in the target language. The document also outlines trends in translation such as machine translation, computer-assisted translation, and cultural translation. It distinguishes between the training received by translators and interpreters.
In this presentation we will see the different paragraphs we have chosen and the reflection of each one of us about our experience of being able to translate and we will give some examples about the method, strategy and technique
This document summarizes a lecture on introduction to translation. It defines translation as conveying meaning from the source language to the target language using processes like analysis, transfer, and restructuring. It discusses how translation involves determining the demands of both the source and target languages. The key aspects that are translated are meaning, which is influenced by language components like words, grammar, style, and sounds. Translation methods can be literal, free, semantic, communicative, formal, dynamic, pragmatic, or creative. The translation process involves analyzing the source text, transferring meaning to a universal representation, and restructuring it in the target language.
This document discusses various translation techniques and strategies for translating culture-specific concepts (CSCs) and allusions. It outlines 8 common translation techniques: 1) borrowing, 2) calque, 3) literal translation, 4) transposition, 5) modulation, 6) reformulation, 7) adaptation, and 8) compensation. It also discusses translation procedures proposed by Nida involving text analysis, thorough source text study, and semantic/syntactic judgment. Further, it examines global and local translation strategies as well as domesticating and foreignizing strategies for rendering CSCs and allusions in the target language.
The document discusses various technical components of the translation process. It describes translation as involving interpreting the source text, applying skills to render the meaning in the target language, and re-expressing that meaning. The document outlines different options for translation, including direct/literal translation and oblique translation. It also distinguishes between factual knowledge of languages and procedural knowledge of translation techniques.
The document discusses various translation procedures and techniques used in the technical component of the translation process. It describes translation as a problem-solving process involving interpreting the source text, using skills and resources to render the text in the target language while maintaining the intended meaning. It distinguishes between factual knowledge of languages and procedural knowledge of translation techniques. Direct translation techniques like literal translation are possible when languages share structures, while oblique techniques like transposition, modulation, and borrowing are needed when direct translation is not possible or idiomatic. The document provides examples of applying various translation techniques between English and Italian.
Spanish/Mayan-English Translation of the book “Kaambal, baaxal yéetel k'iimak...Anahi Ramirez
Spanish/Mayan-English Translation of the book “Kaambal, baaxal yéetel k'iimak óolal” with a detailed explanation of the techniques used by Anahí Ramírez.
The document discusses translation strategies and methods. It begins by explaining the analytical and transfer phases of translation. The goal of translation is to achieve equivalent effect, where the target text has the same impact on its readers as the source text had on its readers. Global translation strategies refer to the overall approach taken, focusing more on retaining source text features or adapting for the target language/audience. Local strategies are applied to individual expressions and include direct translation techniques as well as indirect techniques involving shifts, equivalents, and other procedures.
The document discusses translation, which involves interpreting the meaning of a text in one language and producing an equivalent text in another language that conveys the same message. It notes that translation requires competence in both languages as well as the ability to choose accurate and appropriate expressions in the target language. The document also outlines trends in translation such as machine translation, computer-assisted translation, and cultural translation. It distinguishes between the training received by translators and interpreters.
In this presentation we will see the different paragraphs we have chosen and the reflection of each one of us about our experience of being able to translate and we will give some examples about the method, strategy and technique
This document summarizes a lecture on introduction to translation. It defines translation as conveying meaning from the source language to the target language using processes like analysis, transfer, and restructuring. It discusses how translation involves determining the demands of both the source and target languages. The key aspects that are translated are meaning, which is influenced by language components like words, grammar, style, and sounds. Translation methods can be literal, free, semantic, communicative, formal, dynamic, pragmatic, or creative. The translation process involves analyzing the source text, transferring meaning to a universal representation, and restructuring it in the target language.
The document discusses various translation strategies, techniques and methods. It defines translation strategy and discusses three global strategies employed by translators. It then discusses translation methods and procedures, and defines word-for-word, literal, faithful, semantic and idiomatic translation. Direct and oblique translation techniques are also explained, including borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposition, modulation, reformulation, adaptation and compensation.
