Mathematical heat transfer equations for finned double pipe heat exchangers based on experimental work
carried out in the 1970s can be programmed in a spreadsheet for repetitive use. Thus avoiding CFD
analysis which can be time consuming and costly. However, it is important that such mathematical
equations be evaluated for their accuracy. This paper uses CFD methods in evaluating the accuracy of
mathematical equations. Several models were created with varying; geometry, flue gas entry temperature,
and flow rates. The analysis should provide designers and manufacturers a judgment on the expected level
of accuracy when using mathematical modelling methodology. This paper simultaneously identifies best
practices in carrying out such CFD analysis.
Optimization of Air Preheater for compactness of shell by evaluating performa...Nemish Kanwar
Designing of an Air Preheater with increased performance from an existing design through alteration in baffle placement. Analysis of 4 Baffle designs for segmented Baffle case was done using Ansys Fluent. The net heat recovery rate was computed by subtracting pump work from heat recovered. Based on the result, Air Preheater design was recommended.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Optimization of Air Preheater for compactness of shell by evaluating performa...Nemish Kanwar
Designing of an Air Preheater with increased performance from an existing design through alteration in baffle placement. Analysis of 4 Baffle designs for segmented Baffle case was done using Ansys Fluent. The net heat recovery rate was computed by subtracting pump work from heat recovered. Based on the result, Air Preheater design was recommended.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Numerical Modeling and Simulation of a Double Tube Heat Exchanger Adopting a ...IJERA Editor
The double tube heat exchangers are commonly used in industry due to their simplicity in design and also their
operation at high temperatures and pressures. As the inlet parameters like temperatures and mass flow rates
change during operation, the outlet temperatures will also change. In the present paper, a simple approximate
linear model has been proposed to predict the outlet temperatures of a double tube heat exchanger, considering it
as a black box. The simulation of the heat exchanger has been carried out first using the commercial CFD
software FLUENT. Next the linear model of the double tube heat exchanger based on lumped parameters has
been developed using the basic governing equations, considering it as a black box. Results have been generated
for outlet temperatures for different inlet temperatures and mass flow rates of the cold and hot fluids. The results
obtained using the above two methods have then been discussed and compared with the numerical results
available in the literature to justify the basis for the assumption of a linear approximation. Comparisons of the
predicted results from the present model show a good agreement with the experimental results published in the
literature. The assumptions of linear variation of outlet temperatures with the inlet temperature of one fluid
(keeping other inlet parameters fixed) is very well justified and hence the model can be employed for the
analysis of double tube heat exchangers.
Application of Pinch Technology in Refrigerator Condenser Optimization by Usi...ijtsrd
Refrigeration is the major application area of thermodynamics, in which the heat is transferred to higher temperature region from a lower temperature region. Refrigerators are the devices which produce refrigeration and the refrigerators which operate on the cycles are called refrigeration cycles. Pinch technology and computational fluid dynamics CFD is key for study the condenser and enhance the better option for new design. Pinch Analysis also known as process integration, heat integration, energy integration, or pinch technology is method for minimizing the energy costs of a process by reusing the heat energy in the process streams rather than outside utilities. Mr. Mayur B. Ramteke | Prof. S. K. Bawne "Application of Pinch Technology in Refrigerator Condenser Optimization by Using CFD" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46440.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/46440/application-of-pinch-technology-in-refrigerator-condenser-optimization-by-using-cfd/mr-mayur-b-ramteke
Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Plate Fin Heat Sink with Pin Fins of Vario...ijtsrd
In recent decades, attempts have been made to create more advanced effective cooling technology for electronic and microelectronic devices, but heat dissipation is still a major challenge for increasing the cooling performance of heat sinks in a highly competitive electronics market. In the present analysis, the research is designing a new thermal design for plate fin heat sinks with hexagonal pin fin connected to the plate fins. A theoretical analysis focused on publicly usable computational fluid dynamics CFD codes has been performed to test the thermal efficiency of the proposed designs. Modelling done using ANSYS 14.5 and meshing has done using ICEM CFD software, simulations has done by using CFD FLUENT software. In specific, in terms of their thermal performance, hexagonal pin fin connected to the plate fins subject to flow have been contrasted. The plate fin heat sink was made of Aluminium and an electrical heaters provide a heat of 10W constantly to warm up a plate plate fin heat sink with hexagonal pin fin subject to flow of air at variable values i.e. 6.5, 9.5, and 2.5 m s .Based on the results, the analysis has shown that the plate fin heat sinks demonstrate superior thermal performance with hexagonal 3 pin fin subject to flow. The Nusselt number is approximately 1.32 times higher than the conventional plate fin heat sink without pin fin and 1.13 times higher than plate fin heat sink with elliptical 3 pin fin. Prof. Pushparaj Singh | Prashant Kumar Pandey "Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Plate Fin Heat Sink with Pin Fins of Various Profile using CFD" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33375.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/33375/heat-transfer-characteristics-of-a-plate-fin-heat-sink-with-pin-fins-of-various-profile-using-cfd/prof-pushparaj-singh
Abstract:This paper deals with the thermal and CFD analysis of automobile radiator. The theoretical calculation has been done in MAT Lab by varying the mass flow rate of coolant. Modeling has been done in Solidworks and exported to Ansys for CFD analysis. The temperature distribution, heat transfer rate for different velocities of coolant to has been done for different tube materials such as copper, aluminium and stainless steel. The numerical results were compared and found that copper has best heat transfer rate and has better efficiency than the others.
Call for Papers - 8th International Conference on Electrical & Computer Engin...AEIJjournal2
8th International Conference on Electrical & Computer Engineering (E& C 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications impacts and challenges of Electrical & Computer Engineering. The conference documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Electrical & Computer Engineering. The aim of the conference is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.
Authors are solicited to contribute to the conference by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the following areas, but are not limited to:
DYNAMICS IN THE HISTORY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF MAN: REFOCUSING ON ECOLOG...AEIJjournal2
Man’s history and development endeavours have beenadvancing alongside a trail of ecological
ramifications and climate change. Since prehistoric times, scientists have not recorded an accelerated shift
in the ecologyof the planet during any other epoch beside that of modern man. The paper seeks to explore
how man’s history and developmentaffects ecologyand climate. It uses desk analysis to recollect data from
global assessment reportsand runs a One paired Sample Means t-Test, 1 tailed, 8 df, at Pearson
Correlation value 0.458 and 0.5 alpha level. Findings show that, there is globalclimate change, seen in
global warming trends; andimbalance in ecological footprint, seen in depletion of air, water and land
sinks. The t-Test reveals significant net loss of global forest cover.The study also,apparently found that,
processes ofdevelopment generally tend to damage ecology. Therefore,the study recommends a refocus to
sustainable means of development.
