This study examines the long-run relationship between economic growth, exports, and electricity consumption in Fiji from 1981-2011. It finds:
1) The variables of economic growth, exports, and electricity consumption are cointegrated, indicating they share a common stochastic trend in the long-run.
2) In the long-run, causality runs from electricity consumption and exports to economic growth.
3) In the short-run, deviations from the long-run equilibrium between the variables are corrected at a rate of 22% per year, as shown by the error correction model.
The results suggest that policies aimed at reducing electricity consumption may negatively impact long-run economic growth in Fiji.
ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN SWAZILANDpaperpublications3
Abstract: The issue of causality between electricity consumption and economic growth (GDP) has been a topic concerning energy economists’ for a number of years given that the results have important implications for policy makers. This interest has been stimulated by the persistent increase in the awareness of global warming and climate change. Furthermore, this issue is currently of fundamental importance given the very real threat of global warming and hence the need to cut electricity consumption to reduce emissions to help stem climate change. Renewable energy plays a vital role in economic growth. Energy consumption is, in Africa, one of the mostly consumed capital goods for economic growth realization, and it has nowadays become a need for the society to function properly.
ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN SWAZILANDpaperpublications3
Abstract: The issue of causality between electricity consumption and economic growth (GDP) has been a topic concerning energy economists’ for a number of years given that the results have important implications for policy makers. This interest has been stimulated by the persistent increase in the awareness of global warming and climate change. Furthermore, this issue is currently of fundamental importance given the very real threat of global warming and hence the need to cut electricity consumption to reduce emissions to help stem climate change. Renewable energy plays a vital role in economic growth. Energy consumption is, in Africa, one of the mostly consumed capital goods for economic growth realization, and it has nowadays become a need for the society to function properly.
Explaining the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The aim of this paper is to explore the energy consumption-economic growth nexus for four emerging countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China – the BRIC countries) over the period 1989-2014. By applying a set of recent panel data models, we show that increases in real per capita GDP have a positive and statistically significant effect on per capita energy consumption (and vice-versa). In the long term, a 1% increase in real per capita GDP raises the energy consumption per capita by about 0.56-0.67% while a 1% increase in per capita energy use increases the real per capita GDP by about 0,87-1.69%. Thus, the impact of real GDP on energy consumption is less important than vice versa.
ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN SWAZILANDpaperpublications3
Abstract: The issue of causality between electricity consumption and economic growth (GDP) has been a topic concerning energy economists’ for a number of years given that the results have important implications for policy makers. This interest has been stimulated by the persistent increase in the awareness of global warming and climate change. Furthermore, this issue is currently of fundamental importance given the very real threat of global warming and hence the need to cut electricity consumption to reduce emissions to help stem climate change. Renewable energy plays a vital role in economic growth. Energy consumption is, in Africa, one of the mostly consumed capital goods for economic growth realization, and it has nowadays become a need for the society to function properly.
ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN SWAZILANDpaperpublications3
Abstract: The issue of causality between electricity consumption and economic growth (GDP) has been a topic concerning energy economists’ for a number of years given that the results have important implications for policy makers. This interest has been stimulated by the persistent increase in the awareness of global warming and climate change. Furthermore, this issue is currently of fundamental importance given the very real threat of global warming and hence the need to cut electricity consumption to reduce emissions to help stem climate change. Renewable energy plays a vital role in economic growth. Energy consumption is, in Africa, one of the mostly consumed capital goods for economic growth realization, and it has nowadays become a need for the society to function properly.
Explaining the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The aim of this paper is to explore the energy consumption-economic growth nexus for four emerging countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China – the BRIC countries) over the period 1989-2014. By applying a set of recent panel data models, we show that increases in real per capita GDP have a positive and statistically significant effect on per capita energy consumption (and vice-versa). In the long term, a 1% increase in real per capita GDP raises the energy consumption per capita by about 0.56-0.67% while a 1% increase in per capita energy use increases the real per capita GDP by about 0,87-1.69%. Thus, the impact of real GDP on energy consumption is less important than vice versa.