Translation is an intellectual activity that involves analyzing a text to examine its function and determine the appropriate linguistic resources for conveying an equivalent message in the target language for its intended readership. It requires the translator to understand the meaning of the original message and recreate it in a clear, faithful, and accurate way in the new language. There are three types of translation according to Jakobson: intralinguistic, interlinguistic, and intersemiotic. The goal of translation is communication across languages and cultures to shorten distances and abolish borders in an increasingly globalized world.
This work is done in order to know the different strategies we have when translating texts in this case a paragraph that we chose and our reflection at the moment of translating and we will give a description and examples of strategy, technique and method.
The document discusses different types of translation including word-for-word, literal, free, semantic, and communicative translation. It provides examples to illustrate each type and notes their strengths and weaknesses. Word-for-word and literal translations aim for lexical and structural accuracy but can result in unnatural translations. Free and communicative translations prioritize natural expression in the target language over structural accuracy from the source text. Semantic translation balances meaning and form.
This document discusses different types of translation. It describes translation as carrying meaning across languages. There are three main types: interlingual translation between languages, intralingual translation within one language, and intersemiotic translation between different semiotic systems like verbal and sign languages. The document also discusses different approaches to translation like human translation, machine translation, and computer-assisted translation as well as factors like the means, materials, functional basis, and ways translation can be described.
This document discusses translation methods and the challenges faced by translators. It describes translation as transferring meaning from the source language to the target language as closely, completely, and accurately as possible. This includes syntax, vocabulary, style, and phonology.
The document outlines several methods of translation, including literal vs. free translation, semantic vs. communicative translation, and formal equivalent vs. dynamic translation. It also discusses two main difficulties for translators - difficulties related to items/vocabulary and sentence structure/style. Specific challenges include words having different meanings depending in context and translating idioms.
This document outlines classroom guidelines for learners at the School of Continuing Education (SCE) at the American University in Cairo. It details policies on attendance, punctuality, grading, and how final grades are determined and posted. The key points are:
- Learners must attend at least 75% of class sessions or they will fail the course.
- Learners are expected to arrive on time and any tardiness beyond twice will count as absences.
- Grades are based on continual assessments, a final exam, and end-of-term achievement tests. Final grades are posted by student ID number, not name.
The document discusses various translation methodology methods, levels, and techniques. It covers analyzing the source text, determining the intention of the text and translator, different reading approaches, and discourse analysis. It also describes translation on the word, literal, semantic, and communicative levels. Finally, it outlines specific translation techniques like amplification, reduction, modulation, and transposition.
Translation Techniques from English into Romanian and RussinElena Shapa
The document discusses various translation techniques used to translate a text from one language to another. It describes techniques such as addition, where the translator adds words to specify meaning; compensation, where something lost in translation is expressed elsewhere; transposition, changing word order; and modulation, using a different phrase to convey the same idea. Specific examples are provided to illustrate each technique.
Peter Newmark was an English professor of translation studies at the University of Surrey. He made significant contributions to the field of translation studies, introducing concepts like semantic and communicative translation. Semantic translation focuses on accurately transferring meaning from the original text, while communicative translation emphasizes making the text easily understandable for the target readership. Newmark explored translation methods and procedures, distinguishing between a literal faithful approach and a freer, more adapted style. He viewed translation theory as applied knowledge rather than a science.
This document provides an overview of translation studies for an intermediate Spanish language course. It defines translation as expressing the meaning of written or spoken content in another language. Translation can occur between languages, within one language, or from non-verbal to verbal forms. There are different types of translation including word-for-word, literal, balanced/idiomatic, and free translation. The final objective is for students to independently translate Spanish texts to English, including self-editing for accuracy in translation and grammar.
The document defines and describes various types of translation including:
- Oral and written translation which can be done consecutively or simultaneously
- Computer-assisted translation which uses computer programs to aid the human translation process
- Machine translation which uses computer programs to translate without human intervention
It also discusses different types of translation based on factors like the unit, aim, tasks/objectives, and number of translators involved. Some translation types discussed include: literal, idiomatic, committee, common language, dynamic, and thought-for-thought translations.
