TRANSIENT STABILITY IMPROVEMENT OF POWER SYSTEMS BY OPTIMAL SIZING AND ALLOCATION OF RESISTIVE SUPERCONDUCTING FAULT CURRENT LIMITERS USING PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION
Employing Resistive Superconducting Fault Current Limiters (RSFCL) is one of the practical and effective methods to improve the transient stability of a power system by limiting the fault current. Regarding technical and economical constraints, optimal sizing and allocation of RSFCLs in a power system is of significant importance. It is the purpose of this paper to propose an algorithm based on the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) in order to improve the transient stability of a power system by optimal sizing and allocation of RSFCLs. The proposed algorithm is next applied to the New England 39-bus test system as a case study and the results are simulated in Matlab. Simulation results reveal that in the case of employing RSFCLs with sizes and locations resulted from the optimization algorithm, the transient stability of the power system under study is improved. Furthermore, it seems that the optimal locations of RSFCLs are to some extent near the fault location.
Influence of Static VAR Compensator for Undervoltage Load Shedding to Avoid V...IJAPEJOURNAL
In the recent years, operation of power systems at lower stability margins has increased the importance of system protection methods that protect the system stability against various disturbances. Among these methods, the load shedding serves as an effective and last-resort tool to prevent system frequency/voltage instability. The analysis of recent blackouts suggests that voltage collapse and voltage-related problems are also important concerns in maintaining system stability. For this reason, voltage also needs to be taken into account in load shedding schemes. This paper considers both parameters in designing a load shedding scheme to determine the amount of load to be shed and its appropriate location .The amount of load to be shed from each bus is decided using the fixed step size method and it’s location has been identified by using voltage collapse proximity index method. SVC is shunt connected FACTS device used to improve the voltage profile of the system. In this paper impact of SVC on load shedding for IEEE 14 bus system has been presented and analyzed.
In any power system, unexpected outages of lines or transformers occur due to faults or other disturbances. These events, referred to as contingencies, may cause significant overloading of transmission lines or transformers. Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) controllers provide a new facilities, both in steady state power flow control and dynamic stability control. Thyrister Controlled Series Capacitor (TSCS) based FACTS device for minimize the losses and power flow in long distance transmission line. The problem of determining the optimal TCSC parameters is formulated as an optimization problem and a N-R method based approach is applied to solve the Optimal Power Flow (OPF) problem. Programme is done on 3 bus system by N-R method.
SRF THEORY BASED STATCOM FOR COMPENSATION OF REACTIVE POWER AND HARMONICSIAEME Publication
The power electronic devices like converters and inverters inject harmonic currents into AC
system due to their non linear characteristics. These devices draw high amount of reactive power
from source. The commencement of Nonlinear Load into the ac power system will have the effect of
harmonics. The presence of harmonics in system it will effected with power quality problems. Due
to this high amount of power losses and disoperation of power electronics devices is caused, along
with this Harmonics have a number of undesirable effects like Voltage disturbances. These
harmonics are needed to mitigate for Power Quality Enhancement in distributed system. Here the
device called STATCOM is one of the FACTS Devices which can be used to mitigate the harmonics
and reactive power compensation. The voltage source converter is core of the STATCOM and the
hysteresis current control is indirect method of controlling of VSC. In this paper we implement with
SRF based STATCOM control. SRF theory is implemented for the generation of controlling
reference current signals for controller of STATCOM. The Matlab\Simulink based model is
developed and simulation results are showed for linear and nonlinear load conditions.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new control approach for unified power quality conditioners (UPQC) called UPQC-S. The UPQC-S allows the series inverter of the UPQC to simultaneously compensate for voltage sags/swells and support reactive power needs of the load. This is accomplished through active power control and power angle control (PAC) theory. The paper provides mathematical analysis to extend the PAC approach for the UPQC-S. Simulation and experimental results validate that the UPQC-S can effectively compensate voltage disturbances while sharing reactive power load between the inverters.
Advance Technology in Application of Four Leg Inverters to UPQCIJPEDS-IAES
This article presents a novel application of four leg inverter with
conventional Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) Scheme to
Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC). The Power Quality problem
became burning issues since the starting of high voltage AC transmission
system. Hence, in this article it has been discussed to mitigate the PQ issues
in high voltage AC systems through a three phase Unified Power Quality
Conditioner (UPQC) under various conditions, such as harmonic mitigation
scheme, non linear loads, sag and swell conditions as well. Also, it proposes
to control harmoincs with various artificial intelligent techniques. Thus
application of these control technique such as Neural Networks (ANN)
Fuzzy Logic makes the system performance in par with the standards
and also compared with existing system. The simulation results based on
MATLAB/Simulink are discussed in detail to support the concept developed
in the paper.
IRJET- Enhancement of Power Flow Capability in Power System using UPFC- A RevieWIRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) to enhance power flow capability in power systems. The UPFC is a flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) device that can control both real and reactive power flows on a transmission line. It consists of two voltage source converters connected by a DC link: a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC). The STATCOM controls reactive power and the DC link voltage, while the SSSC injects a controlled AC voltage in series with the transmission line to vary the transmission line impedance and power flow. Simulation results show that a UPFC installed on the IEEE 5 bus test system can control power flows and
This document discusses optimizing the energy production of an autonomous photovoltaic (PV) system with a simple charge regulator. The study determines the optimal open circuit voltage range of the PV field for 12V and 24V storage systems. Mathematical models are developed for PV modules, storage batteries, and charge regulators. Simulation results show that a PV field's open circuit voltage between 16-23V optimizes energy production for a 12V system, and between 34-43V for a 24V system, under standard test conditions. The optimal voltage ensures the intersection point between the PV and battery voltage-current characteristics is near the PV module's maximum power point.
This document summarizes a study that proposes a new method to improve voltage profiles in power systems by determining optimal locations for reactive power compensation devices like capacitor banks. The method utilizes modal analysis and calculates a reactive participation index (RPI) to identify buses that would most effectively improve voltage levels when compensated. The method is tested on the South Sulawesi power system in Indonesia, identifying key under-voltage buses. Capacitors are added iteratively at the buses with the highest RPI until all voltages are within limits. The results demonstrate improved voltage profiles and increased stability compared to alternative configurations.
Influence of Static VAR Compensator for Undervoltage Load Shedding to Avoid V...IJAPEJOURNAL
In the recent years, operation of power systems at lower stability margins has increased the importance of system protection methods that protect the system stability against various disturbances. Among these methods, the load shedding serves as an effective and last-resort tool to prevent system frequency/voltage instability. The analysis of recent blackouts suggests that voltage collapse and voltage-related problems are also important concerns in maintaining system stability. For this reason, voltage also needs to be taken into account in load shedding schemes. This paper considers both parameters in designing a load shedding scheme to determine the amount of load to be shed and its appropriate location .The amount of load to be shed from each bus is decided using the fixed step size method and it’s location has been identified by using voltage collapse proximity index method. SVC is shunt connected FACTS device used to improve the voltage profile of the system. In this paper impact of SVC on load shedding for IEEE 14 bus system has been presented and analyzed.
In any power system, unexpected outages of lines or transformers occur due to faults or other disturbances. These events, referred to as contingencies, may cause significant overloading of transmission lines or transformers. Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) controllers provide a new facilities, both in steady state power flow control and dynamic stability control. Thyrister Controlled Series Capacitor (TSCS) based FACTS device for minimize the losses and power flow in long distance transmission line. The problem of determining the optimal TCSC parameters is formulated as an optimization problem and a N-R method based approach is applied to solve the Optimal Power Flow (OPF) problem. Programme is done on 3 bus system by N-R method.
SRF THEORY BASED STATCOM FOR COMPENSATION OF REACTIVE POWER AND HARMONICSIAEME Publication
The power electronic devices like converters and inverters inject harmonic currents into AC
system due to their non linear characteristics. These devices draw high amount of reactive power
from source. The commencement of Nonlinear Load into the ac power system will have the effect of
harmonics. The presence of harmonics in system it will effected with power quality problems. Due
to this high amount of power losses and disoperation of power electronics devices is caused, along
with this Harmonics have a number of undesirable effects like Voltage disturbances. These
harmonics are needed to mitigate for Power Quality Enhancement in distributed system. Here the
device called STATCOM is one of the FACTS Devices which can be used to mitigate the harmonics
and reactive power compensation. The voltage source converter is core of the STATCOM and the
hysteresis current control is indirect method of controlling of VSC. In this paper we implement with
SRF based STATCOM control. SRF theory is implemented for the generation of controlling
reference current signals for controller of STATCOM. The Matlab\Simulink based model is
developed and simulation results are showed for linear and nonlinear load conditions.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new control approach for unified power quality conditioners (UPQC) called UPQC-S. The UPQC-S allows the series inverter of the UPQC to simultaneously compensate for voltage sags/swells and support reactive power needs of the load. This is accomplished through active power control and power angle control (PAC) theory. The paper provides mathematical analysis to extend the PAC approach for the UPQC-S. Simulation and experimental results validate that the UPQC-S can effectively compensate voltage disturbances while sharing reactive power load between the inverters.