CAUSALITY EFFECT OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA (1980-2...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper investigates the causality effect of energy consumption and economic growth in Nigeria using annual data from the World Bank Development Indicator and CBN Statistical Bulletin from1980 to 2012.The paper adopts Vector Auto Regressive (VAR) and Error Correction Model (ECM) to test the causality between energy consumption and economic growth in Nigeria. The order of integration of the variables was determined using Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test and the DF-GLS test which was followed by co-integration and causality test. Our findings suggest a positive relationship between energy consumption and economic growth. There is no causality between energy consumption and economic growth in the short run; in the long run we find unidirectional causality running from Economic growth to Energy consumption. There is need for government to diversify the energy mix to include all the untapped potentials of renewable power options such as small hydro, wind, solar and biomass among others in all the states and local constituencies. Energy conservation policy is necessary to adopt if this causality is running from per capita GDP to energy consumption but policy should be designed in a way that energy conservation measures do not adversely affect the economic growth.
Keywords: Causality, Economic Growth, Energy consumption, Energy Conservation Policy, Error correction Model, Per Capita GDP.
Dynamic Linkages between Electricity Consumption, Urbanization and Economic G...AkashSharma618775
During the last decades, the relationship between electricity consumption, urbanization and economic
growth has been well documented in the energy economics literature. In term of our present case, limited research
had been conducted for GCC countries. This study is an addition to the existing literature by empirically
investigates the relationship between economic growth, electricity consumption, and urbanization in the Gulf. A
standard growth models will be estimated using both fixed-effects and random effects models. In addition, panel
unit root and panel co-integration tests will be employed to check for the efficiency of the data. The long run
relationship is estimated using fully modified OLS and: Panel Dynamic Least Squares (DOLS) methods. Panel
Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) is also utilized in this study.
The study found that there exists a long relationship between GDP per capita electricity consumption, Urban
population, inflation, and degree of openness. The degree of adjustment was found to be 0.43 percent, meaning
that any deviation for FDI from its long run path will be corrected by 0.43 percent each year.
The main policy implication for GCC to have reasonable level of growth depends on their ability to develop and
utilize the effective use of electricity power. The study suggests that to move away from oil which is fluctuate over
time to establishing a good base for industrialization by the shift of utilizing a strict balance between electricity
consumption and urbanization rate which it doesn’t affect in the long run the climate change.
CAUSALITY EFFECT OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA (1980-2...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper investigates the causality effect of energy consumption and economic growth in Nigeria using annual data from the World Bank Development Indicator and CBN Statistical Bulletin from1980 to 2012.The paper adopts Vector Auto Regressive (VAR) and Error Correction Model (ECM) to test the causality between energy consumption and economic growth in Nigeria. The order of integration of the variables was determined using Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test and the DF-GLS test which was followed by co-integration and causality test. Our findings suggest a positive relationship between energy consumption and economic growth. There is no causality between energy consumption and economic growth in the short run; in the long run we find unidirectional causality running from Economic growth to Energy consumption. There is need for government to diversify the energy mix to include all the untapped potentials of renewable power options such as small hydro, wind, solar and biomass among others in all the states and local constituencies. Energy conservation policy is necessary to adopt if this causality is running from per capita GDP to energy consumption but policy should be designed in a way that energy conservation measures do not adversely affect the economic growth.
Before we kick-off a new line-up of insightful studies and conversations on energy this 2021, we take a snapshot of the previous working papers which were featured last year.
These studies were produced under the Access to Sustainable Energy Programme-Clean Energy Living Laboratories (ASEP-CELLs) project implemented by the Ateneo School of Government (ASOG), and funded by the European Union.
To receive updates on our latest events and publications, please subscribe to our mailing list through this link: http://bit.ly/ASEPCELLsMailingList
A Comparative Analysis of Renewable Energy Policies and its Impact on Economi...ssuser793b4e
Renewable energy has been identified as a critical component of
global efforts to address climate change, enhance energy security, and foster
sustainable economic growth. As a result, many countries have implemented
renewable energy policies to promote the development and deployment of
renewable energy technologies. However, the impact of these policies on
economic growth remains a subject of debate. This article provides a
comparative analysis of renewable energy policies and their impact on
economic growth. The study employs a systematic review of the literature and
utilizes qualitative and quantitative methods to compare renewable energy
policies and their economic impacts across different countries. The findings
suggest that the impact of renewable energy policies on economic growth
varies across countries and is influenced by factors such as policy design,
institutional context, and economic structure. This research article finally,
examined the challenges associated with implementing renewable energy
policies, analyzed the implications of the findings for policymakers and
further gave some potential solutions that will help the policymakers and
future researchers
the best homework you can find. to extract the most useful information in the data analysis panel where this file can help you in understanding the data and the different between all of the papers in the market
Factors Affecting the Rise of Renewable Energy in the U.S. .docxmydrynan
Factors Affecting the Rise of Renewable Energy in the U.S.:
Concern over Environmental Quality or Rising Unemployment?