Intro to Trans 350 methods of translationAkashgary
The document discusses different methods of translation, including literal and free translation. It describes literal translation as either word-for-word, one-to-one, or meaning-based translation while retaining the structure of the source language. Free translation focuses on conveying the overall message or spirit rather than strict word-for-word rendering, allowing looser interpretation. The document outlines advantages and disadvantages of each approach.
Fidelity refers to accurately rendering the meaning of the source text without adding or subtracting from it, while transparency pertains to making the translation appear as if it was originally written in the target language. These two ideals are often at odds. Machine translation aims for fidelity but can fail to convey the message properly, while adaptation prioritizes transparency but may sacrifice parts of the intended meaning. Translators must make choices between strategies like transposition, loan words, and adaptation to balance both fidelity and transparency.
What Interpreters Can Learn from Translation TheoryTerena Bell
This document discusses key terms from translation theory and provides examples of their usage. It defines terms like adaptation, amplification, aspect, false friend, interchange, lacuna, and translation unit. For each term, it provides the English and French translation along with examples to illustrate how the concept can be applied. The document concludes by suggesting potential practice scenarios for interpreters to apply these translation theory concepts and providing additional resources for further information.
Some strategies of translating culturally bound expressions and wordsMontasser Mahmoud
This document discusses strategies for translating culturally bound expressions and words. It begins by explaining that culture and language are closely intertwined, making the translation of cultural elements difficult. It then provides several strategies for translating cultural terms, ranked in order of preference. The top strategies include finding a cultural equivalent, using a cultural correspondence, or employing an accepted standard translation. The document also categorizes types of culture and provides examples to illustrate strategies like naturalization, where foreign terms are adapted to the target language grammar. Overall, the document aims to help translators navigate the challenges of translating cultural aspects of language.
Translation and interpretation involve transferring ideas between languages. Translation is the process of representing written text in one language using the words of another. Interpretation involves orally conveying messages from one language to another. Both require competency in the source and target languages as well as understanding of different fields, styles, and cultural differences between languages to accurately transfer meaning. Qualities of good translation include being able to translate back to the original language and yield the same meaning, as well as testing comprehension through questions. Interpretation requires quick oral translation and knowledge of various topics to flexibly convey messages between speakers of different languages.
Translation is an intellectual activity that involves analyzing a text to examine its function and determine the appropriate linguistic resources for conveying an equivalent message in the target language for its intended readership. It requires the translator to understand the meaning of the original message and recreate it in a clear, faithful, and accurate way in the new language. There are three types of translation according to Jakobson: intralinguistic, interlinguistic, and intersemiotic. The goal of translation is communication by reproducing the sense of a message through an equivalent version in another language.
This document provides an overview of translation norms for an assignment. It outlines key concepts related to translation norms including their prescriptive and descriptive nature. The document discusses what norms are and defines translation norms. It also lists the intended learning outcomes of understanding translation norms and their role in evaluating translations.
Descriptive grammar describes how a language is actually used by its speakers without making judgments about correctness, observing patterns in usage. Prescriptive grammar prescribes how the language should be used according to established rules, distinguishing between right and wrong usage. Examples provided illustrate descriptive grammar explaining subject/object pronoun usage and prescriptive rules prohibiting ending sentences with prepositions and use of contractions like "ain't".
The document discusses various translation strategies, techniques and methods. It defines translation strategy and discusses three global strategies employed by translators. It then discusses translation methods and procedures, and defines word-for-word, literal, faithful, semantic and idiomatic translation. Direct and oblique translation techniques are also explained, including borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposition, modulation, reformulation, adaptation and compensation.
Translation is an intellectual activity that involves analyzing a text to examine its function and determine the appropriate linguistic resources for conveying an equivalent message in the target language for its intended readership. It requires the translator to understand the meaning of the original message and recreate it in a clear, faithful, and accurate way in the new language. There are three types of translation according to Jakobson: intralinguistic, interlinguistic, and intersemiotic. The goal of translation is communication across languages and cultures to shorten distances and abolish borders in an increasingly globalized world.
This work is done in order to know the different strategies we have when translating texts in this case a paragraph that we chose and our reflection at the moment of translating and we will give a description and examples of strategy, technique and method.