Advance Technology in Application of Four Leg Inverters to UPQCIJPEDS-IAES
This article presents a novel application of four leg inverter with
conventional Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) Scheme to
Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC). The Power Quality problem
became burning issues since the starting of high voltage AC transmission
system. Hence, in this article it has been discussed to mitigate the PQ issues
in high voltage AC systems through a three phase Unified Power Quality
Conditioner (UPQC) under various conditions, such as harmonic mitigation
scheme, non linear loads, sag and swell conditions as well. Also, it proposes
to control harmoincs with various artificial intelligent techniques. Thus
application of these control technique such as Neural Networks (ANN)
Fuzzy Logic makes the system performance in par with the standards
and also compared with existing system. The simulation results based on
MATLAB/Simulink are discussed in detail to support the concept developed
in the paper.
IRJET- Enhancement of Power Flow Capability in Power System using UPFC- A RevieWIRJET Journal
This document reviews the use of a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) to enhance power flow capability in power systems. The UPFC is a flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) device that can control both real and reactive power flows on a transmission line. It consists of two voltage source converters connected by a DC link: a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and a static synchronous series compensator (SSSC). The STATCOM controls reactive power and the DC link voltage, while the SSSC injects a controlled AC voltage in series with the transmission line to vary the transmission line impedance and power flow. Simulation results show that a UPFC installed on the IEEE 5 bus test system can control power flows and
This document discusses optimizing the energy production of an autonomous photovoltaic (PV) system with a simple charge regulator. The study determines the optimal open circuit voltage range of the PV field for 12V and 24V storage systems. Mathematical models are developed for PV modules, storage batteries, and charge regulators. Simulation results show that a PV field's open circuit voltage between 16-23V optimizes energy production for a 12V system, and between 34-43V for a 24V system, under standard test conditions. The optimal voltage ensures the intersection point between the PV and battery voltage-current characteristics is near the PV module's maximum power point.
This document summarizes a study that proposes a new method to improve voltage profiles in power systems by determining optimal locations for reactive power compensation devices like capacitor banks. The method utilizes modal analysis and calculates a reactive participation index (RPI) to identify buses that would most effectively improve voltage levels when compensated. The method is tested on the South Sulawesi power system in Indonesia, identifying key under-voltage buses. Capacitors are added iteratively at the buses with the highest RPI until all voltages are within limits. The results demonstrate improved voltage profiles and increased stability compared to alternative configurations.
Power Quality Enhancement using DSTATCOM by Immune Feedback Control Algorithmijtsrd
This paper proposes an immune feedback control algorithm for a three phase distribution static compensator DSTATCOM to mitigate several power quality problems such as harmonics, reactive power, and load unbalancing at distribution level. This control algorithm proposed for DSTATCOM, is validated for maintaining power factor to unity, load balancing, and harmonics reduction of supply currents. In this application, the proposed control algorithm on a DSTATCOM is implemented for the compensation of nonlinear loads. The simulations were performed in the environment of MATLAB SIMULINK. P. Thirumala | K. Mahesh "Power Quality Enhancement using DSTATCOM by Immune Feedback Control Algorithm" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29812.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/29812/power-quality-enhancement-using-dstatcom-by-immune-feedback-control-algorithm/p-thirumala
Harmonic Suppression of Shunt Hybrid Filter using LQR-PSO based IJECEIAES
In linear quadratic regulator (LQR), two different weighting matrices play an important role in presenting the performance of this controller. Instead of using classic common approach, which is trial and error method, this study proposes a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to track the best solution of the weighting matrices. The proposed algorithm is tested on shunt hybrid active power filter (APF) to mitigate the harmonic contents in voltage and current signals in a nonlinear load system. The modeling work of this proposed system is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink software. From the simulation, the obtained results proved that using PSO in tuning the LQR controller produce smoother nonlinear voltage and current signals. In fact, the amount of current to be injected into network can be reduced up to 95%. Besides, less time is consumed during searching the optimum weighting matrices using the proposed approach.
SIMULATION OF REDUCED SWITCH INVERTER BASED UPQC WITH FUZZY LOGIC AND ANN CON...MABUSUBANI SHAIK
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a new methodology to reduce harmonic distortion in UPQC using artificial neural network
and fuzzy logic controller. So this paper main aim is improve power quality by using UPQC with ANN and FLC. The most purpose of the proposed (ANN & FLC) is capable of providing good static and dynamic performances compared to PI controller. The UPQC is to control on voltage flicker/unbalance, reactive power and harmonics. In different words, the UPQC has the potential of up power quality at the purpose of installation on power industrial power systems. The appliance of computing is growing quick within the space of power electronics and drives. From olden days to now days we are using twelve switches used in back to back configuration. But now we are using nine switches instead of 12
switches. In 9 switch UPQC converter given the most useful benefits compared to 12 switches power converter. The nine switches UPQC converter gets the best results by using of three methods. They are one is PI controller technique, ANN controller technique and FLC controller technique. By contrast PI, FLC and ANN, ANN is better than (FLC & PI) for power quality enhancement and voltage sag and voltage swell mitigations. The factitious neural network (ANN) is taken into account as a replacement tool to style management electronic equipment for power quality (PQ) devices. A whole
simulation study is administrated to analysis the performance of the ANN controller and compares its performance with the quality FLC & PI controller’s results. The nine-switch convertor has already been proved to possess sure benefits,
additionally to its part saving topological feature. Despite these benefits, the nine-switch convertor has thus far found restricted applications because of its several perceived performance tradeoffs like requiring associate degree outsized
dc-link capacitance, restricted amplitude sharing, and unnatural part shift between its 2 sets of output terminals. Rather than acceptive these tradeoffs as limitations, a nine-switch power conditioner is projected here that nearly “converts” most of those topological short comings into fascinating performance benefits. Aiming more to cut back its switch losses,
Harmonics, Voltage Sag & Swell associate degree acceptable discontinuous modulation theme is projected and studied here thoroughly to doubly make sure that top reduction of commutations is achieved. With associate degree suitably
designed management theme with PI and ANN with Fuzzy logic controller then incorporated, the nine-switch convertor is shown to favorably raise the general power quality in Simulation, thus justifying its role as an influence conditioner at a reduced value.
KEYWORDS: ANN, Active Power Filters, PI Controller, Nine Switch Converter, Power Quality, UPQC
Performance Analysis and Comparison of Transmission Line Varying the Capacito...ijtsrd
In this paper, performance analysis of transmission line 11 KV with thyristor controlled series capacitor providing stability and power enhancement under the application of PI and PID controllers is compared after varying the capacitance of transmission line capacitor. Simulation results of uncompensated and also for compensated transmission line of 11 KV are compared with PI and PID controllers working with the transmission line system for improving the real power as well as reactive power in the supportive MATLAB environment self tuning is applied through MATLAB PID TUNER for both PID and PI controllers. Sameer Khan | Dr. Aziz Ahmad "Performance Analysis and Comparison of Transmission Line (Varying the Capacitor Value) with (PI and PID) Controllers using TCSC" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38401.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/38401/performance-analysis-and-comparison-of-transmission-line-varying-the-capacitor-value-with-pi-and-pid-controllers-using-tcsc/sameer-khan
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Design of UPQC with Minimization of DC Link voltage for the Improvement of Po...IDES Editor
This document describes a proposed design for a Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) that uses fuzzy logic control to minimize DC link voltage fluctuations and improve power quality. The UPQC combines series and shunt inverters to compensate for voltage sags/swells, unbalanced voltages, harmonics, and reactive power. Fuzzy logic controllers are used to stabilize the DC link voltage and balance active power between the inverters. Simulation results show the fuzzy logic control provides better DC link voltage regulation compared to PI control, improving the UPQC's ability to compensate for power quality issues.
This document presents a control scheme for a D-STATCOM (distribution static compensator) to compensate for power factor and harmonic current in an electric power distribution system. It begins by introducing D-STATCOM technology and its role in providing reactive power support and voltage regulation on distribution feeders. It then describes the proposed control scheme, which is based on instantaneous power theory and aims to make the source current purely sinusoidal with unity power factor. Simulation results are presented comparing the proposed control scheme to an existing one, showing the new scheme achieves unity power factor compensation after a load is switched on.
Comparison of PI and ANN Control Techniques for Nine Switches UPQC to Improve...MABUSUBANI SHAIK
Abstract: This paper presents a comprehensive review on the UPQC to reinforce power quality. Typically this can be often speculated to gift a broad outline on the varied possible intelligent controls used with UPQC. The most purpose of a UPQC is to control on voltage flicker/unbalance, reactive power and harmonics. In different words, the UPQC has the potential of up power quality at the purpose of installation on power industrial power systems. The appliance of computing is growing quick within the
space of power electronics and drives. From olden days to now days we are using twelve switches used in back to back configuration. But now we are using nine switches instead of 12 switches. In 9 switch UPQC converters given the most useful benefits compared to 12 switches power converter. The nine switches UPQC converter gets the best results by using of two methods. They are one is PI controller technique and other one is ANN controller technique. By contrast PI and ANN, ANN is better than PI for power quality enhancement and voltage sag and voltage swell mitigations. The factitious neural network
(ANN) is taken into account as a replacement tool to style management electronic equipment for power-quality (PQ) devices. A whole simulation study is administrated to analysis the performance of the ANN controller and compares its performance with the quality PI controller results. The nine-switch convertor has already been proved to possess sure benefits, additionally to its part saving topological feature. Despite these benefits, the nine-switch convertor has thus far found restricted applications because of its several perceived performance tradeoffs like requiring associate degree outsized dc-link capacitance, restricted amplitude sharing, and unnatural part shift between its 2 sets of output terminals. Rather than acceptive these tradeoffs as limitations, a nine-switch power conditioner is projected here that nearly ―converts‖ most of those topological short comings into
fascinating performance benefits. Aiming more to cut back its switch losses, Harmonics, Voltage Sag & Swell associate degree acceptable discontinuous modulation theme is projected and studied here thoroughly to doubly make sure that top reduction of commutations is achieved. With associate degree suitably designed management theme with PI and ANN with physical
phenomenon controller then incorporated, the nine-switch convertor is shown to favorably raise the general power quality in Simulation, thus justifying its role as an influence conditioner at a reduced value.