Adrienne M. Ohler*
A B S T R A C T
This paper studies the development of renewable energy (RE) in the U.S. by
examining the capacity to generate electricity from renewable sources. RE ca
pacity exhibits a U-shaped relationship with per capita income, similar to other
metrics for environmental quality (EQ). To explain this phenomenon, I consider
several of the environmental Kuznets curve theories that describe the relationship
between income and environmental quality (Y-EQ), including evolving property
rights, increased demand for improved EQ, and changing economic composition.
The results fail to provide support for the Y-EQ theories. I further consider the
alternative hypothesis that increases in unemployment lead to increases in relative
RE capacity, suggesting that promoting RE projects as a potential job creator is
one of the main drivers of RE projects. The results imply that lagged unemploy
ment is a significant predictor of relative RE capacity, particularly for states with
a large manufacturing share of GDR
Keywords: Renewable energy, Environmental quality, Environmental Kuznets
curve, Electricity mix, Transition, Unemployment
http://dx.doi.Org/10.5547/01956574.36.2.5
1. INTRODUCTION
This paper analyzes the transition between renewable and nonrenewable energy sources
by empirically examining the relationship between per capita income and the relative use of RE
sources. Schmalensee, Stoker, and Judson (1998) stress that examining this relationship is important
to understanding whether energy transitions are due to fundamental economic trends or environ
mental policy. Using 1990-2008 state level panel data from the U.S. electricity market, I examine
two measures of relative RE use: the percent of capacity that utilizes RE sources and the devel
opment of RE capacity, defined as the change in the percent of RE capacity. The basic regression
results report a U-shaped relationship between income and RE capacity.
Literature on the empirical relationship between renewable energy (RE) and income typ
ically finds a positive relationship. Research on an individual’s willingness-to-pay (WTP) for RE
suggests that demand for RE increases with income. Bollino (2009) shows that high income indi
viduals are willing to pay more for electricity from RE, and Long (1993) presents results that suggest
high-income individuals spend more on RE investments. Oliver, Volschenk, and Smit (2011) study
the developing country of South Africa and also find a positive link between household income
and WTP for green electricity. On a more aggregate level, Carley (2009) finds evidence that the
percentage of RE generation increases with a state’s Gross State Product, and Burke (2010) finds
that the share of electricity generation from wind, and biomass electricity increases with per capita
* Illinois State University ...
Promoting Massive Renewable Energy (RE) Projects
towards achieving Sustainable Development in Nigeria
Taiwo Benjamin
Carleton University, Canada
Presented at #naee2015
World Economic Forum report on the state of energy transition around the globe, and their recommendations.
Please consult with our working practice Energy For One World on how best to see and where best we can approach the present gap and (leadership) change challenge we see ourselves in.
A Field Survey Based Study of Household Energy Use Patterns in Tertiary Insti...ijtsrd
The availability of energy sources, particularly electricity, is a basic requirement for living standards. The efficiency with which households use energy is critical not just for improving individual living conditions, but also for a countrys economic growth. There is a considerable imbalance between electricity demand and generation in Nigeria. The purpose of this survey is to investigate the energy related perceptions and awareness of household consumers in Ihiagwa and Nekede communities, and, to determine the level of alignment of this awareness with their actual preferences and behavior to derive insights for environmental and energy policy planning and management. We have collected the data in the form of questionnaires related, to personal profiles, behavior, and attitudes in the use of energy and electricity in 676 households in Nekede and Iheagwa. By analyzing the data, it was found that the Households 82.0 prefer electricity to other forms of energy. A large percentage of people 67.1 believed that their electric bill was causing them financial difficulties, and 80.2 had made efforts to reduce their electricity bill. Furthermore, the results suggest an attitude behavior gap in terms of energy sources and purpose of usage. Commercial energy is used and petroleum sources come as a stand in alternative source. The household features and average energy cost was correlated. The results show that ownership of the building factor had a statistically insignificant coefficient, a p value of 0.5586, income relationship with energy cost was a significant factor p value of 0.0009, and the number of family members and energy cost had a p value of 0.0004 respectively. The findings of this survey should be useful for future planning of household energy management in Imo State and Nigeria by extension. These would aid in the development of the national energy strategy plan, as well as in understanding current energy use and availability conditions. Obasi Ibe B. | Opabisi Adeyinka K | Agbakwuru Bruno C. "A Field Survey-Based Study of Household Energy-Use Patterns in Tertiary Institutions Communities in Imo State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57479.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/57479/a-field-surveybased-study-of-household-energyuse-patterns-in-tertiary-institutions-communities-in-imo-state/obasi-ibe-b
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Call for Papers - 8th International Conference on Electrical & Computer Engin...AEIJjournal2
8th International Conference on Electrical & Computer Engineering (E& C 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications impacts and challenges of Electrical & Computer Engineering. The conference documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Electrical & Computer Engineering. The aim of the conference is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.