The document discusses different types of translation including word-for-word, literal, free, semantic, and communicative translation. It provides examples to illustrate each type and notes their strengths and weaknesses. Word-for-word and literal translations aim for lexical and structural accuracy but can result in unnatural translations. Free and communicative translations prioritize natural expression in the target language over structural accuracy from the source text. Semantic translation balances meaning and form.
This document discusses different types of translation. It describes translation as carrying meaning across languages. There are three main types: interlingual translation between languages, intralingual translation within one language, and intersemiotic translation between different semiotic systems like verbal and sign languages. The document also discusses different approaches to translation like human translation, machine translation, and computer-assisted translation as well as factors like the means, materials, functional basis, and ways translation can be described.
This document discusses translation methods and the challenges faced by translators. It describes translation as transferring meaning from the source language to the target language as closely, completely, and accurately as possible. This includes syntax, vocabulary, style, and phonology.
The document outlines several methods of translation, including literal vs. free translation, semantic vs. communicative translation, and formal equivalent vs. dynamic translation. It also discusses two main difficulties for translators - difficulties related to items/vocabulary and sentence structure/style. Specific challenges include words having different meanings depending in context and translating idioms.
This document outlines classroom guidelines for learners at the School of Continuing Education (SCE) at the American University in Cairo. It details policies on attendance, punctuality, grading, and how final grades are determined and posted. The key points are:
- Learners must attend at least 75% of class sessions or they will fail the course.
- Learners are expected to arrive on time and any tardiness beyond twice will count as absences.
- Grades are based on continual assessments, a final exam, and end-of-term achievement tests. Final grades are posted by student ID number, not name.
The document discusses various translation methodology methods, levels, and techniques. It covers analyzing the source text, determining the intention of the text and translator, different reading approaches, and discourse analysis. It also describes translation on the word, literal, semantic, and communicative levels. Finally, it outlines specific translation techniques like amplification, reduction, modulation, and transposition.
Translation Techniques from English into Romanian and RussinElena Shapa
The document discusses various translation techniques used to translate a text from one language to another. It describes techniques such as addition, where the translator adds words to specify meaning; compensation, where something lost in translation is expressed elsewhere; transposition, changing word order; and modulation, using a different phrase to convey the same idea. Specific examples are provided to illustrate each technique.
Peter Newmark was an English professor of translation studies at the University of Surrey. He made significant contributions to the field of translation studies, introducing concepts like semantic and communicative translation. Semantic translation focuses on accurately transferring meaning from the original text, while communicative translation emphasizes making the text easily understandable for the target readership. Newmark explored translation methods and procedures, distinguishing between a literal faithful approach and a freer, more adapted style. He viewed translation theory as applied knowledge rather than a science.
This document provides an overview of translation studies for an intermediate Spanish language course. It defines translation as expressing the meaning of written or spoken content in another language. Translation can occur between languages, within one language, or from non-verbal to verbal forms. There are different types of translation including word-for-word, literal, balanced/idiomatic, and free translation. The final objective is for students to independently translate Spanish texts to English, including self-editing for accuracy in translation and grammar.
The document defines and describes various types of translation including:
- Oral and written translation which can be done consecutively or simultaneously
- Computer-assisted translation which uses computer programs to aid the human translation process
- Machine translation which uses computer programs to translate without human intervention
It also discusses different types of translation based on factors like the unit, aim, tasks/objectives, and number of translators involved. Some translation types discussed include: literal, idiomatic, committee, common language, dynamic, and thought-for-thought translations.
Intro to Trans 350 methods of translationAkashgary
The document discusses different methods of translation, including literal and free translation. It describes literal translation as either word-for-word, one-to-one, or meaning-based translation while retaining the structure of the source language. Free translation focuses on conveying the overall message or spirit rather than strict word-for-word rendering, allowing looser interpretation. The document outlines advantages and disadvantages of each approach.
Fidelity refers to accurately rendering the meaning of the source text without adding or subtracting from it, while transparency pertains to making the translation appear as if it was originally written in the target language. These two ideals are often at odds. Machine translation aims for fidelity but can fail to convey the message properly, while adaptation prioritizes transparency but may sacrifice parts of the intended meaning. Translators must make choices between strategies like transposition, loan words, and adaptation to balance both fidelity and transparency.