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Numerical Modeling and Simulation of a Double Tube Heat Exchanger Adopting a ...IJERA Editor
The double tube heat exchangers are commonly used in industry due to their simplicity in design and also their
operation at high temperatures and pressures. As the inlet parameters like temperatures and mass flow rates
change during operation, the outlet temperatures will also change. In the present paper, a simple approximate
linear model has been proposed to predict the outlet temperatures of a double tube heat exchanger, considering it
as a black box. The simulation of the heat exchanger has been carried out first using the commercial CFD
software FLUENT. Next the linear model of the double tube heat exchanger based on lumped parameters has
been developed using the basic governing equations, considering it as a black box. Results have been generated
for outlet temperatures for different inlet temperatures and mass flow rates of the cold and hot fluids. The results
obtained using the above two methods have then been discussed and compared with the numerical results
available in the literature to justify the basis for the assumption of a linear approximation. Comparisons of the
predicted results from the present model show a good agreement with the experimental results published in the
literature. The assumptions of linear variation of outlet temperatures with the inlet temperature of one fluid
(keeping other inlet parameters fixed) is very well justified and hence the model can be employed for the
analysis of double tube heat exchangers.
Application of Pinch Technology in Refrigerator Condenser Optimization by Usi...ijtsrd
Refrigeration is the major application area of thermodynamics, in which the heat is transferred to higher temperature region from a lower temperature region. Refrigerators are the devices which produce refrigeration and the refrigerators which operate on the cycles are called refrigeration cycles. Pinch technology and computational fluid dynamics CFD is key for study the condenser and enhance the better option for new design. Pinch Analysis also known as process integration, heat integration, energy integration, or pinch technology is method for minimizing the energy costs of a process by reusing the heat energy in the process streams rather than outside utilities. Mr. Mayur B. Ramteke | Prof. S. K. Bawne "Application of Pinch Technology in Refrigerator Condenser Optimization by Using CFD" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46440.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/46440/application-of-pinch-technology-in-refrigerator-condenser-optimization-by-using-cfd/mr-mayur-b-ramteke
Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Plate Fin Heat Sink with Pin Fins of Vario...ijtsrd
In recent decades, attempts have been made to create more advanced effective cooling technology for electronic and microelectronic devices, but heat dissipation is still a major challenge for increasing the cooling performance of heat sinks in a highly competitive electronics market. In the present analysis, the research is designing a new thermal design for plate fin heat sinks with hexagonal pin fin connected to the plate fins. A theoretical analysis focused on publicly usable computational fluid dynamics CFD codes has been performed to test the thermal efficiency of the proposed designs. Modelling done using ANSYS 14.5 and meshing has done using ICEM CFD software, simulations has done by using CFD FLUENT software. In specific, in terms of their thermal performance, hexagonal pin fin connected to the plate fins subject to flow have been contrasted. The plate fin heat sink was made of Aluminium and an electrical heaters provide a heat of 10W constantly to warm up a plate plate fin heat sink with hexagonal pin fin subject to flow of air at variable values i.e. 6.5, 9.5, and 2.5 m s .Based on the results, the analysis has shown that the plate fin heat sinks demonstrate superior thermal performance with hexagonal 3 pin fin subject to flow. The Nusselt number is approximately 1.32 times higher than the conventional plate fin heat sink without pin fin and 1.13 times higher than plate fin heat sink with elliptical 3 pin fin. Prof. Pushparaj Singh | Prashant Kumar Pandey "Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Plate Fin Heat Sink with Pin Fins of Various Profile using CFD" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33375.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/33375/heat-transfer-characteristics-of-a-plate-fin-heat-sink-with-pin-fins-of-various-profile-using-cfd/prof-pushparaj-singh
Abstract:This paper deals with the thermal and CFD analysis of automobile radiator. The theoretical calculation has been done in MAT Lab by varying the mass flow rate of coolant. Modeling has been done in Solidworks and exported to Ansys for CFD analysis. The temperature distribution, heat transfer rate for different velocities of coolant to has been done for different tube materials such as copper, aluminium and stainless steel. The numerical results were compared and found that copper has best heat transfer rate and has better efficiency than the others.
Call for Papers - 8th International Conference on Electrical & Computer Engin...AEIJjournal2
8th International Conference on Electrical & Computer Engineering (E& C 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications impacts and challenges of Electrical & Computer Engineering. The conference documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Electrical & Computer Engineering. The aim of the conference is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.
Authors are solicited to contribute to the conference by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the following areas, but are not limited to:
DYNAMICS IN THE HISTORY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF MAN: REFOCUSING ON ECOLOG...AEIJjournal2
Man’s history and development endeavours have beenadvancing alongside a trail of ecological
ramifications and climate change. Since prehistoric times, scientists have not recorded an accelerated shift
in the ecologyof the planet during any other epoch beside that of modern man. The paper seeks to explore
how man’s history and developmentaffects ecologyand climate. It uses desk analysis to recollect data from
global assessment reportsand runs a One paired Sample Means t-Test, 1 tailed, 8 df, at Pearson
Correlation value 0.458 and 0.5 alpha level. Findings show that, there is globalclimate change, seen in
global warming trends; andimbalance in ecological footprint, seen in depletion of air, water and land
sinks. The t-Test reveals significant net loss of global forest cover.The study also,apparently found that,
processes ofdevelopment generally tend to damage ecology. Therefore,the study recommends a refocus to
sustainable means of development.
Direct Alcohol Alkaline Fuel Cell as Future ProspectusAEIJjournal2
Fuel cells are called the fourth electricity power generation after water, nuclear power generation devices.
Fuel cells are widely recognized as very attractive devices to obtain directly electric energy from the
electrochemical combustion of chemical products. When fuel cells are continuously supplied fuel and
oxidant, electricity can be made constantly. According to the different electrolytes, fuel cells can be divided
into different types among them, alkaline fuel cell is best as compared to others ones. Due to the activation
overvoltage at the cathode is generally less than that with an acid electrolyte and there are very few
standard chemicals that are cheaper than potassium hydroxide. These fuel cells have longer lifetimes, and
do not require expensive noble metal catalysts to be used. Noble metal catalysts may be used, but less is
needed to achieve a similar reaction rate. The main objective of the study is to use different kind of
alcohols in alkaline fuel cell and determined the characteristics at different parameter.