Authors are solicited to contribute to the conference by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the following areas, but are not limited to:
DYNAMICS IN THE HISTORY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF MAN: REFOCUSING ON ECOLOG...AEIJjournal2
Man’s history and development endeavours have beenadvancing alongside a trail of ecological
ramifications and climate change. Since prehistoric times, scientists have not recorded an accelerated shift
in the ecologyof the planet during any other epoch beside that of modern man. The paper seeks to explore
how man’s history and developmentaffects ecologyand climate. It uses desk analysis to recollect data from
global assessment reportsand runs a One paired Sample Means t-Test, 1 tailed, 8 df, at Pearson
Correlation value 0.458 and 0.5 alpha level. Findings show that, there is globalclimate change, seen in
global warming trends; andimbalance in ecological footprint, seen in depletion of air, water and land
sinks. The t-Test reveals significant net loss of global forest cover.The study also,apparently found that,
processes ofdevelopment generally tend to damage ecology. Therefore,the study recommends a refocus to
sustainable means of development.
More Related Content
Similar to Co integration Relationship Between Economic Growth, Export and Electricity Consumption: Evidence from Fiji
CAUSALITY EFFECT OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA (1980-2...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper investigates the causality effect of energy consumption and economic growth in Nigeria using annual data from the World Bank Development Indicator and CBN Statistical Bulletin from1980 to 2012.The paper adopts Vector Auto Regressive (VAR) and Error Correction Model (ECM) to test the causality between energy consumption and economic growth in Nigeria. The order of integration of the variables was determined using Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test and the DF-GLS test which was followed by co-integration and causality test. Our findings suggest a positive relationship between energy consumption and economic growth. There is no causality between energy consumption and economic growth in the short run; in the long run we find unidirectional causality running from Economic growth to Energy consumption. There is need for government to diversify the energy mix to include all the untapped potentials of renewable power options such as small hydro, wind, solar and biomass among others in all the states and local constituencies. Energy conservation policy is necessary to adopt if this causality is running from per capita GDP to energy consumption but policy should be designed in a way that energy conservation measures do not adversely affect the economic growth.
Keywords: Causality, Economic Growth, Energy consumption, Energy Conservation Policy, Error correction Model, Per Capita GDP.
Dynamic Linkages between Electricity Consumption, Urbanization and Economic G...AkashSharma618775
During the last decades, the relationship between electricity consumption, urbanization and economic
growth has been well documented in the energy economics literature. In term of our present case, limited research
had been conducted for GCC countries. This study is an addition to the existing literature by empirically
investigates the relationship between economic growth, electricity consumption, and urbanization in the Gulf. A
standard growth models will be estimated using both fixed-effects and random effects models. In addition, panel
unit root and panel co-integration tests will be employed to check for the efficiency of the data. The long run
relationship is estimated using fully modified OLS and: Panel Dynamic Least Squares (DOLS) methods. Panel
Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) is also utilized in this study.
The study found that there exists a long relationship between GDP per capita electricity consumption, Urban
population, inflation, and degree of openness. The degree of adjustment was found to be 0.43 percent, meaning
that any deviation for FDI from its long run path will be corrected by 0.43 percent each year.
The main policy implication for GCC to have reasonable level of growth depends on their ability to develop and
utilize the effective use of electricity power. The study suggests that to move away from oil which is fluctuate over
time to establishing a good base for industrialization by the shift of utilizing a strict balance between electricity
consumption and urbanization rate which it doesn’t affect in the long run the climate change.
CAUSALITY EFFECT OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA (1980-2...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper investigates the causality effect of energy consumption and economic growth in Nigeria using annual data from the World Bank Development Indicator and CBN Statistical Bulletin from1980 to 2012.The paper adopts Vector Auto Regressive (VAR) and Error Correction Model (ECM) to test the causality between energy consumption and economic growth in Nigeria. The order of integration of the variables was determined using Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test and the DF-GLS test which was followed by co-integration and causality test. Our findings suggest a positive relationship between energy consumption and economic growth. There is no causality between energy consumption and economic growth in the short run; in the long run we find unidirectional causality running from Economic growth to Energy consumption. There is need for government to diversify the energy mix to include all the untapped potentials of renewable power options such as small hydro, wind, solar and biomass among others in all the states and local constituencies. Energy conservation policy is necessary to adopt if this causality is running from per capita GDP to energy consumption but policy should be designed in a way that energy conservation measures do not adversely affect the economic growth.