Keywords: ANN, Active Power Filters, PI Controller, Nine Switch Converter, Power Quality, UPQC.
FIRING ANGLE SVC MODEL FOR ANALYZING THE PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION NETWORK ...IAEME Publication
This paper deals with Power flow, which is necessary for any power system solution and carry
out a comprehensive study of the Newton- Raphson method of power flow analysis with and without
SVC. Voltage stability analysis is the major concern in order to operate any power system as
secured. This paper presents the investigation on N-R power flow enhancement of voltage stability
and power loss minimization with & without FACTS controllers such as Static Var Compensator
(SVC) device. The Static Var Compensator (SVC) provides a promising means to control power
flow in modern power systems. In this paper the Newton-Raphson is used to investigate its effect on
voltage profile and power system lossess with and without SVC in power system.. Simulations
investigate the effect of voltage magnitude and angle with and without SVC on the power flow of
the system. This survey article will be very much useful to the researchers for finding out the
relevant references in the field of Newton-Raphson power flow control with SVC in power systems.
In order to reach the above goals, these devices must be located optimally. In this paper the
Optimal placement of SVC is carried out by Voltage collapse Prediction Index (VCPI).The size of
the SVC is determined by suitable firing angle which reduces the losses in the system. Simulations
have been implemented in MATLAB Software and the IEEE 14 and IEEE 57-bus systems have been
used as case studies.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
An Approach of D-STATCOM in Single Phase System with Power Quality ImprovementIJERA Editor
The paper describes the design of D-STATCOM in single phase for voltage interruption mitigation of fault in an unbalance system. Speed of response is higher than static var compensator (SVC) and harmonic emission is less than SVC that is why D-STATCOM is used in place of static var compensator. It validates the performance of D-STATCOM for improving power quality and harmonics. It provides a guide for utilities to have an appropriate choice of FACTS devices for enhancing stability. The work proposes a two pulse STATCOM configurations in which voltage source inverter uses IGBT as a switching device have been simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Accordingly, simulation is first carried out to illustrate use of D-STATCOM in mitigating voltage interruption in single phase. The scope of the paper is to explore the D-STATCOM in single phase. Normally, D-STATCOM is not used in single phase, so an attempt has been made to introduce DSTATCOM in single phase load or household applications. Simulation results of 3KVAR D-STATCOM validate that integrated D-STATCOM with 230V, 91μF capacitor is suited for single phase system with voltage interruption mitigation capacit
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Moth Flame Optimization Method for Unified Power Quality Conditioner Allocati...IJECEIAES
This paper introduces a new optimization method to determine the optimal allocation of Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) in the distribution systems. UPQC is a versatile Custom Power Device (CPD) to solve problems related to voltage and current by the series and shunt compensator in the distribution systems. The task of UPQC highlighted in this paper is the required load reactive power is provided by both the series and shunt compensators. The UPQC’s steady state compensation capability has given a solution for providing reactive power compensation in large distribution systems. The optimization method adopted is Moth Flame Optimization (MFO). The best location and series compensator voltage are determined using MFO. The voltage injected by the series compensator and reactive power injected by the shunt compensator is incorporated in the load flow method. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated with standard distribution systems.
NON-ISOLATED SOFT SWITCHING DC-DC CONVERTER AND LOAD AT FULL RANGE OF ZVS IAEME Publication
A non isolated soft switching DC–DC converter and load at full range of zero-voltage
switching (ZVS) characteristic is proposed. The proposed converter consists of an auxiliary circuit,
an inductor, two switches, and 2 diodes to achieving high efficiency at full range of load. At low
and heavy loads, ZVS of switching device is achieved by energy storing component. The inductor
energy stored varies with load and hence results in minimizes conduction loss. This leads to
switching of device for full range of load. The proposed DC - DC converter achieves high
efficiency as switching loss is reduced due to soft switching and ZVS operation which severe to
reduce conduction loss. The efficiency is improved about 4% in boost mode (2.5% in buck mode) at
full range of load. To verify the performance of the proposed converter, experimental results
prototype are presented.
The use of distributed generation (DG) within distribution systems has increased for the last two decades due to worldwide increase in demand for electricity and governmental policy change from “conventional” energy to “green” energy. High levels of penetration of DG have many significant benefits but also come with many drawbacks such as voltage drop and power losses. This study presents the impact of DG at different locations in a distribution feeder in terms of the feeder voltage profile. A radial distribution system is simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC simulation software while changing the size and location of DG in the system. The obtained results are used for better understanding on the impact of DG on voltage profile in radial distribution feeder.
IRJET- Power Saver for Industrial and Commercial Establishments by Power Fact...IRJET Journal
This document discusses power factor compensation through the use of shunt capacitors to improve power factor and reduce power losses in industrial and commercial establishments. It describes how inductive loads cause low power factor which decreases efficiency. The proposed system uses a microcontroller and relays to monitor power loss and actuate shunt capacitors to bring the power factor close to 1. This compensates for the inductive loads and results in zero power loss. Keywords discussed include power saver, shunt capacitors, power factor compensation, and thyristor control switches.
Mitigation of Power Quality Issues by Nine Switches UPQC Using PI & ANN with ...MABUSUBANI SHAIK
Abstract—A nine-switch power converter having two sets of output terminals was recently proposed in place of the traditional back-to-back power converter that uses 12 switches in total. The nine-switch converter has already been proven to have certain advantages, in addition to its component saving topological feature. Despite these advantages, the nine-switch converter has so far found limited applications due to its many perceived performance tradeoffs like requiring an oversized dc-link capacitor, limited amplitude sharing, and constrained phase shift between its two sets of output terminals. Instead of accepting these tradeoffs as limitations, a nine-switch power conditioner is proposed here that virtually “converts” most of these topological short comings into interesting performance advantages. Aiming further to reduce its switching losses, Harmonics, Voltage Sag & Swell an appropriate discontinuous modulation scheme is proposed and studied here in detail to doubly ensure that maximal reduction of commutations is achieved. With an appropriately designed control scheme with PI and ANN with Hysteresis controller then incorporated, the nine-switch converter is shown to favorably raise the overall power quality in Simulation, hence justifying its role as a power conditioner at a reduced cost.
Index Terms—Discontinuous pulse-width modulation, nine switch converter, power conditioner, power quality.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
1) The study investigates the effect of power factor improvement beyond 0.8 lagging on switching transients using an agricultural products industry as a case study.
2) Simulation results show that without capacitors, the industry operates at 0.8 lagging power factor with high demand and transient voltages.
3) With a 440 kVar capacitor added, power factor rises to 0.9098 lagging, reducing demand but increasing transient voltages, showing a tradeoff between factors.
4) The analysis indicates that increasing power factor beyond 0.8 lagging using capacitors lowers losses but can increase undesirable switching transients.
Investigation and Comparison of the Effect of Facts Devices, Capacitors and L...IJAPEJOURNAL
This paper studies the important power system phenomenon and voltage stability by using continuation power flow method. Voltage collapse scenario is presented which can be a serious result of voltage instability and also the parameters that affected by voltage collapse are discussed. In analyzing power system voltage stability, continuation power flow method is utilized which consists of successive load flows. In this paper steady-state modeling of Static VAR Compensator (SVC) and Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) and effect of compensator and variation of line reactance on the voltage stability have been studied and Comparison between performance of UPFC and SVC and installation shunt capacitor and variation of line reactance for improve voltage stability has been done.Case studies are carried on 11 bus network in two areas. Simulation is done with PSAT in MATLAB. Continuation Power Flow was implemented using Newton Raphson method. Simulation results show the proper performance of UPFC, SVC, installation shunt capacitor and variation of line reactance to improve voltage control and significantly increase the loadability margin of power systems.
Power Quality Enhancement using DSTATCOM by Immune Feedback Control Algorithmijtsrd
This paper proposes an immune feedback control algorithm for a three phase distribution static compensator DSTATCOM to mitigate several power quality problems such as harmonics, reactive power, and load unbalancing at distribution level. This control algorithm proposed for DSTATCOM, is validated for maintaining power factor to unity, load balancing, and harmonics reduction of supply currents. In this application, the proposed control algorithm on a DSTATCOM is implemented for the compensation of nonlinear loads. The simulations were performed in the environment of MATLAB SIMULINK. P. Thirumala | K. Mahesh "Power Quality Enhancement using DSTATCOM by Immune Feedback Control Algorithm" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29812.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/29812/power-quality-enhancement-using-dstatcom-by-immune-feedback-control-algorithm/p-thirumala
Harmonic Suppression of Shunt Hybrid Filter using LQR-PSO based IJECEIAES
In linear quadratic regulator (LQR), two different weighting matrices play an important role in presenting the performance of this controller. Instead of using classic common approach, which is trial and error method, this study proposes a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to track the best solution of the weighting matrices. The proposed algorithm is tested on shunt hybrid active power filter (APF) to mitigate the harmonic contents in voltage and current signals in a nonlinear load system. The modeling work of this proposed system is simulated using MATLAB/Simulink software. From the simulation, the obtained results proved that using PSO in tuning the LQR controller produce smoother nonlinear voltage and current signals. In fact, the amount of current to be injected into network can be reduced up to 95%. Besides, less time is consumed during searching the optimum weighting matrices using the proposed approach.