COMPARING ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF DOMESTIC SOLAR WATER HEATER INSTALLATION IN...AEIJjournal2
Adequate and consistent energy supply is often regarded as a major factor in the development of any
country. To add to this, the depletion of fossil fuels has also emphasised the need for alternate renewable
energy solutions to meet global energy needs without inflicting any serious environmental impacts. Solar
energy is globally acknowledged for its vast potential, as a source of providing most of the heating, cooling
and electricity needs of the world. One of the most effective uses of solar energy is water heating. The use
of solar energy to heat water has been proven to be a very economical, efficient and environmental friendly
option for domestic as well as commercial applications. This study compares the feasibility of domestic
solar water heater installation in three major cities of Pakistan i.e. Lahore, Karachi and Peshawar. The
results show the solar water heater installation is most feasible in Peshawar, among the three selected
cities.
FREE CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER OF NANOFLUIDS FROM A HORIZONTAL PLATE EMBEDDED ...AEIJjournal2
In this paper the natural convection heat transfer from a horizontal plate embedded in a porous medium
saturated with a nanofluid is numerically analyzed. By a similarity approach the partial differential
equations are reduced to a set of two ordinary differential equations. In order to evaluate the influence of
nanoparticles on the heat transfer, Ag and Cuo as the nanoparticles were selected. Results show that heat
transfer rate (Nur) is a decreasing function of volume fraction of nanoparticles.
GDQ SIMULATION FOR FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER OF A NANOFLUID OVER A NONLINEARLY S...AEIJjournal2
This paper presents the generalized differential quadrature (GDQ) simulation for analysis of a nanofluid
over a nonlinearly stretching sheet. The obtained governing equations of flow and heat transfer are
discretized by GDQ method and then are solved by Newton-Raphson method. The effects of stretching
parameter, Brownian motion number (Nb), Thermophoresis number (Nt) and Lewis number (Le), on the
concentration distribution and temperature distribution are evaluated. The obtained results exhibit that
ASSESSING PERCEPTUAL VIDEO QUALITY IN WIMAX NETWORKS AEIJjournal2
This paper presents an approach for assessing the perceptual quality of wireless video networking
applications transmitted via WiMAX, the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access air interface
standard. The Video Quality Model developed by Information Administration’s Video Quality Expert
Group is used to benchmark perceptual video quality.
Layer-Type Power Transformer Thermal Analysis Considering Effective Parameter...AEIJjournal2
Since large power transformers belong to the most valuable assets in electrical power networks it is
suitable to pay higher attention to these operating resources. Thermal impact leads not only to long-term
oil/paper-insulation degradation; it is also a limiting factor for the transformer operation. Therefore, the
knowledge of the temperature, especially the hottest spot (HST) temperature, is of high interest. This paper
presents steady state temperature distribution of a power transformer layer-type winding using conjugated
heat transfer analysis, therefore energy and Navier-Stokes equations are solved using finite difference
method. Meanwhile, the effects of load conditions and type of oil on HST are investigated using the model.
Oil in the transformer is assumed nearly incompressible and oil parameters such as thermal conductivity,
special heat, viscosity, and density vary with temperature. Comparing the results with those obtained from
finite integral transform checks the validity and accuracy of the proposed method
STUDY OF THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A DYESENSITIZED SOLAR CELLSAEIJjournal2
The dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) have gained the last decades an important place among photovoltaic
technologies due to their low-cost of implementation and their performance, which becomes more efficient.
The experimental data for this type of cells are enriched and accumulated quickly, given the enthusiasm for
this new technology. The present work treats the equivalent circuit of a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) for
a model in an exponential, and by using the results of some works, we shall make a simulation by the
software Scilab to obtain the characteristics (I-V), then we will study the influence of every parameter on
the curve.
TRANSIENT STABILITY IMPROVEMENT OF POWER SYSTEMS BY OPTIMAL SIZING AND ALLOCA...AEIJjournal2
Employing Resistive Superconducting Fault Current Limiters (RSFCL) is one of the practical and effective
methods to improve the transient stability of a power system by limiting the fault current. Regarding
technical and economical constraints, optimal sizing and allocation of RSFCLs in a power system is of
significant importance. It is the purpose of this paper to propose an algorithm based on the Particle Swarm
Optimization (PSO) in order to improve the transient stability of a power system by optimal sizing and
allocation of RSFCLs. The proposed algorithm is next applied to the New England 39-bus test system as a
case study and the results are simulated in Matlab. Simulation results reveal that in the case of employing
RSFCLs with sizes and locations resulted from the optimization algorithm, the transient stability of the
power system under study is improved. Furthermore, it seems that the optimal locations of RSFCLs are to
some extent near the fault location.
A Review on RDB to RDF Mapping for Semantic WebAEIJjournal2
In Databases one of the active research fields is mapping relational databases (RDB) into Resource
Description Framework (RDF). An enormous data is kept in the form of relational databases and accessing
of data is done in the semantic web. The data stored in RDB is to be efficiently mapped to the semantic web
or RDF for data availability to the users. There is a definite need for improvement in technologies for
efficient mapping languages from RDB to RDF in semantic web. This paper presents an up-to-date survey
of different RDB to RDF mapping languages proposed in recent times. It outlines the main features or
characteristics to be considered for efficient mapping in different scenarios. The main objective of this
content, pictures identification of limitations existing in the mapping languages. It also enhances the
comparisons between each language and helps researchers to propose further better proposals in their
future scope of work to improve better mapping techniques.
Dynamics in the History and Economic Development of Man: Refocusing on Ecolog...AEIJjournal2
Man’s history and development endeavours have beenadvancing alongside a trail of ecological
ramifications and climate change. Since prehistoric times, scientists have not recorded an accelerated shift
in the ecologyof the planet during any other epoch beside that of modern man. The paper seeks to explore
how man’s history and developmentaffects ecologyand climate. It uses desk analysis to recollect data from
global assessment reportsand runs a One paired Sample Means t-Test, 1 tailed, 8 df, at Pearson
Correlation value 0.458 and 0.5 alpha level. Findings show that, there is globalclimate change, seen in
global warming trends; andimbalance in ecological footprint, seen in depletion of air, water and land
sinks. The t-Test reveals significant net loss of global forest cover.The study also,apparently found that,
processes ofdevelopment generally tend to damage ecology. Therefore,the study recommends a refocus to
sustainable means of development.
SIMULATION OF THE SOLAR CELLS WITH PC1D, APPLICATION TO CELLS BASED ON SILICONAEIJjournal2
A way of exploiting the solar energy is to use cells photovoltaic which convert the energy conveyed by the
incidental radiation in a continuous electric current. This conversation is based on the photovoltaic effect
engendered by the absorption of photons. A part of the absorbed photons generates pairs electron-hole in
which an electric field created in the zone of load of space of a junction p–n.