What Interpreters Can Learn from Translation TheoryTerena Bell
This document discusses key terms from translation theory and provides examples of their usage. It defines terms like adaptation, amplification, aspect, false friend, interchange, lacuna, and translation unit. For each term, it provides the English and French translation along with examples to illustrate how the concept can be applied. The document concludes by suggesting potential practice scenarios for interpreters to apply these translation theory concepts and providing additional resources for further information.
Some strategies of translating culturally bound expressions and wordsMontasser Mahmoud
This document discusses strategies for translating culturally bound expressions and words. It begins by explaining that culture and language are closely intertwined, making the translation of cultural elements difficult. It then provides several strategies for translating cultural terms, ranked in order of preference. The top strategies include finding a cultural equivalent, using a cultural correspondence, or employing an accepted standard translation. The document also categorizes types of culture and provides examples to illustrate strategies like naturalization, where foreign terms are adapted to the target language grammar. Overall, the document aims to help translators navigate the challenges of translating cultural aspects of language.
Translation and interpretation involve transferring ideas between languages. Translation is the process of representing written text in one language using the words of another. Interpretation involves orally conveying messages from one language to another. Both require competency in the source and target languages as well as understanding of different fields, styles, and cultural differences between languages to accurately transfer meaning. Qualities of good translation include being able to translate back to the original language and yield the same meaning, as well as testing comprehension through questions. Interpretation requires quick oral translation and knowledge of various topics to flexibly convey messages between speakers of different languages.
Translation is an intellectual activity that involves analyzing a text to examine its function and determine the appropriate linguistic resources for conveying an equivalent message in the target language for its intended readership. It requires the translator to understand the meaning of the original message and recreate it in a clear, faithful, and accurate way in the new language. There are three types of translation according to Jakobson: intralinguistic, interlinguistic, and intersemiotic. The goal of translation is communication by reproducing the sense of a message through an equivalent version in another language.
This document provides an overview of translation norms for an assignment. It outlines key concepts related to translation norms including their prescriptive and descriptive nature. The document discusses what norms are and defines translation norms. It also lists the intended learning outcomes of understanding translation norms and their role in evaluating translations.
Descriptive grammar describes how a language is actually used by its speakers without making judgments about correctness, observing patterns in usage. Prescriptive grammar prescribes how the language should be used according to established rules, distinguishing between right and wrong usage. Examples provided illustrate descriptive grammar explaining subject/object pronoun usage and prescriptive rules prohibiting ending sentences with prepositions and use of contractions like "ain't".
The document describes improving speech intelligibility through spectral style conversion. It discusses using machine learning algorithms to automatically convert a speaker's habitual speech into a clearer speaking style to increase intelligibility in noise. Specifically, it aims to 1) determine effective spectral features for conversion, 2) develop methods for converting typical and dysarthric speech into clearer styles, and 3) develop methods for converting alaryngeal speech into intelligible speech. It also evaluates two new sets of spectral features - probabilistic peak tracking features and manifold features - for speech reconstruction and style conversion tasks.
Understanding Closed Captioning Standards and Guidelines3Play Media
With recent legal action concerning accessibility, many organizations are shifting their discussions from whether they need to caption to how they will caption and what defines high quality captioning.
In this webinar, Jason Stark from the Described and Captioned Media Program (DCMP) and Cindy Camp from Pepnet 2 will go over DCMP’s captioning guidelines and preferred techniques that will help you produce captions that are accurate, consistent, clear, readable, and equal.
This webinar will cover:
DCMP’s captioning guidelines and standards
The importance of quality captioning
Preferred techniques for different types of media
Working with web media that doesn’t support certain captioning features
About DCMP
DCMP is a federally funded organization that advocates for equal access to educational media and the establishment and maintenance of quality standards for captioning and description by service providers.
About Pepnet 2
Pepnet 2 is a federally funded program whose mission is to increase the education, career, and lifetime choices available to individuals who are deaf or hard of hearing.