SIMULATION OF REDUCED SWITCH INVERTER BASED UPQC WITH FUZZY LOGIC AND ANN CON...MABUSUBANI SHAIK
ABSTRACT
This paper presents a new methodology to reduce harmonic distortion in UPQC using artificial neural network
and fuzzy logic controller. So this paper main aim is improve power quality by using UPQC with ANN and FLC. The most purpose of the proposed (ANN & FLC) is capable of providing good static and dynamic performances compared to PI controller. The UPQC is to control on voltage flicker/unbalance, reactive power and harmonics. In different words, the UPQC has the potential of up power quality at the purpose of installation on power industrial power systems. The appliance of computing is growing quick within the space of power electronics and drives. From olden days to now days we are using twelve switches used in back to back configuration. But now we are using nine switches instead of 12
switches. In 9 switch UPQC converter given the most useful benefits compared to 12 switches power converter. The nine switches UPQC converter gets the best results by using of three methods. They are one is PI controller technique, ANN controller technique and FLC controller technique. By contrast PI, FLC and ANN, ANN is better than (FLC & PI) for power quality enhancement and voltage sag and voltage swell mitigations. The factitious neural network (ANN) is taken into account as a replacement tool to style management electronic equipment for power quality (PQ) devices. A whole
simulation study is administrated to analysis the performance of the ANN controller and compares its performance with the quality FLC & PI controller’s results. The nine-switch convertor has already been proved to possess sure benefits,
additionally to its part saving topological feature. Despite these benefits, the nine-switch convertor has thus far found restricted applications because of its several perceived performance tradeoffs like requiring associate degree outsized
dc-link capacitance, restricted amplitude sharing, and unnatural part shift between its 2 sets of output terminals. Rather than acceptive these tradeoffs as limitations, a nine-switch power conditioner is projected here that nearly “converts” most of those topological short comings into fascinating performance benefits. Aiming more to cut back its switch losses,
Harmonics, Voltage Sag & Swell associate degree acceptable discontinuous modulation theme is projected and studied here thoroughly to doubly make sure that top reduction of commutations is achieved. With associate degree suitably
designed management theme with PI and ANN with Fuzzy logic controller then incorporated, the nine-switch convertor is shown to favorably raise the general power quality in Simulation, thus justifying its role as an influence conditioner at a reduced value.
KEYWORDS: ANN, Active Power Filters, PI Controller, Nine Switch Converter, Power Quality, UPQC
Performance Analysis and Comparison of Transmission Line Varying the Capacito...ijtsrd
In this paper, performance analysis of transmission line 11 KV with thyristor controlled series capacitor providing stability and power enhancement under the application of PI and PID controllers is compared after varying the capacitance of transmission line capacitor. Simulation results of uncompensated and also for compensated transmission line of 11 KV are compared with PI and PID controllers working with the transmission line system for improving the real power as well as reactive power in the supportive MATLAB environment self tuning is applied through MATLAB PID TUNER for both PID and PI controllers. Sameer Khan | Dr. Aziz Ahmad "Performance Analysis and Comparison of Transmission Line (Varying the Capacitor Value) with (PI and PID) Controllers using TCSC" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38401.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/38401/performance-analysis-and-comparison-of-transmission-line-varying-the-capacitor-value-with-pi-and-pid-controllers-using-tcsc/sameer-khan
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Design of UPQC with Minimization of DC Link voltage for the Improvement of Po...IDES Editor
This document describes a proposed design for a Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) that uses fuzzy logic control to minimize DC link voltage fluctuations and improve power quality. The UPQC combines series and shunt inverters to compensate for voltage sags/swells, unbalanced voltages, harmonics, and reactive power. Fuzzy logic controllers are used to stabilize the DC link voltage and balance active power between the inverters. Simulation results show the fuzzy logic control provides better DC link voltage regulation compared to PI control, improving the UPQC's ability to compensate for power quality issues.
This document presents a control scheme for a D-STATCOM (distribution static compensator) to compensate for power factor and harmonic current in an electric power distribution system. It begins by introducing D-STATCOM technology and its role in providing reactive power support and voltage regulation on distribution feeders. It then describes the proposed control scheme, which is based on instantaneous power theory and aims to make the source current purely sinusoidal with unity power factor. Simulation results are presented comparing the proposed control scheme to an existing one, showing the new scheme achieves unity power factor compensation after a load is switched on.
Comparison of PI and ANN Control Techniques for Nine Switches UPQC to Improve...MABUSUBANI SHAIK
Abstract: This paper presents a comprehensive review on the UPQC to reinforce power quality. Typically this can be often speculated to gift a broad outline on the varied possible intelligent controls used with UPQC. The most purpose of a UPQC is to control on voltage flicker/unbalance, reactive power and harmonics. In different words, the UPQC has the potential of up power quality at the purpose of installation on power industrial power systems. The appliance of computing is growing quick within the
space of power electronics and drives. From olden days to now days we are using twelve switches used in back to back configuration. But now we are using nine switches instead of 12 switches. In 9 switch UPQC converters given the most useful benefits compared to 12 switches power converter. The nine switches UPQC converter gets the best results by using of two methods. They are one is PI controller technique and other one is ANN controller technique. By contrast PI and ANN, ANN is better than PI for power quality enhancement and voltage sag and voltage swell mitigations. The factitious neural network
(ANN) is taken into account as a replacement tool to style management electronic equipment for power-quality (PQ) devices. A whole simulation study is administrated to analysis the performance of the ANN controller and compares its performance with the quality PI controller results. The nine-switch convertor has already been proved to possess sure benefits, additionally to its part saving topological feature. Despite these benefits, the nine-switch convertor has thus far found restricted applications because of its several perceived performance tradeoffs like requiring associate degree outsized dc-link capacitance, restricted amplitude sharing, and unnatural part shift between its 2 sets of output terminals. Rather than acceptive these tradeoffs as limitations, a nine-switch power conditioner is projected here that nearly ―converts‖ most of those topological short comings into
fascinating performance benefits. Aiming more to cut back its switch losses, Harmonics, Voltage Sag & Swell associate degree acceptable discontinuous modulation theme is projected and studied here thoroughly to doubly make sure that top reduction of commutations is achieved. With associate degree suitably designed management theme with PI and ANN with physical
phenomenon controller then incorporated, the nine-switch convertor is shown to favorably raise the general power quality in Simulation, thus justifying its role as an influence conditioner at a reduced value.
Keywords: ANN, Active Power Filters, PI Controller, Nine Switch Converter, Power Quality, UPQC.
FIRING ANGLE SVC MODEL FOR ANALYZING THE PERFORMANCE OF TRANSMISSION NETWORK ...IAEME Publication
This paper deals with Power flow, which is necessary for any power system solution and carry
out a comprehensive study of the Newton- Raphson method of power flow analysis with and without
SVC. Voltage stability analysis is the major concern in order to operate any power system as
secured. This paper presents the investigation on N-R power flow enhancement of voltage stability
and power loss minimization with & without FACTS controllers such as Static Var Compensator
(SVC) device. The Static Var Compensator (SVC) provides a promising means to control power
flow in modern power systems. In this paper the Newton-Raphson is used to investigate its effect on
voltage profile and power system lossess with and without SVC in power system.. Simulations
investigate the effect of voltage magnitude and angle with and without SVC on the power flow of
the system. This survey article will be very much useful to the researchers for finding out the
relevant references in the field of Newton-Raphson power flow control with SVC in power systems.
In order to reach the above goals, these devices must be located optimally. In this paper the
Optimal placement of SVC is carried out by Voltage collapse Prediction Index (VCPI).The size of
the SVC is determined by suitable firing angle which reduces the losses in the system. Simulations
have been implemented in MATLAB Software and the IEEE 14 and IEEE 57-bus systems have been
used as case studies.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology
An Approach of D-STATCOM in Single Phase System with Power Quality ImprovementIJERA Editor
The paper describes the design of D-STATCOM in single phase for voltage interruption mitigation of fault in an unbalance system. Speed of response is higher than static var compensator (SVC) and harmonic emission is less than SVC that is why D-STATCOM is used in place of static var compensator. It validates the performance of D-STATCOM for improving power quality and harmonics. It provides a guide for utilities to have an appropriate choice of FACTS devices for enhancing stability. The work proposes a two pulse STATCOM configurations in which voltage source inverter uses IGBT as a switching device have been simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK. Accordingly, simulation is first carried out to illustrate use of D-STATCOM in mitigating voltage interruption in single phase. The scope of the paper is to explore the D-STATCOM in single phase. Normally, D-STATCOM is not used in single phase, so an attempt has been made to introduce DSTATCOM in single phase load or household applications. Simulation results of 3KVAR D-STATCOM validate that integrated D-STATCOM with 230V, 91μF capacitor is suited for single phase system with voltage interruption mitigation capacit
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Moth Flame Optimization Method for Unified Power Quality Conditioner Allocati...IJECEIAES
This paper introduces a new optimization method to determine the optimal allocation of Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) in the distribution systems. UPQC is a versatile Custom Power Device (CPD) to solve problems related to voltage and current by the series and shunt compensator in the distribution systems. The task of UPQC highlighted in this paper is the required load reactive power is provided by both the series and shunt compensators. The UPQC’s steady state compensation capability has given a solution for providing reactive power compensation in large distribution systems. The optimization method adopted is Moth Flame Optimization (MFO). The best location and series compensator voltage are determined using MFO. The voltage injected by the series compensator and reactive power injected by the shunt compensator is incorporated in the load flow method. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated with standard distribution systems.