Thus, the junction p-n, its characteristics, its components and its dimensions are the parameters
responsible of the efficiency and the performances of a solar cell. To study this, we are going to use a very
known software in the mode of the simulation of solar cells, the PC1D, and we are going, at the end, to
draw a conclusion around the ideal parameters that a good solar cell has to have.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF WIND TURBINE EMULATOR TO OPERATE WITH 1.5KW INDUCTI...AEIJjournal2
This paper contributes to design a Wind Emulator coupled to 1.5 kW Induction generator for Wind Energy
Conversion System. A wind turbine emulator (WTE) is important equipment for developing wind energy
conversion systems. It offers a controllable test environment that allows the evaluation and improvement of
control schemes for electric generators that is hard to achieve with an actual wind turbine since the wind
speed varies randomly. In this paper a wind emulator is modelled and simulated using MATLAB.
Verification of the simulation results is done by experimental setup using DC motor-Induction generator
set, LABVIEW and data acquisition card.
Co integration Relationship Between Economic Growth, Export and Electricity C...AEIJjournal2
Energy dependent small developing island states are besieged to sustain potential rate of growth. This is
due to increase in energy prices and lack of evidence based policy on long term sustainable energy use.
This paper examines the long run relationship between economic growth, export and electricity
consumption in Fiji over the period 1981-2011. Employing Granger causality test it is found that there is
cointegrating relationship between economic growth, export and electricity consumption. The casual
relationship between the variables was investigated within the error correction model framework. We
found that in the long run causality runs from electricity consumption and export to economic growth.
Based on this empirical analysis some important policy implications are suggested.
Effect of Zn Concentration On Structural and Optical Proprieties Of ZNO Thin ...AEIJjournal2
ZnO thin film were deposited by spray pyrolysis on glass substrates, using zinc nitrate as precursor with
different molar concentrations varying from 0.05M to 0.2 M. To study the structural proprieties of the film ,
the different technique was used as the X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman
scattering , and FTIR . The optical properties were explored by transmission, reflectivity and
Photoluminescence techniques. The ZnO thin films obtained in this paper are polycrystallines, the grain
size increases when the molar concentration of Zn precursor was increasing. The films are transparent in
visible region, this transmission values decreases when the molar concentration increase caused by the
increasing of surface roughness
Split Second Analysis Covering High Pressure Gas Flow Dynamics At Pipe Outlet...AEIJjournal2
A detailed investigation covering piped gas flow characteristics in high pressure flow conditions. Such flow
analysis can be resolved using established mathematical equations known as the Fanno condition, which
usually cover steady state, or final flow conditions. However, in real life, such flow conditions are
transient, varying with time. This paper uses CFD analysis providing a split second “snapshot” at what
happens at the pipe outlet, and therefore, a closer understanding at what happens at the pipe’s outlet in
high pressure gas flow condition.
In this example air was selected for simulation purposes. In HVAC applications, such gas flow conditions
can occur in typical applications such as; air compressors releasing high pressure air through a pipe, or
compressor over pressure refrigerant gas being released into the atmosphere via a discharge pipe.
Investigation has shown that rather than a steady mass flow rate condition occurring at the pipe outlet,
calculated by the Fanno flow condition, a spiked increase in flow rate occurs at the beginning,and then
stabilizing after a few seconds, with relatively minor ripples in flow rate. Other observations were also
made and commented.
CFD results in mass flow rate were compared with the mathematically derived results, differences were
recorded. The CFD analysis showed how the k-omega turbulence model performed well, with the processor
stabilizing at an early stage.
The Force Convection Heat Transfer of A Nanofluid Over A Flat Plate: Using Th...AEIJjournal2
Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Energy Engineering and allied fields. This multi disciplinary journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Energy Engineering.
A MODIFIED ANT COLONY ALGORITHM FOR SOLVING THE UNIT COMMITMENT PROBLEMAEIJjournal2
Solving the unit commitment (UC) problem is one of the most complicated issues in power systems that its
exact solving can be calculated by perfect counting of entire possible compounds of generative units. UC is
equated as a nonlinear optimization with huge size. Purpose of solving this problem is to programming the
optimization of the generative units to minimize the full action cost regarding problem constraints. In this
article, a modified version of ant colony optimization (MACO) is introduced for solving the UC problem in
a power system. ACO algorithm is a powerful optimization method which has the capability of fleeing from
local minimums by performing flexible memory system. The efficiency of proposed method in two power
system containing 4 and 10 generative units is indicated. Comparison of obtained results from the proposed
method with results of the past well-known methods is a proof for suitability of performing the introduced
algorithm in economic input and output of generative units.
Impedance Spectroscopy Analysis of a Liquid Tin Anode Fuel Cell in Voltage Re...AEIJjournal2
A concept of a liquid tin anode-indirect carbon air fuel cell (LTA-ICFC) are described. Experimental
setups for analysis of LTA-ICFC polarisations of an operational electrochemical reactor of the LTA-ICFC
are presented. Results from Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Analysis of the electrochemical
reactor of the LTA-ICFC are shown and analysed.The rate-determining step of the system is concluded.
The charge-transfer resistance did not show considerable differences at 700-800 °C. This can be implied
that the charge-transfer resistance is not the rate-limiting step of the transport processes of the fuel cell.
The increase of the Warburg impedance concurrently with the resistance to fit mass-transport loss (R3)
suggests that the rate-limiting step for the LTA-ICFC in voltage recovery mode is the diffusion of the oxide
ions through SnO2 layer. The increment of mass transport lost, R3, of the cell causes the slowly increase of
the cell’s voltage over the voltage from 0.7-0.8 V at 700, 750, and 800 °C.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
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About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
EVALUATING MATHEMATICAL HEAT TRANSFER EFFECTIVENESS EQUATIONS USING CFD TECHNIQUES FOR A FINNED DOUBLE PIPE HEAT EXCHANGER
1. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 2, No. 1, January 2015
1
EVALUATING MATHEMATICAL HEAT TRANSFER
EFFECTIVENESS EQUATIONS USING CFD
TECHNIQUES FOR A FINNED DOUBLE PIPE HEAT
EXCHANGER.
Ali Hasan
Project Management and Construction Management, KEO Consulting Engineers, Doha,
Qatar.