Translation involves adapting written text from one language to another while preserving meaning, grammar, and syntax. Interpreting facilitates oral communication between languages in real time by interpreting spoken words. The main differences are that translation is written and can be delayed, while interpreting is oral and occurs simultaneously; translation allows more time for accuracy while interpreting aims for completeness in live conversation; and interpreting captures additional elements like tone and inflection not present in written text.
1. Translating biblical passages is a multi-step process involving analysis, drafting, review, testing, and revision.
2. The analysis stage involves understanding the source text, audience needs, and selecting translators.
3. In the drafting process, translators create initial drafts and refine them based on feedback from reviewers and language testing.
4. Further revisions are made following translation consultant checks and testing in local churches before final publication preparation.
This document outlines areas of research in translation studies, including text analysis and translation quality assessment, genre translation, multimedia translation, translation history, and the translation process. It discusses both conceptual and empirical research. Empirical research uses methodology like quantitative and qualitative methods, case studies, corpus studies, text analysis, and interviews. Research questions can be exploratory to understand what is happening, or descriptive to analyze translations and understand patterns. Hypotheses are used if researchers want to generalize findings.
Terminology Presentation by Lloyd International Translations for TCUK 2010louise
The document discusses the importance of terminology management for organizations, highlighting that inconsistent terminology can cause confusion. It reports the results of a survey of clients which found that the majority see managing terminology as crucial but many do not currently have processes for doing so. The document makes recommendations around introducing terminology management practices and partnering with language service providers.
This document discusses problems of style in translation. It begins by defining style and its importance in translation. There are two types of style involved: the source text style and the target text style. The source text style results from the author's conscious and unconscious choices, while the target text style is influenced by the source text style, the translator's choices, and target language norms. The document then outlines various problems of style in translation, including graphology, phonology, syntax, lexical, semantic, and pragmatic problems. Specific examples are provided for each type of problem. The conclusion emphasizes that style must be preserved in translation to maintain the same interpretations and effects as the original text.
This document discusses key techniques used by professional translators. It begins by outlining preliminary considerations when taking on a translation project such as ensuring the text is legible and the translator is qualified. It emphasizes that computers are essential tools for translation due to benefits like word processing, storage, and collaboration. The document then details techniques like assessing reference needs, time required, and handling untranslatable text. It stresses the importance of review and proofreading translations. Overall, the document provides guidance on the translation process and techniques used by professional translators.
Spelling strategies provide a systematic approach to spelling words correctly. The document outlines two key strategies: 1) Apply phonics to sound out words into phonemes and 2) Use the SAM technique of sounding out words, accessing visual spelling, and making multiple attempts. These strategies help spellers analyze letter sounds and visualize spellings to improve accuracy over relying on memory alone.
This document discusses rethinking the Comprehension Approach to teaching listening. It argues for a process approach that focuses on intensive practice of listening subskills like decoding sounds and words. The approach aims to model expert listening processes and enable learners to use strategies. Teachers should understand challenges of the listening input and use micro-exercises targeting specific skills. While comprehension exercises have value, a process approach integrates skill-building with exposure to authentic listening material.
This document discusses rethinking the Comprehension Approach to teaching listening. It argues for a process approach that focuses on intensive practice of listening subskills like decoding sounds and words. The approach aims to model expert listening processes and provide strategies to help learners compensate for limited language knowledge. Key aspects include exposing learners to challenges in the listening input, modeling how native listeners process language, and enabling learners to develop techniques for interpreting language despite gaps. The goal is to help learners gradually acquire listening expertise through focused practice of underlying processes.
This document discusses rethinking the Comprehension Approach to teaching listening. It argues for a process approach that 1) diagnoses why understanding fails, 2) identifies phonetic features that cause decoding problems, and 3) recognizes processes expert listeners use. A process approach uses micro-listening exercises focusing on decoding skills and emulating expert listeners. It also teaches short-term listening strategies while exposing learners to authentic listening material for developing overall competence.
This research proposal outlines a project to translate an article on language usage and cognition from English to Spanish. The proposal provides background on the topic, objectives to accurately translate the chapter and make it accessible to Spanish speakers, and a literature review of translation techniques that will be used like direct translation, borrowing, and oblique translation methods like transposition and modulation. The translated work will be analyzed upon completion.