NON-ISOLATED SOFT SWITCHING DC-DC CONVERTER AND LOAD AT FULL RANGE OF ZVS IAEME Publication
A non isolated soft switching DC–DC converter and load at full range of zero-voltage
switching (ZVS) characteristic is proposed. The proposed converter consists of an auxiliary circuit,
an inductor, two switches, and 2 diodes to achieving high efficiency at full range of load. At low
and heavy loads, ZVS of switching device is achieved by energy storing component. The inductor
energy stored varies with load and hence results in minimizes conduction loss. This leads to
switching of device for full range of load. The proposed DC - DC converter achieves high
efficiency as switching loss is reduced due to soft switching and ZVS operation which severe to
reduce conduction loss. The efficiency is improved about 4% in boost mode (2.5% in buck mode) at
full range of load. To verify the performance of the proposed converter, experimental results
prototype are presented.
The use of distributed generation (DG) within distribution systems has increased for the last two decades due to worldwide increase in demand for electricity and governmental policy change from “conventional” energy to “green” energy. High levels of penetration of DG have many significant benefits but also come with many drawbacks such as voltage drop and power losses. This study presents the impact of DG at different locations in a distribution feeder in terms of the feeder voltage profile. A radial distribution system is simulated using PSCAD/EMTDC simulation software while changing the size and location of DG in the system. The obtained results are used for better understanding on the impact of DG on voltage profile in radial distribution feeder.
IRJET- Power Saver for Industrial and Commercial Establishments by Power Fact...IRJET Journal
This document discusses power factor compensation through the use of shunt capacitors to improve power factor and reduce power losses in industrial and commercial establishments. It describes how inductive loads cause low power factor which decreases efficiency. The proposed system uses a microcontroller and relays to monitor power loss and actuate shunt capacitors to bring the power factor close to 1. This compensates for the inductive loads and results in zero power loss. Keywords discussed include power saver, shunt capacitors, power factor compensation, and thyristor control switches.
Mitigation of Power Quality Issues by Nine Switches UPQC Using PI & ANN with ...MABUSUBANI SHAIK
Abstract—A nine-switch power converter having two sets of output terminals was recently proposed in place of the traditional back-to-back power converter that uses 12 switches in total. The nine-switch converter has already been proven to have certain advantages, in addition to its component saving topological feature. Despite these advantages, the nine-switch converter has so far found limited applications due to its many perceived performance tradeoffs like requiring an oversized dc-link capacitor, limited amplitude sharing, and constrained phase shift between its two sets of output terminals. Instead of accepting these tradeoffs as limitations, a nine-switch power conditioner is proposed here that virtually “converts” most of these topological short comings into interesting performance advantages. Aiming further to reduce its switching losses, Harmonics, Voltage Sag & Swell an appropriate discontinuous modulation scheme is proposed and studied here in detail to doubly ensure that maximal reduction of commutations is achieved. With an appropriately designed control scheme with PI and ANN with Hysteresis controller then incorporated, the nine-switch converter is shown to favorably raise the overall power quality in Simulation, hence justifying its role as a power conditioner at a reduced cost.
Index Terms—Discontinuous pulse-width modulation, nine switch converter, power conditioner, power quality.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
1) The study investigates the effect of power factor improvement beyond 0.8 lagging on switching transients using an agricultural products industry as a case study.
2) Simulation results show that without capacitors, the industry operates at 0.8 lagging power factor with high demand and transient voltages.
3) With a 440 kVar capacitor added, power factor rises to 0.9098 lagging, reducing demand but increasing transient voltages, showing a tradeoff between factors.
4) The analysis indicates that increasing power factor beyond 0.8 lagging using capacitors lowers losses but can increase undesirable switching transients.
Similar to TRANSIENT STABILITY IMPROVEMENT OF POWER SYSTEMS BY OPTIMAL SIZING AND ALLOCATION OF RESISTIVE SUPERCONDUCTING FAULT CURRENT LIMITERS USING PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION
Investigation and Comparison of the Effect of Facts Devices, Capacitors and L...IJAPEJOURNAL
This paper studies the important power system phenomenon and voltage stability by using continuation power flow method. Voltage collapse scenario is presented which can be a serious result of voltage instability and also the parameters that affected by voltage collapse are discussed. In analyzing power system voltage stability, continuation power flow method is utilized which consists of successive load flows. In this paper steady-state modeling of Static VAR Compensator (SVC) and Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) and effect of compensator and variation of line reactance on the voltage stability have been studied and Comparison between performance of UPFC and SVC and installation shunt capacitor and variation of line reactance for improve voltage stability has been done.Case studies are carried on 11 bus network in two areas. Simulation is done with PSAT in MATLAB. Continuation Power Flow was implemented using Newton Raphson method. Simulation results show the proper performance of UPFC, SVC, installation shunt capacitor and variation of line reactance to improve voltage control and significantly increase the loadability margin of power systems.
A Fault Current Limiter Circuit to Improve Transient Stability in Power SystemIAES-IJPEDS
Short circuit current limitation in distribution system utilities can be an operational approach to improve power quality, since the estimated voltage sag amplitude during faults may be intensely reduced. The application of superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) is projected here to limit the fault current that occurs in power system. SFCL utilizes superconductors to instantaneously decrease the unanticipated electrical surges that happen on utility distribution and power transmission networks. SFCL considerably decrease the economic burden on the utilities by reducing the wear on circuit breakers and protecting other expensive equipment. The designed SFCL model is used for determining an impedance level of SFCL according to the fault current limitation necessities of different types of the smart grid system. The representation of this paper about to see the optimum resistive value of SFCL for enhancing the transient stability of a power system. The assessment of optimal resistive value of the SFCL connected in series in a transmission line with a conductor throughout a short circuit fault is consistently determined by applying the equal-area criterion supported by power-angle curves. A Simulink based primary model is developed and additionally the simulation results for the projected model are achieved by using MATLAB.
Impact of hybrid FACTS devices on the stability of the Kenyan power system IJECEIAES
Flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices are deployed for improving power system’s stability either singly or as a combination. This research investigates hybrid FACTS devices and studies their impact on voltage, small-signal and transient stability simultaneously under various system disturbances. The simulations were done using five FACTS devices-static var compensator (SVC), static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), static synchronous series compensators (SSSC), thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) and unified power flow controller (UPFC) in MATLAB’s power system analysis toolbox (PSAT). These five devices were grouped into ten pairs and tested on Kenya’s transmission network under specific contingencies: the loss of a major generating machine and/or transmission line. The UPFC-STATCOM pair performed the best in all the three aspects under study. The settling times were 3 seconds and 3.05 seconds respectively for voltage and rotor angle improvement on the loss of a major generator at normal operation. The same pair gave settling times of 2.11 seconds and 3.12 seconds for voltage and rotor angle stability improvement respectively on the loss of a major transmission line at 140% system loading. From the study, two novel techniques were developed: A performance-based ranking system and classification for FACTS devices.
iaetsd Effect of superconducting fault current limiter (sfcl) on triumphant i...Iaetsd Iaetsd
This document analyzes the effect of three types of superconducting fault current limiters (SFCL) - resistive, inductive, and bridge-type - on the transient recovery voltage (TRV) of circuit breakers. Computer simulations using the electromagnetic transients program were conducted on a test distribution system with a three-phase fault. The results show that the resistive and bridge-type SFCLs most effectively reduce both the TRV and rate of rise of recovery voltage seen by circuit breakers, allowing them to interrupt faults more reliably. The inductive SFCL limits fault current but increases TRV. The resistive SFCL provides the lowest TRV and most protection for circuit breakers during fault clearing.
Power Flow Study and Performance of STATCOM and TCSC in Improvement Voltage S...IJAPEJOURNAL
Power systems operation becomes more important as the load demand increases all over the world. This rapid increase in load demand forces power systems to operate near critical limits due to economical and environmental constraints. The objective in power systems operation is to serve energy with acceptable voltage and frequency to consumers at minimum cost. This paper studies the important power system phenomenon and voltage stability by using continuation power flow method and steady-state modeling of Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) and Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) for continuation power flow studies has been represented and discussed in details.also this paper studies voltage stability by using continuation power flow method and Comparison between performance of TCSC and STATCOM for improve voltage stability has been done. Case studies are carried on 9 bus network. Simulation is done with PSAT in MATLAB. Power Flow and Continuation Power Flow is was implemented using Newton-Raphson method. Simulation results show the proper performance of TCSC and STATCOM to improve voltage control and power flows on the lines and significantly increase the loadability margin of power systems.
Comparison of Multi-Machine Transient Stability Limit Using UPFCIJMTST Journal
The stability of an interconnected power system is compare to normal or stable operation after having been
subjected to some form of disturbance. With interconnected systems continually growing in size and extending
over vast geographical regions, it is becoming increasingly more difficult to maintain synchronism between
various parts of the power system. This paper investigates the comparison of transient stabil ity limit of a
multi-machine power system wi th the help of a UPFC operated in perpendicular vol tage control
mo d e an d t h e i r i t ’ s c omp ar i s o n .