Before we kick-off a new line-up of insightful studies and conversations on energy this 2021, we take a snapshot of the previous working papers which were featured last year.
These studies were produced under the Access to Sustainable Energy Programme-Clean Energy Living Laboratories (ASEP-CELLs) project implemented by the Ateneo School of Government (ASOG), and funded by the European Union.
To receive updates on our latest events and publications, please subscribe to our mailing list through this link: http://bit.ly/ASEPCELLsMailingList
A Comparative Analysis of Renewable Energy Policies and its Impact on Economi...ssuser793b4e
Renewable energy has been identified as a critical component of
global efforts to address climate change, enhance energy security, and foster
sustainable economic growth. As a result, many countries have implemented
renewable energy policies to promote the development and deployment of
renewable energy technologies. However, the impact of these policies on
economic growth remains a subject of debate. This article provides a
comparative analysis of renewable energy policies and their impact on
economic growth. The study employs a systematic review of the literature and
utilizes qualitative and quantitative methods to compare renewable energy
policies and their economic impacts across different countries. The findings
suggest that the impact of renewable energy policies on economic growth
varies across countries and is influenced by factors such as policy design,
institutional context, and economic structure. This research article finally,
examined the challenges associated with implementing renewable energy
policies, analyzed the implications of the findings for policymakers and
further gave some potential solutions that will help the policymakers and
future researchers
the best homework you can find. to extract the most useful information in the data analysis panel where this file can help you in understanding the data and the different between all of the papers in the market
Factors Affecting the Rise of Renewable Energy in the U.S. .docxmydrynan
Factors Affecting the Rise of Renewable Energy in the U.S.:
Concern over Environmental Quality or Rising Unemployment?
Adrienne M. Ohler*
A B S T R A C T
This paper studies the development of renewable energy (RE) in the U.S. by
examining the capacity to generate electricity from renewable sources. RE ca
pacity exhibits a U-shaped relationship with per capita income, similar to other
metrics for environmental quality (EQ). To explain this phenomenon, I consider
several of the environmental Kuznets curve theories that describe the relationship
between income and environmental quality (Y-EQ), including evolving property
rights, increased demand for improved EQ, and changing economic composition.
The results fail to provide support for the Y-EQ theories. I further consider the
alternative hypothesis that increases in unemployment lead to increases in relative
RE capacity, suggesting that promoting RE projects as a potential job creator is
one of the main drivers of RE projects. The results imply that lagged unemploy
ment is a significant predictor of relative RE capacity, particularly for states with
a large manufacturing share of GDR
Keywords: Renewable energy, Environmental quality, Environmental Kuznets
curve, Electricity mix, Transition, Unemployment
http://dx.doi.Org/10.5547/01956574.36.2.5
1. INTRODUCTION
This paper analyzes the transition between renewable and nonrenewable energy sources
by empirically examining the relationship between per capita income and the relative use of RE
sources. Schmalensee, Stoker, and Judson (1998) stress that examining this relationship is important
to understanding whether energy transitions are due to fundamental economic trends or environ
mental policy. Using 1990-2008 state level panel data from the U.S. electricity market, I examine
two measures of relative RE use: the percent of capacity that utilizes RE sources and the devel
opment of RE capacity, defined as the change in the percent of RE capacity. The basic regression
results report a U-shaped relationship between income and RE capacity.
Literature on the empirical relationship between renewable energy (RE) and income typ
ically finds a positive relationship. Research on an individual’s willingness-to-pay (WTP) for RE
suggests that demand for RE increases with income. Bollino (2009) shows that high income indi
viduals are willing to pay more for electricity from RE, and Long (1993) presents results that suggest
high-income individuals spend more on RE investments. Oliver, Volschenk, and Smit (2011) study
the developing country of South Africa and also find a positive link between household income
and WTP for green electricity. On a more aggregate level, Carley (2009) finds evidence that the
percentage of RE generation increases with a state’s Gross State Product, and Burke (2010) finds
that the share of electricity generation from wind, and biomass electricity increases with per capita
* Illinois State University ...