The Process of Translating is operational. First we choose the approach to translate, then we always keep in mind the different levels: textual, cohesive, referential and naturlaness.
This document provides background information and context for a study on translation procedures. It begins with definitions of key concepts like translation, translation procedures, modulation, and transposition. It then discusses Vinay and Darbelnet's classification of translation procedures into direct (borrowing, calque, literal translation) and oblique (transposition, modulation, equivalence, adaptation). The document focuses specifically on modulation and transposition, defining them and providing examples. It outlines the research problem, objectives, scope, and significance of the study, which involves analyzing instances of modulation and transposition in subtitles for the film "Sang Pencerah" to evaluate accuracy and clarity.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
8. Principles and Methods of Translation
Educational Objectives
Presenting a definition
on translation and
discussing the adopted
outlook for the purpose
of introducing some
major issues involved in
translation.
9. Principles and Methods of Translation
Catford‟s Definition of
Translation:
The replacement of
textual material in one
language by
equivalent textual
material in another
language.
10. Principles and Methods of Translation
Task 1
(a) Go and bring a piece of chalk!
(b) Can you bring a piece of chalk please?
(c) Could someone bring a piece of chalk
please?
11. Principles and Methods of Translation
(d) Can I ask you to go and bring a piece of
chalk please?
(e) We don‟t have any chalk to write.
(f) Please bring a piece of chalk.
13. Principles and Methods of Translation
Not all of the English utterances given in
Task 1 can be considered as the
translation equivalence of the given Farsi
utterance.
14. Principles and Methods of Translation
They are different in terms of the
degree of intimacy the speaker
assumes between himself and his
addressee.
15. Principles and Methods of Translation
The utterance (f) is the best
translation equivalence, because
they are of equal degree of intimacy.
18. Principles and Methods of Translation
Objectives
A review of types of
translation for a
better understanding
of the issues
involved in
translation process.
29. Principles and Methods of Translation
1. He did not receive any assistance from
the authorities nor did he believe their
assurance that action would soon be taken.
30. Principles and Methods of Translation
2. Many people are only dimly aware of
the ways in which the environment can be
protected. Nor have governments made
sufficient efforts to educate them.
44. Principles and Methods of Translation
No Smoking
It is forbidden to use tobacco products.
45. Principles and Methods of Translation
Objectives:
This lesson will focus on
the situational features
of a sentence, and will
discuss the issue of
translation equivalence
in this regard.
55. Principles and Methods of Translation
Situational Features:
All the features, which can be related to any
sentence situation, are called situational
features.
56. Principles and Methods of Translation
Distinctive Situational Features:
The set of situational features which are
contextually relevant to a text, are bundles of
distinctive situational features.
57. Principles and Methods of Translation
Determine the distinctive features of the
following sentences:
(a) It’s so hot here.
(b) I have done my homework.
(c) You should call your mother.
64. Principles and Methods of Translation
Objectives
This lesson aims at
introducing some of the
basic principles of
structural linguistics and
discussing the issue of
translation equivalence in
relation to them
69. Principles and Methods of Translation
Britain has recognized the new regime.
He recognized that he was not qualified for
the post.
The firm recognized Tom‟s outstanding work
by giving him an extra bonus.
86. Principles and Methods of Translation
Objectives
This lesson will look at the
word and word meaning in
structural semantics and
discuss the related issues of
translation equivalence.
98. Principles and Methods of Translation
Objective
This lesson will look at
different levels of word
meaning and will discuss
the related translation
issues.
105. Principles and Methods of Translation
Example:
I’m terribly sorry to interrupt, but I wonder if
you would be so kind as to lower your voice a
little.
Will you lower your voice?
Will you shut up?
107. Principles and Methods of Translation
Objectives
This lesson will look at
some new layers and
dimensions of word-
meaning and their
implications in translation.
116. Principles and Methods of Translation
Objectives
This lesson will first look
at the sentence
structure in English.
117. Principles and Methods of Translation
It will then discuss possible
differences or similarities between the
English and Farsi sentence structure.
119. Principles and Methods of Translation
Examples
(a)Human learning involves several types
of information processes.