The Enhanced Performance SVC for Transient Instability Oscillation DampingPower System Operation
The document describes enhancing the performance of static var compensators (SVCs) for damping transient instability oscillations in power systems. It presents a technique of adding a dynamic oscillation damper co-located with an SVC to provide both reactive power compensation and real power support. Simulation results show that a typical SVC improves voltage regulation but does not minimize instability, while the proposed SVC plus damper system greatly enhances performance by damping oscillations during and after a simulated fault event.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
LOAD SHEDDING DESIGN FOR AN INDUSTRIAL COGENERATION SYSTEMELELIJ
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes using an artificial neural network (ANN) to design an adaptive load shedding scheme for an industrial cogeneration power system. The paper describes modeling the cogeneration system in ETAP software and using it to generate training data for the ANN by simulating different operating scenarios. The ANN is trained to determine the minimum amount of load shedding needed based on inputs like generation, load, and frequency change rate. Compared to conventional under-frequency relay load shedding, the ANN approach aims to more accurately calculate the needed load reduction while maintaining power to critical loads. Simulation results demonstrate the ANN scheme's effectiveness at stabilizing system frequency during contingencies with generation-load mismatches
Enhancement of Power System Dynamics Using a Novel Series Compensation SchemeIJMER
Phase imbalanced capacitive compensation is a “hybrid” series compensation scheme, where the
series capacitive compensation in one phase is created using a single-phase TCSC in series with a fixed capacitor
(Cc), and the other two phases are compensated by fixed series capacitors (C). The TCSC control is initially set
such that its equivalent compensations at the power frequency combined with the fixed capacitor yield a
resultant compensation equal to the other two phases. Thus, the phase balance is maintained at the power
frequency while at any other frequency, a phase imbalance is created. The effectiveness of the scheme in damping
power system oscillations for various network conditions, namely different system faults and tie-line power flows is
evaluated using the MATLAB/SIMULINK Software
A Review on Impact of Solar Panels on Power Quality of Distribution Networks ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that studied the impact of solar panels (SPs) on power quality in distribution networks and transformers. Simulations and experiments were conducted to analyze the effects of both large solar farms and residential rooftop SPs. The results showed that total harmonic distortion of voltages and currents remained within standard limits under normal and unbalanced grid conditions when SPs were operating. Installing capacitors at the point of common coupling was found to help reduce harmonic distortion even further. Testing of a distribution transformer also found that voltage and current distortion, losses, efficiency, and temperatures were all within acceptable ranges when the transformer was fed by an inverter connected to SPs. In conclusion, SPs do not significantly impact power
This document discusses using a unified power flow controller (UPFC) controlled by a neural network proportional-integral (NN PI) controller to mitigate sub-synchronous resonance (SSR) in a series capacitive compensated power system. An IEEE second benchmark model is used to study SSR resulting from a three-phase fault. The UPFC with NN PI controller provides better damping of oscillations in generator speed, turbine speeds, and torques compared to an uncontrolled UPFC. This improves system stability and decreases the settling time, demonstrating the effectiveness of this control method at mitigating SSR.
Transient Recovery Voltage Test Results of a 25 MVA Saturable-Core Fault Curr...Franco Moriconi
Test results obtained during fault current interruption tests with an air-core reactor are compared to test results obtained using a saturating-core inductive HTS Fault Current Limiter in the same circuit under the same circumstances. These test results are further compared with analytical simulations developed using the PSCAD® software suite. The simulations exhibit good agreement with the test results and confirm that compared to an equivalent air-core reactor, the HTS FCL results in lower amplitude and significantly lower rate of rise of the Transient Recovery Voltage.
Comparison of facts devices for two area power system stability enhancement u...IAEME Publication
This document summarizes a research paper that compares the performance of SVC and STATCOM FACTS devices for enhancing transient stability in a two area power system modelled in MATLAB. The paper reviews previous research on using FACTS controllers like SVC, STATCOM, SSSC, TCSC and UPFC to improve power system stability. Simulation results from the paper indicate that a two machine system installed with STATCOM provided better damping of rotor angle oscillations compared to an SVC installation, demonstrating improved transient stability when using a STATCOM.
Mitigation of the Harmonics under Reactive Power Compensation by SHPF-TCR Usi...IJERA Editor
In this paper, a combined system of a thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR) and a shunt hybrid power filter
(SHPF)has been designed by MATLAB/SIMULINK approach for harmonic and reactive power compensation.
The quality of the power is effected by many factors like harmonic contamination, due to the increment of nonlinear
loads, sag and swell due to the switching of the loads etc. Also control schemes based on PI and Fuzzy
logic controllers have been proposed to mitigate the harmonics and neutral current . The proposed methodology
not only reduces the complexity but also offers simplicity to implement and increases reliability of the system.
These control strategies also help in achieving a low cost highly effective control. The performance is also
observed under influence of utility side disturbances such as harmonics, flicker and spikes with Non-Linear and
Reactive Loads with different control strategies.
Load flow analysis with upfc under unsymmetrical fault conditionAlexander Decker
This document discusses load flow analysis with and without a Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) under different fault conditions in a six bus power system simulation model. The UPFC is a Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) device that can control parameters like voltage, impedance, and phase angle to control power flow. The study aims to improve transient stability of the six bus system by determining active and reactive power on load buses under different fault types both with and without the UPFC. The control scheme and operating principle of the UPFC are also explained.
Reactive Power Compensation and Power Factor Correction by Reactive VAR Compe...ijtsrd
Power factor improvement for nonlinear loads is the point of interest for researchers in recent scenario. Power factor plays a major role in efficiency of electrical system. The Purpose of this paper is to power factor improvement by using proper control strategy. Simulation on MATLAB Simulink environment is conducted with resistive inductive load. The low power factor is highly undesirable as it causes an increase in current, resulting in additional losses of active power in all the elements of power system from power system down to the utilization devices. To compensate reactive power and improve the power factor by using a static VAR compensator, it consisting converter 2 level SCR with capacitor bank. This work deals with the performance evaluation through analytical studies and practical implementation on an existing system consisting of a distribution transformer of 1phase, 50Hz, 230V 12V capacity. Sadi Mujtaba | Neena Godara "Reactive Power Compensation and Power Factor Correction by Reactive VAR Compensator" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-1 , December 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49100.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/49100/reactive-power-compensation-and-power-factor-correction-by-reactive-var-compensator/sadi-mujtaba
Harmonic enhancement in microgrid with applications on sensitive loadsIJECEIAES
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TRANSIENT STABILITY IMPROVEMENT OF POWER SYSTEMS BY OPTIMAL SIZING AND ALLOCATION OF RESISTIVE SUPERCONDUCTING FAULT CURRENT LIMITERS USING PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION
1. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 1, No. 3, July 2014
11
TRANSIENT STABILITY IMPROVEMENT OF POWER
SYSTEMS BY OPTIMAL SIZING AND ALLOCATION OF
RESISTIVE SUPERCONDUCTING FAULT CURRENT
LIMITERS USING PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION
Masoud Khatibi1
and Mehdi Bigdeli2
1
Sama Technical and Vocational Training College, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan
Branch, Zanjan, Iran
2
Department of Electrical Engineering, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan,
Iran
ABSTRACT
Employing Resistive Superconducting Fault Current Limiters (RSFCL) is one of the practical and effective
methods to improve the transient stability of a power system by limiting the fault current. Regarding
technical and economical constraints, optimal sizing and allocation of RSFCLs in a power system is of
significant importance. It is the purpose of this paper to propose an algorithm based on the Particle Swarm
Optimization (PSO) in order to improve the transient stability of a power system by optimal sizing and
allocation of RSFCLs. The proposed algorithm is next applied to the New England 39-bus test system as a
case study and the results are simulated in Matlab. Simulation results reveal that in the case of employing
RSFCLs with sizes and locations resulted from the optimization algorithm, the transient stability of the
power system under study is improved. Furthermore, it seems that the optimal locations of RSFCLs are to
some extent near the fault location.
KEYWORDS
Transient Stability Improvement, Resistive Superconducting Fault Current Limiters (RSFCL), Particle
Swarm Optimization (PSO)
1. INTRODUCTION
Electric power systems are always probable to face with various faults including short circuits as
one of the frequent faults. The occurred fault is to be cleared as soon as possible and the fault
current is to be limited otherwise, it may result in several problems in the power system such as
stability problems especially transient stability risks. Hence, transient stability enhancement of a
power system in the event of a short circuit will be of great importance. Employing Fault Current
Limiters (FCL) is one of the useful methods to improve the transient stability of a power system
by limiting the fault current using different methods. Superconducting Fault Current Limiter
(SFCL) especially its resistive type, i.e. Resistive Superconductor Fault Current Limiter
2. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 1, No. 3, July 2014
12
(RSFCL), are two well-known categories of FCLs. Regarding technical and economical
constraints, optimal sizing and allocation of FCLs in a power system has a large importance.
According to the performed assessments, a little work has been done until now about the optimal
sizing and allocation of FCLs to enhance the transient stability of power systems. Therefore, it is
the purpose of this paper to improve the transient stability of a power system by optimal sizing
and allocation of RSFCLs using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO).
A variety of methods have been studied so far to improve the transient stability of power systems.