ABSTRACT
Mathematical heat transfer equations for finned double pipe heat exchangers based on experimental work
carried out in the 1970s can be programmed in a spreadsheet for repetitive use. Thus avoiding CFD
analysis which can be time consuming and costly. However, it is important that such mathematical
equations be evaluated for their accuracy. This paper uses CFD methods in evaluating the accuracy of
mathematical equations. Several models were created with varying; geometry, flue gas entry temperature,
and flow rates. The analysis should provide designers and manufacturers a judgment on the expected level
of accuracy when using mathematical modelling methodology. This paper simultaneously identifies best
practices in carrying out such CFD analysis.
Methodology; CFD software was used to simulate different models. Results were tabulated and graphically
presented. The investigated mathematical equations were programmed in a spreadsheet, for data entry.
Results and analysis; data obtained from the two methods were compared and differences were recorded.
Discussions were included explaining the possible reasons for the deviations that surfaced between the two
methodologies.
Conclusions; this analysis has shown that although mathematical equations are effective and simple tools
in producing results, the results may not reflect the actual physical conditions. The analysis showed that the
exhaust gas temperature outlet of a double pipe heat exchanger is actually higher than what were
calculated using mathematical equations, and therefore, more heat energy is available for recapturing.
k-epsilon RNG turbulence model was found to be the most suitable method in analyzing heat transfer in a
finned double pipe heat exchanger.
KEYWORDS
CFD, Heat transfer, Double Pipe Heat Exchanger, Energy recovery.
1. INTRODUCTION
Research in heat transfer and thermo-physical fluid properties in the past three decades have
helped develop heat exchangers designs, by relying on; mathematical, experimental, and
computer numerical analysis. This has allowed designers to better design heat exchangers and
push for better energy recovery systems. Lower energy consumption means lower operating costs
and lower carbon emissions. The importance of heat recovery systems in combined heat and
power systems have created a demand for effective heat recovery systems capable of recapturing
heat energy out of the engine exhaust gas. A good example of this heat recapturing system is a
2. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 2, No. 1, January 2015
2
double pipe heat exchanger. Such a system can easily be fitted as part of an engine exhaust pipe
system. The examples discussed in this paper, consider the process of heat energy transfer from
the exhaust flue gas to water. This paper focuses on evaluating numerical techniques used to
calculate heat transfer effectiveness. Providing designers and manufacturers, an insight on the
expected level of accuracy when using mathematical equations associated with a double pipe heat
exchanger.
CFD software was used to evaluate the model. Results were tabulated and compared with
mathematically driven results. The analysis showed the difference between the results generated
by the two different methods. Discussions on possible causes of differences were included
supported by graphical CFD images. Best practices in CFD analysis were discussed with the
support of similar recently carried out CFD work.
The CFD analysis highlighted the following facts; Mathematical equations are good for an initial
analysis, but will require CFD or experimental modeling to obtain more accurate results on heat
transfer, the mathematically generated results showed an underestimated temperature output for
the exhaust flue gas. This analysis has shown the possibility of further energy recovery from the
higher flue gas outlet temperature which would otherwise be wasted heat energy.
This document describes, and is written to conform to, author guidelines for the journals of
AIRCC series. It is prepared in Microsoft Word as a .doc document. Although other means of
preparation are acceptable, final, camera-ready versions must conform to this layout. Microsoft
Word terminology is used where appropriate in this document. Although formatting instructions
may often appear daunting, the simplest approach is to use this template and insert headings and
text into it as appropriate.
2. MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR DOUBLE PIPE HEAT
EXCHANGERS
Equations for calculating heat exchanger effectiveness are covered in details in ASHRAE
Fundamentals (2009) [1], representing various types of heat exchangers.
Reference is made to Appendix 1 for a sample calculations with the conditions involved. Counter
flow conditions were assumed in the two techniques; mathematical and CFD models. In certain
cases and usually at the end of such equations, a check is required for a possible further iteration.
Refer to Appendix 1 for such an example.
The example in Appendix 1 refers to heat transfer across a pipe surface area towards water
flowing in the inner pipe. Tables 1 to 3 indicate results computed using the equations shown in
Appendix 1. The second column from left of table shows the first attempt of calculations.
3. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 2, No. 1, January 2015
3
Table 1.Double Pipe Heat Exchanger with 16 fins.
Item Description
CFD
method
Mathematical
method
Temperature
difference (%)
between
mathematical and
CFD methods (*)
After iterations (**)
1 Heat transfer
effectiveness
- 0.984714 -
2 Temperature of
water – out °C
(°F)
42.00
(116)
47.39 (126.8) 13 % -
3 Temperature of
exhaust – out
°C (°F)
64.03
(160.1)
42.44 (116.9) 51 % -
Fin thickness 1 mm (0.04 inch). Fluids temperatures at entry point; water 40 C (104
F), flue gas 200 C (392 F).Flue gas mass flow rate 0.12 kg/s (0.264 lb/s).
(*) Results without iterations carried out on the mathematically generated results. (**)
Results after iterations using mathematical methods showing temperature and percentage
difference between the CFD and mathematically generated temperatures.
Table 2. Double Pipe Heat Exchanger with 15 fins.
Item Description
CFD
method
Mathematical
method
Difference (%)
between mathematical
and CFD methods (*)
After iterations (**) –
temperature /
[difference %]
1 Heat transfer
effectiveness
- 0.887249 0.884507
2 Temperature of
water – out °C
(°F)
46.05
(124.1)
66.13 (164.3) 43.6 % 66.33 (164.66) / [6.4
%)]
3 Temperature of
exhaust – out
°C (°F)
83.31
(198.6)
74.95 (181.9) 11 % 75.80 (183.6) / [86
%]
Fin thickness 1 mm. Fluids temperatures at entry point; water 40 C (104 F), flue gas 350
C (662 F). Flue gas mass flow rate 0.243 kg/s (0.535 lb/s).
(*) Results without iterations carried out on the mathematically generated results. (**) Results
after iterations using mathematical methods showing temperature and percentage difference
between the CFD and mathematically generated temperatures.
4. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 2, No. 1, January 2015
4
Table 3. Double Pipe Heat Exchanger with 13 fins.
Ite
m
Description
CFD
method
Mathematical
method
Difference (%)
between
mathematical and
CFD methods (*)
After iterations (**) –
temperature /
[difference %]
1 Heat transfer
effectiveness
- 0.887249 0.882163
2 Temperature of
water – out °C
(°F)
46.36
(124.72)
66.06 (164.12) 42.5 % 66.26 (164.52) / [13.4
%]
3 Temperature of
exhaust – out
C (°F)
81.03
(194.06)
75.67 (183.34) 7.1 % 76.52 (185.04) / [90
%]
Fin thickness 1 mm. Fluids temperatures at entry point; water 40 C (104 F), flue gas 350
C (662 F). Flue gas mass flow rate 0.243 kg/s.