120. Principles and Methods of Translation
(b) The mind is not a sponge absorbing
information, nor a connection to be
conditioned by external forces, but an active
processor of information.
121. Principles and Methods of Translation
(c) By definition, learning must be an
active process because learning can occur
only when a physical change takes place in
the brain.
122. Principles and Methods of Translation
Complement
Subject – Verb – Object – Complement – Adverbial
SV(O)(C)(A)
The meeting continued.
The blood supplies the body organs with oxygen.
124. Principles and Methods of Translation
Examples
• Another important component of human
learning
• Many current learning theories
• The amount of learned information
125. Principles and Methods of Translation
Objectives
This lesson will focus on
textual structure of the
sentence, layers of
sentence meaning and
types of subject in a
sentence.
128. Principles and Methods of Translation
Examples
The underlined parts are the ‘theme’.
(a) All languages learned normally are
learned in social situations.
129. Principles and Methods of Translation
(b) Teachers should develop specific
positive approaches for helping faltering
students.
The teacher rewarded three of the students
for their excellent performance.
130. Principles and Methods of Translation
a. The teacher rewarded three of the
students for their excellent
performance.
135. Principles and Methods of Translation
a 1. The door was opened by Ali.
a 2. Ali opened the door.
b 1. My mother gave me this apple.
b 2. This apple my mother gave.
136. Principles and Methods of Translation
c 1. Could you open the door please?
c 2. Open the door please.
146. Principles and Methods of Translation
Objectives
This lesson will look at the
notion of “structure” in
language and its
manifestation across
different languages
drawing implication for
the translation.
152. Principles and Methods of Translation
Objectives
This lesson will look at
the language varieties
discussing the
translator’s task in
relation to them.
166. Principles and Methods of Translation
Objectives
This lesson will look in
brief at some other
translation issues for
which we do not have
the space to discuss in
this book.
172. Principles and Methods of Translation
a- The hatred of the killers.
a1- Someone hated the killers.
a2- The killers hated someone.
173. Principles and Methods of Translation
c- the captain corrected the list.
c1- The captain corrected the (name) list.
c2- the captain corrected the ship‟s list leaning
position).
list:
-
174. Principles and Methods of Translation
Objectives
To present a
comprehensive
discussion on the the
process of „translating‟
in terms of the concepts
and notions we have
introduced in the
preceding units.
175. Principles and Methods of Translation
Having introduced the basic meta-language on
translation, we intend to involve the learner in the
discussion on translation in English.
176. Principles and Methods of Translation
The Act of Translating
One cannot translate a text from one
language into another by directly replacing its
elements by their parallel ones in TL.
177. Principles and Methods of Translation
Form vs Substance
Different languages may give fifferent forms
to the same substance:
178. Principles and Methods of Translation
Example: English uses only one form of
„cousin‟ to talk about eight different kinship
relations while Farsi uses eight different
forms for the same semantic domain.
179. Principles and Methods of Translation
Denotational Range
Lexical items in one language and their
parallel ones in another language may not be
of an identical denotational range:
Example
Egg shell
Peel(potato)
Bark(tree)
Hide(animal)
180. Principles and Methods of Translation
The denotational range of in Farsi is
wider than its counterpart in English.
181. Principles and Methods of Translation
Collocational Range
A word may collocate with some words in
Farsi while its parallel one in English may not
collocate with the language counterparts of
such words:
182. Principles and Methods of Translation
rancid butter
corrupt person
addled egg
decayed tooth
As it is shown here, the word has a wide
collocational range in Farsi
183. Principles and Methods of Translation
Figurative Vaue
It is the layer of a word as the layer of
meaning which derives from the image
normally associated with that word among
the speakers of language.
Example
„Dog‟ can refer to a bad-tempered person.
184. Principles and Methods of Translation
Supplementary Unit
Objectives
Presenting a comparative
analysis of the structure
of noun phrases
(groups) in Farsi and
English.
185. Principles and Methods of Translation
Comparing the structure of noun phrases in Farsi and
English
Noun Groups in English
Types of modifiers:
determiners, nouns, adjectives, verbs in –ing-
form, verbs in –ed form
Types of qualifiers: preposition of+ noun group
Relative pronouns
Noun Groups in Farsi