For instance, Slootweg et al [1], M. Reza et al [2-4], Coster et al [5], Le-Thanh et al [6],
Emhemed et al [7], and Al-Hinai [8] have investigated the role of Distributed Generations (DG)
in improvement of power systems transient stability. M. Noe and B.R. Oswald [9] have studied
the technical and economical aspects of employing RSFCLs in power systems. Based on
simulation results, Hoshyar and Savabeghi [10] have admitted the effectiveness of RSFCLs with
shunt resistors in the transient stability improvement of a power system. Transient stability of a
single machine power system in the presence of a non- superconducting fault current limiter is
studied and simulated by Tarafdar Hagh, Jafari, and Naderi [11]. Employing optimal SFCLs
based on the Genetic Algorithm (GA) to improve the transient behaviors in ring networks is
analyzed by K. Hongesombut [12]. Utilizing a series proposed RSFCL to enhance the transient
stability of power systems has been modeled and simulated by Byung Chul Sung et al [13]. The
result of their work demonstrates the efficiency of the RSFCL in the stability and reliability
improvement of power systems. Masaki Yagami et al [14] have simulated and analyzed the effect
of SFCLs on the dynamic behavior of generators in the event of a three-phase short circuit
demonstrating the efficient role of SFCLs in the transient stability enhancement of power
systems. Finally, employing RSFCLs as a powerful controller to improve the transient stability of
power systems has been simulated by Masaki Tsuda et al [15] resulting that the more the value of
the resistance, the more the amount of transient stability improvement.
The paper is organized as follows: First, the concept of transient stability in power systems is
reviewed and then, resistive superconducting fault current limiters are studied briefly. Next,
Particle Swarm Optimization is reviewed. An algorithm is then proposed based on the PSO to
optimize the considered objective function. The proposed algorithm is next applied to the New
England 39-bus test system as a case study and the results are simulated and discussed in Matlab
using Power System Toolbox [16]. Finally are the conclusions and the suggestions for further
research.
2. A REVIEW OF TRANSIENT STABILITY CONCEPT
The synchronous machines connected to the power system run at synchronous speed of the grid.
As far as a power system is operating in the steady state condition, there is equilibrium between
the mechanical input power of each unit and the total losses in addition to electrical power output
of that unit. However, an unpredicted change in the electrical power output caused by a severe
and sudden disturbance will destroy this balance. Transient stability relates to electric alternating
current (a.c.) power systems and demonstrates a situation in which a number of synchronous
machines of the power system remain in synchronism after a fault occurs.
On the other hand, instability presents a condition having loss of synchronism. The problem
comes up when there is an unexpected change in the electrical power output caused by a severe
and sudden disturbance. The harshness is measured by the drop of this power to a very low or to
3. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 1, No. 3, July 2014
13
zero value and a significant sudden acceleration of the machines controlled by the swing equation
as follows [17]:
em PP
dt
dH
−=2
2
0
2 δ
ω
(1)
Where,
δ= rotor angle, in electrical radian.
Pm= mechanical power, in p.u.
Pe = electrical power output, in p,u.
H= inertia constant, in MW-s/MVA.
ω0 =nominal speed, in electrical radian/s
It is clear from (1) that a decrease in the mechanical power has the same impact on the rotor angle
swings as the increase in the electrical power output has. Fast valving is for reducing the
mechanical power input to the turbine and therefore the generated power. The loads can be
expressed as:
)1( nlOL PPP λ+= (2)
where Po stands for the active power base load, Pnl represents the load distribution factor, and PL
is the active load at a bus L for the current operating point.
In order to evaluate the transient stability of a power system, an indicator is required. In [1],
maximum rotor speed deviation and oscillation duration of the large scale generators after fault
clearing have been utilized as the criterion. In [2], the Critical fault Clearing Time (CCT), i.e. the
maximum duration of the fault which will not end in the synchronism loss in one or more
generators, has been used as the indicator. Another very common indicator for the transient
stability analysis is the comparison between the rotor angle (δ) oscillations of synchronous
generators and that of the slack bus generator of the system [16]. In this paper, the latter is
employed as the transient stability indicator.
3. RESISTIVE SUPERCONDUCTING FAULT CURRENT LIMITERS
Having a high non-linear resistance characteristic, the superconductor can be utilized as a Fault
Current Limiter (FCL). The Superconducting Fault Current Limiter (SFCL) employs a quench
characteristic for limiting the fault current. The superconductor makes it possible to have a
quickly increased resistance and be variable from a superconducting state to a normal conducting
state.
SFCLs have various types such as resistive types, inductive types, hybrid types, etc. among which
the resistive type (RSFCL) is the most developable and commercial having a simple structure, a
lighter weight, and a lower cost than the inductive type. Resistive superconducting fault current
limiters use superconducting materials as the main current carrying conductor in the normal
operation of power network. However, when a RSFCL operates, a hot spot is caused and an
excessive amount of heat is generated. To solve this problem, the heat generated at the time of a
quench phenomenon, i.e. when the superconductor is transmitted from the superconducting state
to the normal conducting state, has to be dispersed. Moreover, in order to increase the voltage
4. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 1, No. 3, July 2014
14
capacity of the RSFCL, the quench phenomenon has to be simultaneously generated at the fault
current limiting devices connected in series with each other [18].
For stability studies in power systems, RSFCLs are usually modeled as a resistor series with the
transmission line. The single-line diagram of a single-machine system with RSFCL is illustrated
in Fig. 1 [13, 19].
Fig. 1: A single-machine system with RSFCL
4. OVERVIEW OF PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION
First introduced by Kennedy and Eberhart in the mid 90s, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is
a population based stochastic optimization method developed through the simulation of social
behaviors such as fish schooling and bird flocking [20-23]. PSO is based on exchanging
information among the particles in a network. In comparison with other evolutionary optimization
algorithms such as Genetic Algorithm, the application of PSO is simple and few parameters need
to be adjusted. Moreover, the PSO is able to optimize complex constrained objective functions in
multimodal search spaces. Hence in recent years, it has obtained wide applications in
optimization problems [24].
The PSO is a history based algorithm in which the particles in each step use their own behavior
associated with the previous iterations. To explain this idea in an explicit way, we can say that
each individual in particle swarm, called as a “particle”, represents a potential solution, next, each
particle moves its position in the search space and updates its velocity according to its own and
neighbors’ flying experience aiming to find a better position for itself. It is mainly based on the
principle that the probability of finding a better minimum near the so far found minimum is more
than other places. Thus, the particles are diverted toward searching around the found minimum. In
moving towards the minimum point, the velocity of each particle and its updated position is
identified by (3) and (4), respectively.
))]((22))((11)([)1( tix
igbestxCrtix
ipbestxCrtivCtiv
rrrrrr
−+−+=+ ϕ (3)
)1()()1( ++=+ tvtxtx iii
rrr
(4)
Where:
)(tvi
r
: The current velocity of ith particle;
)1( +tvi
r
: The next velocity of ith particle;
5. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 1, No. 3, July 2014
15
φ: inertia weight;
r1: cognitive factor;
r2: social factor;
C: contraction factor;
C1 and C2: acceleration constants.
The flow chart of the algorithm is shown in Fig. 2. The algorithm starts with a randomly
generated population. The success of the algorithm to a great extent depends on correct setting of
parameters such as problem dimension, number of particles, number of iterations, maximum
velocity of particles, contraction factor, inertia weight, and acceleration constants [25].
Fig. 2: Flow chart of the PSO algorithm
A change in these parameters will affect the algorithm sensitivity and accuracy to a great deal.
The values for the above-mentioned parameters are all experimental and there is not theoretical
method for their accurate calculation. Considering an upper bound for the velocity will cause the
particles not to jump with a high velocity in the search area and thus, the space is more accurately
assessed in order to find more desirable areas and furthermore, the algorithm divergence due to
high velocities is prevented [26]. When the velocity vector of each particle is updated, the
following constraint is applied:
maxmax
maxmax
)()(:
)()(:
VtVVtVif
VtVVtVif
ii
ii
−=⇒<
=⇒> (5)
6. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 1, No. 3, July 2014
16
The contraction factor controls the effect of velocity in updating the particles positions
considering the parameters limits. The inertia weight controls the effect of previous velocity on
the current velocity. Large values of this parameter will cause a larger search in the search space
and its smaller values will lead in focusing on a smaller area. r1 and r2 are random numbers in the
range (0, 1) and C1 as well as C2 are positive numbers. Due to a study on the effect of C1 and C2
on the particles movement paths, the following constraint is proposed as a necessary condition for
the algorithm convergence:
421 ≤+ CC (6)
5. PROBLEM FORMULATION
In order to solve the optimization problem, an objective function is defined and then, it is
minimized by the proposed algorithm to find the optimal sizes and locations of RSFCLs so that
the transient stability of the power system is improved.
5.1. Objective Function
In a power system with (n) generators, a generator is considered as the slack one and (n-1)
generators are remained. When a fault occurs, all of the generators lose their equilibrium and their
rotor angle (δ) will oscillate. The oscillation of individual generators will be different with each
other depending on the position of fault and fault clearing time. The δ oscillation of (n-1) non-
slack generators are plotted compared to that of the slack one and the total sum of areas in
individual δ curves can be considered as an index for the improvement of transient stability. That
is, if the sum of these areas is reduced by applying the optimization results, it can be concluded
that the transient stability has been improved. Consequently, if the sum of areas is the least, the
best state for the transient stability enhancement will be achieved since this minimization means
that in a specified time scale, the amplitude of the oscillations are decreased or the oscillations are
damped faster which both of them result in the decrease of areas in (δi – t) curves. Hence, the
objective function can be defined as:
( ) ( ) ( )
+++
== −∫∫∫ )(...)()( 1
0
2
0
1
0
tdttdttdtJMinFF nδδδ
τττ
(7)
where;
δj(t) is the magnitude of δ in (n-1) non-slack generators compared to that of the slack one in the
[0 – τ] time scale after the fault clearing in which j= 1,2,….,(n-1).