(*) Results without iterations carried out on the mathematically generated results. (**) Results
after iterations using mathematical methods showing temperature and percentage difference
between the CFD and mathematically generated temperatures.
Figure 1. 16 fin cross sectional view, from ASHRAE Fundamentals Handbook (2009) [1].
t = fin thickness
L = fin length (radial)
40 mm = 1.6 inch
40
mm
t , L
5. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 2, No. 1, January 2015
5
Figure 2. Sectional view example of a segment for a 16 fin double pipe heat exchanger. Graphical results
are as shown in Fig 3. The outer pipe wall assumed to have no heat conductance.
Figure 3.Front view images showing a 22.5 degree segment of pipe. Image to the left shows the water inlet
section of the inner pipe. Image to the right shows how the water section of the inner pipe has increased in
temperature. Copper pipe wall and copper fins are one continuous body. The lower and higher gas
temperatures are clearly visible. Flue gas temperatures along the fin/tube metal surfaces are relatively lower
than the middle flue gas volume. This is due to heat energy being transferred across the metal volume and
towards the lower temperature body of fluid, water.
Temperatures produced for water and exhaust gas were added to entry temperatures to produce
the average temperatures. Using the new average temperature results, the new values for density
of water and specific heat capacity for gas were re-entered in the excel sheet to calculate the final
temperature outputs, shown in the first column from right. In table 1 for an example the density of
water and the specific heat capacity of gas at the new average temperatures were found close to
what was originally assumed for, and therefore no further iteration work is required.
6. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 2, No. 1, January 2015
6
ASHRAE Fundamentals Chapter 4 (2009) [2], section on heat exchangers documents the
development and experimental work associated with heat exchangers, including complex
geometrical shapes. The
Reference is made to tables 1 to 3. Second from left column results were based on initial
assumption of specific heat capacity of 1018 J/(kg.K) (0.2431 Btu/lb.F) at 175 °C (347 °F).
First column from right in tables 1 to 3, the specific heat capacity found in standard
thermodynamic tables to be 1029 J/(kg.K) (0.2457 Btu/lb.F) at 212 °C (413.6 °F). Therefore
iterations were carried out by entering in the mathematical equation 1029 J/(kg.K) (0.2457
Btu/lb.F). Results are as shown in tables 1 to 3.
Equations used in Appendix cater for conditions where temperatures of fluids leaving the heat
exchanger are unknown. To avoid trial-and-error calculations, the NTU- ε method uses three
dimensionless parameters: effectiveness ε, number of transfer units (NTU), and capacity rate ratio
cr. Also, the equations used do not consider the inner pipe wall thickness, but just surface area,
unlike CFD analysis carried below.
Fay C McQuiston (2000) [4] notes that, precise values are difficult to predict, and experience
along with experimental data is often relied on.
In practice, improving heat transfer between two fluids in a heat exchanger usually depends on;
construction materials, velocity of fluids, and size of heat exchanger (heat exchange surfaces).
According to Fay C McQuiston (2000) [4], the trade-off between first cost (primarily size) and
operating cost (primarily due to pressure drop) is a major consideration in heat exchanger analysis
and selection.
3. CFD ANALYSIS
Models were developed for a cross sectional segment. AutoCAD 2013 was used for modeling,
and exported to ANSYS Fluent version 13, using IGES files. The AutoCAD file drawing in 2D
first and then extruded into a 5000 mm (200 inch) length segment creating a 3D model. Walls,
boundary conditions were defined, materials, and fluids data were entered. Analysis was run, and
data was produces as shown in Figures 3 to 10. Fluids temperature properties were entered in
tables 1 to 3 for comparison with the mathematically derived results.
Unlike the equations referred to in section 1, CFD modeling considers the inner pipe wall
thickness, the material responsible for transferring heat energy from flue gas to the water body,
and the fluid boundary conditions. Thus, CFD tools provide an effective heat transfer simulation
between the fluid body and the solid body.
7. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 2, No. 1, January 2015
7
Figure 4. 3D image (104ºF) temperature contours for a 22.5 degree segment of the double pipe heat
exchanger. Entry point for flue gas shown in red to the left of picture. Water temperate contours are shown
as the water exits inner pipe, left of picture.
Figure 5.Flue temperature line for 22.5 degree segment.
(392ºF)
(190.4ºF)
(305.6ºF)
8. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 2, No. 1, January 2015
8
Figure 6.Water temperature line for 22.5 degree segment.
(16.4 ft)
9. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 2, No. 1, January 2015
9
Figure 7.Flue temperature line for 24 degree segment.
Figure 8.Water temperature line for 24 degree segment.
10. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 2, No. 1, January 2015
10
Figure 9.Flue temperature line for 27 degree segment.
11. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 2, No. 1, January 2015
11
Figure 10.Water temperature line for 27 degree segment.
Figure 11. Shows meshing layout for the water inlet and gas outlet heat exchanger section. Geometry
details shown in Fig 2. The solid tube and fin sections were switched off to give a clearer view on fluid
elements layout. Fluid meshing layers at boundary conditions were inflated to give a more accurate
prediction of heat transfer along the copper tube/fin walls. The right hand side image is a zoomed image
of the encircled area shown on the left hand side image.
Tube wall
mesh
switched off
Fin mesh
switched off
Gas
Water
12. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 2, No. 1, January 2015
12
Fay C McQuiston (2000) [4] states, that manual design or simulation of a heat exchanger is an
arduous task and seldom done. Computer programs are available to simulate or select heat
exchangers for various applications.
Assumptions made:
- Flue gas as an ideal gas.
Note: According to E Rathakrishnan (2004) [3], many of the familiar gases such as air,
nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, helium, argon, neon, krypton, and even heavier gases such as
carbon dioxide can be treated as ideal gas with negligible error, often less than 1%.
Therefor, air, or gas where referred to in this paper, was assumed as an ideal gas in this
CFD analysis.
- Materials, flue gas, copper fins and pipe wall, and water, as per the software standard
database.
- K- Epsilon RNG, a common turbulence model selected from the software database. Wall
roughness factor constant, 0.5. Refer to Appendix 2 for specific settings. Settings not
specified in this paper were kept a software default settings.
- Inflated layers created along the fluid boundary layers in contact with the tube wall, and
fin surfaces. This will improve boundary conditions simulations.
4. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Results and Analysis discussed separately.
a. Results
Results obtained using the mathematical modelling and the CFD analysis were tabulated as
shown in tables 1 to 3.The results cover three different scenarios addressing different flow rates,
temperatures, fin thickness, and flue gas entering temperatures. The object is to investigate how
the mathematical equations perform under different conditions.
b. Analysis
Impact of fin thickness.
Tables 1 to 3 show that higher heat transfer effectiveness can be achieved with the thinner 1mm
thick 16 fins, when compared to the thicker but lower number of fins.
Impact of flue gas entry temperature.
A high entry flue gas temperature of 350 ºC (732 ºF) produced higher water exiting temperatures,
but lower effectiveness value. In accordance with mathematical and CFD derived exiting
temperatures.
CFD - flue gas temperature line graphs.
Flue gas line graphs showed a positive slope with curvature (nonlinear) in relation to increasing
temperature. Refer to graph Figs 5+.
CFD - water temperature line graphs.
13. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 2, No. 1, January 2015
13
Similar to the flue line graphs, positive slope as temperature increases. Percentage deviations
showed better accuracy or lower percentage deviations using thinner fins. Table 1 indicated a
deviation of 4.5% for a 1mm (0.04 inch) thick fin. Higher percentage deviations were observed
against mathematically generated figures for thicker fins, as shown in tables 2 3.
The reasons for the significant differences between the out temperatures calculated using the two
different methods, CFD and mathematical equations, are;
a. The mathematical equation does not take into consideration heat transfer at boundary
conditions. Heat transfer in the mathematical equations assumes that the transfer of
heat energy between the two fluid bodies is a uniform process, with both fluid
volume bodies having a uniform temperature across the body of fluid. In reality and
as demonstrated in Figs 3 and 4. The temperature in the flue gas varies from locations
along the fin surface and the pipe wall surface. The temperature in the middle of the
flue gas volume remains higher than along the pipe wall, and fin surfaces, where heat
energy is being conducted through the copper metal and passed towards the water
fluid body of relatively lower heat temperature.
b. The mathematical equations refer to pipe wall surface area, whereas in reality and in
this CFD model the pipe wall has a thickness.
c. Turbulences in the flue gas contribute to the mixing of the cooled gas boundary
layers, with the inner middle flue gas volume. The higher the fluid turbulences are the
better the heat transfer is between the two different fluid volumes.
d. K-epsilon RNG turbulence models was found to be the most suitable model. Other
models did not converge. This confirms the published work by M Hatami [5].
Stating that the RNG turbulence model converged easily during the processing stage,
whereas SST or Shear Stress Transport theory did not easily converge.
e. B.S. Massey1983 [6] describes flow near the boundary layer may be either laminar or
turbulent. Turbulent flow past a solid surface having a random movement of particles
perpendicular to the surface. Yet fluid particles cannot pass through an impermeable
solid surface, and so, as the surface is approached, these movements perpendicular to
it must die out. It follows then that turbulent flow cannot exist immediately in contact
with the solid boundary. Thus even when main flow possess considerable turbulence,
and even when the greater part of the boundary layer us also turbulent, there is still an
extremely thin layer, adjacent to the solid surface, in which the flow has negligible
fluctuations of velocity. This region, which may be less than a micrometer in
thickness, has frequently been called the laminar sub-layer, but the term viscous sub-
layer is now preferred. The viscous sub-layer plays a significant role in heat transfer
between a fluid body and a solid surface.
It is this low-Reynolds-number extension for near-wall turbulence catered for by the k-epsilon
RNG Near Wall Treatment function which makes the difference. The RNG Near Wall Treatment
was designed to work for coarse and fine mesh, however, for better accuracy, mesh layers were
inflated as shown in Fig 11.
4.2 Advantages disadvantages between the two techniques.
i) Spread sheets are relatively easier to program and do not require specialist trained
personnel to operate, unlike CFD tools.
ii) CFD techniques as in the example shown above show graphical results, not possible with
excel sheets.
14. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 2, No. 1, January 2015
14
iii) Both numerical techniques can be used to evaluate heat exchanger designs. Minimizing
physical experimental techniques, which can be time consuming and costly.
iv) Experimental techniques used to evaluate established designs, are prone to the
introduction of errors due to non-accurate or non-calibrated instruments.
v) CFD analysis is also cable of calculating pressure drops simultaneously through analysis.
Though, pressure drop calculations can easily be programmed in a spread sheet.
vi) Established CFD tools can be considered as more accurate, when compared with
mathematical techniques, where thicker fins are used.
5. CONCLUSIONS
Analyses showed that the water line exit temperature results produced better accuracy for thinner
fins. Mathematically derived results differed when compared with CFD results by up to 13 % for
a 1mm (0.04 inch) thick fin. Higher deviation between CFD and mathematical equations were
observed for thicker fins.
Larger deviations existed between CFD and mathematical modelling on the flue line exit
temperature results, as in the case of 1 mm fin thickness. Which is greater than 70 % in deviations
on temperature flue gas exits. Therefore, it is important to establish the level of accuracy of
mathematical equations under specific conditions; geometrical, and operational.
The CFD analysis has shown that the exhaust heat temperature is actually higher than what have
been calculated using mathematical equations.
While for water outlet temperature figures, the mathematically derived figures were found to be
higher than the CFD derived results.
In this investigation, it was observed that although the mathematical methods are simpler and
easy to use once programmed in a spread sheet, the level of accuracy and how much energy can
actually be recovered is a concern. Where justified and accuracy is important CFD and/or
experimental investigations are recommended.
This CFD analysis confirms recently published work stating that the k-epsilon RNG turbulence
model is the most suitable method in analyzing heat transfer in double pipe heat exchangers.
6. RECOMMENDATIONS
Further research work using; mathematical, experimental and CFD techniques for different fin
geometry and flow rates.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The author would like to thank; Dr.Lik F. Sim for setting up and providing access to the FLUENT
software, and MrAbdelkaderBenzamia of Flowpak, Flowpak, Doha, Qatar, www.flowpak.net, for
the guidance and input on best practices in CFD mes.
REFERENCES
15. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 2, No. 1, January 2015
15
[1] ASHRAE Fundamental. F4.22-2009.
[2] ASHRAE Fundamentals. F4.21: 2009.
[3] Author E Rathakrishnan, Title; Gas Dynamics. Fifth edition. Publisher PHI. Year 2004.
[4] Author, Fay C McQuiston. Title, Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning – Analysis and Design.
Fifth edition. Published by John Wiley and sons, Inc USA. Pages 484 and 485. Year 2000.
[5] Paper by; M. Hatami, M. Jafaryar, D.D. Ganji and M. Gorji-Bandpy. Optimization of finned-tube
heat exchangers for diesel exhaust waste heat recovery using CFD and CCD techniques. International
Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer, Volume 57, October 2014, Pages 254–263.