Equation (7) can be written as follows:
( )
== ∫∑
−
=
)(
0
1
1
tdtJMinFF j
n
j
δ
τ (8)
5.2. Proposed Optimization Algorithm
The goal of the optimization algorithm is to minimize the defined objective function using the
particle swarm optimization. In large power systems, considering RSFCLs in all of the lines is not
7. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 1, No. 3, July 2014
17
practical nor is economically viable. Hence, the proposed approach is based on considering
RSFCLs in limited lines. In this case, number of optimization problem parameters will be twice
the number of lines considered to have RSFCLs. The upper and lower bounds of parameters are
considered according to the power system under study. The proposed optimization algorithm is
shown in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3: The Proposed Optimization Algorithm
In the following, a brief description of each step is presented:
A. System data gathering: This data is required for transient stability calculations and
include the power system operating frequency, buses data, lines data, and generators data.
B. Applying a fault to the power system: A three-phase fault is applied to a line in the power
system under study and it is cleared after a specific time (fault clearing time) by opening
this line from both ends. Since the fault type, its location, and its clearing time have
important roles on the transient stability of the system, the optimization has to be
performed for a specific fault. The fault type is considered as a three-phase fault as the
worst fault type in power systems. The fault position and its clearing time are specified
according to each case study.
C. Generation of the random swarm: A random swarm is generated by the PSO as the
following matrix: [ ] mnSwarmInitial ×=
where;
No
Yes
start
Enter the power system data
Apply a 3-phase fault in a bus and clear it
after a specified fault clearing time
Generation of the random swarm by the PSO
Run the load flow and analyze the transient
stability of the power system after clearing the
fault using the new swarm
Calculate pop_gbest and cost_gbest
Update the particles velocities and positions
iter > itermax?
Optimal size and allocation of RSFCL
end
8. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 1, No. 3, July 2014
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n is the number of matrix rows indicating the swarm size, m is the number of matrix
columns indicating the parameters of optimization problem.
D. Performing the transient stability analysis: The random swarm is applied to the power
system and system data is recalculated based on the random swarm. Then, the considered
fault is applied to the power system and transient stability analysis is performed.
E. Calculation of the objective function: Once the transient stability analysis is done and
required data are calculated, the value of the objective function is computed using
Equation (7).
F. Calculation of the pop_gbest and cost_gbest: For each particle, the value of its
corresponding objective function is compared with its individual best and if it is less than
the pbest, this value is considered as the current pbest and its corresponding particle’s
position is saved. Moreover, the position of the minimum pbest, i.e. the individual best
among the swarm particles, is selected and this value is considered as the Gbest.
G. Updating particles velocities and positions: Particles velocities and positions are updated
using Equations (3) and (4), respectively. Then, the new swarm is generated.
H. Investigation of the maximum iteration: Once the particles velocities and positions are
updated and the new swarm is generated, the maximum iterations index is checked. If the
number of current iteration is more than that of the maximum iteration, the best sizes and
locations among all iterations are presented as the optimal sizes and locations of the
RSFCLs. Otherwise, the algorithm will jump to step (D) and the loop will be repeated
considering the new swarm. Steps D to H will be continued as many times as the number
of iterations is more than that of the maximum iteration.
6. CASE STUDY
The proposed algorithm is tested on the New England power system, which is often employed as
a test system for stability studies. The single-line diagram of this system is illustrated in Fig. 4
and the system data is presented in [27]. Table 1 summarizes the general data of this system. In
this case study, the optimization is performed considering five RSFCLs.
Table 1: General data of New England 39-bus power system
ValueSystem parameter
39Number of buses
10Number of generators
19Number of loads
46Number of lines
9. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 1, No. 3, July 2014
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Fig. 4: Single-line diagram of New England 39-bus power system
The data related to the optimization algorithm for the present case study is summarized in Table
2. Table 3 presents the optimization results. Fig. 5 shows the convergence of the objective
function against the number of iterations.
Table 2: Optimization data for the case study of New England 39-bus
200Number of iterations in PSO
60Swarm size
10Number of parameters
Parameters bounds
Upper boundLowerParameter
4611
0.0302
4613
0.0304
4615
0.0306
4617
0.0308
4619
0.03010
Applied fault: Three-phase fault at line [14, 15]
Fault clearing time (sec.): 0.45
Simulation time (sec.): 1.5
PSO setting parameters: C1=2; C2=1
Table 3: Optimization results for the case study of New England 39-bus
Value of the
RSFCL (p.u.)
The line to install the RSFCL
End bus No.Begin bus No.
0.000113822221
0.0271271817
0.0082893290.26
0.026589160.15
0.0069581270.26
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Fig. 5: The converge curve of the PSO for the proposed objective function
To investigate the optimization results, the considered three-phase fault in Table 3 is applied to
the system under study and the transient stability of the system is simulated and analyzed in two
cases: (1) without the RSFCLs and (2) in the presence of RSFCLs with optimal sizes and
locations resulted from the proposed PSO algorithm. Fig. 6 to Fig. 14 illustrate the simulation
results for the rotor angles of non-slack generators compared to that of the slack generator as an
index for the transient stability improvement.
(a) without employing RSFCL
(b) in the presence of RSFCLs with optimal sizes and locations
Fig. 6: The rotor angle curve of generator No. 1 for the considered fault
11. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 1, No. 3, July 2014
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(a) without employing RSFCL
(b) in the presence of RSFCLs with optimal sizes and locations
Fig. 7: The rotor angle curve of generator No. 2 for the considered fault
(a) without employing RSFCL
(b) in the presence of RSFCLs with optimal sizes and locations
Fig. 8: The rotor angle curve of generator No. 3 for the considered fault
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(a) without employing RSFCL
(b) in the presence of RSFCLs with optimal sizes and locations
Fig. 9: The rotor angle curve of generator No. 4 for the considered fault
(a) without employing RSFCL
(b) in the presence of RSFCLs with optimal sizes and locations
Fig.10: The rotor angle curve of generator No. 5 for the considered fault
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(a) without employing RSFCL
(b) in the presence of RSFCLs with optimal sizes and locations
Fig. 11: The rotor angle curve of generator No. 6 for the considered fault
(a) without employing RSFCL
(b) in the presence of RSFCLs with optimal sizes and locations
Fig. 12: The rotor angle curve of generator No. 7 for the considered fault
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(a) without employing RSFCL
(b) in the presence of RSFCLs with optimal sizes and locations
Fig. 13: The rotor angle curve of generator No. 8 for the considered fault
(a) without employing RSFCL
(b) in the presence of RSFCLs with optimal sizes and locations
Fig. 14: The rotor angle curve of generator No. 9 for the considered fault
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According to Fig. 6 to Fig. 14 it can be observed that compared to the case of which no RSFCL is
utilized in the power system, in the case of employing RSFCLs with sizes and locations resulted
from the optimization algorithm, most of the generators remain stable after the fault clearance and
in those which are unstable, the amount of instability is less than that in the case of no RSFCL
utilization. Therefore, it can be concluded that the transient stability of the power system under
study and for the considered fault has been improved in the presence of RSFCLs with optimal
sizes and locations resulted from the proposed PSO algorithm. Moreover, it seems that the
optimal locations of RSFCLs are to some extent near the fault location. Of course, this matter
needs to be investigated more in future works.
7. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, a PSO-based algorithm was proposed based on an objective function for optimal
sizing and allocation of RSFCLs to enhance the transient stability of power systems. The
proposed algorithm was next applied to the New England 39-bus test system as a case study and
the extracted results were simulated in Matlab. Simulation results revealed that in the case of
employing RSFCLs with sizes and locations resulted from the optimization algorithm that the
transient stability of the power system under study and for the considered fault was improved.
Furthermore, it seemed that the optimal locations of RSFCLs were to some extent near the fault
location. Of course, this matter needs to be investigated more in future researches. Moreover,
considering assessment indexes other than what was utilized in the present paper and comparing
the results seems to be an attractive subject. The proposed algorithm can also be studied based on
other faults in different parts of the system. Finally, other optimization algorithms may be
employed to solve the proposed optimization problem.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This paper was extracted from a research project supported by a research grant from Sama
Technical and Vocational Training College, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan Branch, Zanjan,
Iran. So, the authors gratefully acknowledge Sama Technical and Vocational Training College for
their financial and spiritual supports.
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Authors
Masoud Khatibi received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering from
Islamic Azad University, Iran, in 2006 and 2009, respectively. He is currently with
Zanjan Regional Electric Co. (ZREC) as well as the electrical engineering department
of Islamic Azad University. His current research interests include the study of power
systems interfaced with distributed generation technologies as well as the transient
stability
Mehdi Bigdeli was born in 1981 in Zanjan, Iran. He received the B.Sc. degree in
electrical engineering from Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST) in 2004
and M.Sc. and Ph.D. degree from Faculty of Engineering of Zanjan University and
Islamic Azad University, Sciences and Research Branch, in 2006 and 2012
respectively with first class honors. His research interests are in fault detection,
transient modeling and application of power systems and transformers.Currently, he is
a assistant professor and irector of the Electrical Engineering Department at
Islamic Azad University of Zanjan.Dr. Bigdeli is a member of editorial board of Advanced Energy: An
International Journal (AEIJ) and the author of many 40 papers.