[6] B.S. Massey, Title; Mechanics of Fluids. Fifth edition. Publisher Van Nostrand Reinhold (UK). Year
1982.
APPENDIX 1
Spreadsheet excel version 2010 was used in programming the equations shown below given in ASHRAE
Fundamentals (2009) [2].
Assumptions:
a. Not heat losses on the outside pipe wall, insulated.
b. Starting with assumed properties of water and specific heat capacity of flue gas. At mean
temperatures. Requirement for iterations can be checked as discussed in section 1 above.
c. Counter flow conditions equation. C ≠ 1, ASHRAE Fundamentals.
Table 3. Shows data entered in a spreadsheet programmed with the equations mentioned in steps 1
to 4.
Description Abbreviation Input Units
Water in pipe tci 40
ºC
Water Velocity vc 0.5 m/s
Gas enters thi 200 ºC
Mass flow rate h 0.12 kg/s
Length of heat exchanger Ltube 5
m
diameter of inner tube d 0.04 m
Fin radial height L 0.06 m
Fin thickness t 0.001 m
Number of fins N 16
Convective heat transfer
coefficient on water side hi
Gas side heat transfer coefficient ho 115 W/(m2
K)
Surface effectiveness øs 0.641964
Fin efficiency ø
Surface are of non-finned surface Auf 0.5484 m2
Fin surface area Af 9.6 m2
Auf +
Af Ao 10.1484 m2
πdLtube Ai 0.6284 m2
(104 ºF)
(1.64 ft/s)
(392 ºF)
(0.264 lb/s)
(16.4 ft)
(0.1312 ft)
(0.1968 ft)
(0.00328 ft)
16. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 2, No. 1, January 2015
16
Density of water ρ 990.4 kg/m3
Specific heat capacity of water cpc 4183 J/(kg.K)
Dynamic viscosity µ 5.96E-04 (N.s)/ m2
Thermal conductivity water side k 0.6376 W/(m.K)
Prandtl Number Pr 3.91
Gas specific heat - assumed
figures for air cph 1018 J/(kg.K)
ε= 0.984714
the= 42.44 C
tce= 47.39 C
the = temperature of gas leaving system, tce = temperature of water leaving system.
Step 1
Re= ρ vcd / µ
fs/2 =[ [1.58ln(Re)-3.28]^-2
]/2 = 0.00288
Nud= [0.00288×(33213-1000) ×3.91] ÷ [1+12.7×(0.00288)^0.5
×(3.91^2/3
-1) = 180.4
hf= (180.4×0.6376)/0.04 = 2876 W/(m2
K)
Step 2
Calculating fin efficiency ø and surface effectiveness øs. For a rectangular fin with the end of the fin not
exposed.
Ø = [tanh (mL)] / mL
For copper k = 401W/(mK)
mL= (2ho/kt)1/2L = [(2 115)/(401 0.001)]1/2(0.06) = 1.44
Ø = 0.62
Øs= (Auf +ØAf)/A0 = (0.548 + 0.62 × 9.6)/10.15 = 0.64
Step 3
Find heat exchanger effectiveness. For air at an assumed mean temperature
of 175°C, cph= 1018 J/(kg·K).
Ch= cph= 0.12 1018 = 122.2 W/K
c = ρvcπd2/4 = (990.4 × 0.5 × π × 0.042
)/4 = 0.6223 kg/s
Cc = cpc= 0.6223 × 4181 = 2602 W/K
cr= Cmin/Cmax= 122.2/2602 = 0.04696
UA = [1/(0.64 × 115 × 10.15) + 1/(2876 × 0.628)]–1 = 528.5 W/K
NTU = UA/Cmin= 528.5/122.2 = 4.32
ε = 1-exp[-N(1-cr)] ÷ [1-crexp[-N(1-cr)]
ε = 0.983
Step 4
qmax= Cmin× (thi– tci) = 122.2 × (200 – 40) = 19 552 W
q = εqmax= 0.985 × 19 552 = 19 255 W
Step 5
the = thi – q/Ch = 200 – (19255/122.2) = 42.2 C (107.9 F)
tce = tci + q/Cc = 40 + (19255/2602) 47.4 C (117.32 F)
(108.4 °F)
(117.3 °F)
17. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 2, No. 1, January 2015
17
APPENDIX 2
This section provides a description of the turbulence model equations used in this CFD analysis, boundary
inlet outlet conditions, and details of specific settings used in this CFD analysis. A graphical presentation
showing the quality of mesh used can be seen in Fig 11.
k-epsilon RNG
Unlike other turbulence models, the k-epsilon RNG also known as k-ε RNG model focuses on the
mechanisms that affect the turbulent kinetic energy. This model is a development on the standard k-ε
model. A description of this model given in a paper by M Hatami (2014) [5];
RNG k–ε model thermal effect is considered in the enhanced wall treatment panel. Transport equations for
RNG k–ε model in general form are
and
where Gk represents the generation of turbulence kinetic energy due to the mean velocity gradients and Gb
is the generation of turbulence kinetic energy due to buoyancy and C1e=1.42, C2e=1.68 in RNG k–ε model.
In m Hatami’s [2014) [5] paper states that the k-ω SST also known k-omega SST, and k–ε RNG were
found most suitable in analyzing a double pipe heat exchanger, in comparison with experimentally derived
results. Also, quoted that the RNG model was found easier to converge. These statements were found
applicable in this CFD analysis.
The RNG model settings used in this paper were set at default with the exception of the following
selections; Select Enhanced Wall treatment, and then from the Enhanced Wall Treatment Effects, select
Pressure Gradient Effects and Thermal Effects items from the k–ε RNG model menu. These selections
allow the model to address heat transfer and viscous layers at boundary conditions, which are important in
this analysis.
For inlets and outlets boundary conditions, Intensity and Viscosity ratio model was used, with the following
Specification Methods settings;
• Water inlet, 1% turbulence intensity, and 10 for viscosity ratio.
• Water outlet, 10% turbulence intensity, and 10 for viscosity ratio.
• Gas inlet, 1% turbulence intensity, and 10 for viscosity ratio.
• Gas outlet, 10% turbulence intensity, and 10 for viscosity ratio.
AUTHORS
Ali Hasan, MSc Engineering 1993 from Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield UK. Present employer KEO
Consulting Engineers, Qatar. Working mainly on HVAC, CFD, and Energy efficiency projects. Place of
birth Baghdad, Iraq. Date of birth 03-04-1963.