Promoting Massive Renewable Energy (RE) Projects
towards achieving Sustainable Development in Nigeria
Taiwo Benjamin
Carleton University, Canada
Presented at #naee2015
World Economic Forum report on the state of energy transition around the globe, and their recommendations.
Please consult with our working practice Energy For One World on how best to see and where best we can approach the present gap and (leadership) change challenge we see ourselves in.
A Field Survey Based Study of Household Energy Use Patterns in Tertiary Insti...ijtsrd
The availability of energy sources, particularly electricity, is a basic requirement for living standards. The efficiency with which households use energy is critical not just for improving individual living conditions, but also for a countrys economic growth. There is a considerable imbalance between electricity demand and generation in Nigeria. The purpose of this survey is to investigate the energy related perceptions and awareness of household consumers in Ihiagwa and Nekede communities, and, to determine the level of alignment of this awareness with their actual preferences and behavior to derive insights for environmental and energy policy planning and management. We have collected the data in the form of questionnaires related, to personal profiles, behavior, and attitudes in the use of energy and electricity in 676 households in Nekede and Iheagwa. By analyzing the data, it was found that the Households 82.0 prefer electricity to other forms of energy. A large percentage of people 67.1 believed that their electric bill was causing them financial difficulties, and 80.2 had made efforts to reduce their electricity bill. Furthermore, the results suggest an attitude behavior gap in terms of energy sources and purpose of usage. Commercial energy is used and petroleum sources come as a stand in alternative source. The household features and average energy cost was correlated. The results show that ownership of the building factor had a statistically insignificant coefficient, a p value of 0.5586, income relationship with energy cost was a significant factor p value of 0.0009, and the number of family members and energy cost had a p value of 0.0004 respectively. The findings of this survey should be useful for future planning of household energy management in Imo State and Nigeria by extension. These would aid in the development of the national energy strategy plan, as well as in understanding current energy use and availability conditions. Obasi Ibe B. | Opabisi Adeyinka K | Agbakwuru Bruno C. "A Field Survey-Based Study of Household Energy-Use Patterns in Tertiary Institutions Communities in Imo State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57479.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/57479/a-field-surveybased-study-of-household-energyuse-patterns-in-tertiary-institutions-communities-in-imo-state/obasi-ibe-b
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention (IJHSSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Humanities and Social Science. IJHSSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Humanities and Social Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Similar to Co integration Relationship Between Economic Growth, Export and Electricity Consumption: Evidence from Fiji (20)
Call for Papers - 8th International Conference on Electrical & Computer Engin...AEIJjournal2
8th International Conference on Electrical & Computer Engineering (E& C 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications impacts and challenges of Electrical & Computer Engineering. The conference documents practical and theoretical results which make a fundamental contribution for the development of Electrical & Computer Engineering. The aim of the conference is to provide a platform to the researchers and practitioners from both academia as well as industry to meet and share cutting-edge development in the field.
Authors are solicited to contribute to the conference by submitting articles that illustrate research results, projects, surveying works and industrial experiences that describe significant advances in the following areas, but are not limited to:
DYNAMICS IN THE HISTORY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF MAN: REFOCUSING ON ECOLOG...AEIJjournal2
Man’s history and development endeavours have beenadvancing alongside a trail of ecological
ramifications and climate change. Since prehistoric times, scientists have not recorded an accelerated shift
in the ecologyof the planet during any other epoch beside that of modern man. The paper seeks to explore
how man’s history and developmentaffects ecologyand climate. It uses desk analysis to recollect data from
global assessment reportsand runs a One paired Sample Means t-Test, 1 tailed, 8 df, at Pearson
Correlation value 0.458 and 0.5 alpha level. Findings show that, there is globalclimate change, seen in
global warming trends; andimbalance in ecological footprint, seen in depletion of air, water and land
sinks. The t-Test reveals significant net loss of global forest cover.The study also,apparently found that,
processes ofdevelopment generally tend to damage ecology. Therefore,the study recommends a refocus to
sustainable means of development.
Direct Alcohol Alkaline Fuel Cell as Future ProspectusAEIJjournal2
Fuel cells are called the fourth electricity power generation after water, nuclear power generation devices.
Fuel cells are widely recognized as very attractive devices to obtain directly electric energy from the
electrochemical combustion of chemical products. When fuel cells are continuously supplied fuel and
oxidant, electricity can be made constantly. According to the different electrolytes, fuel cells can be divided
into different types among them, alkaline fuel cell is best as compared to others ones. Due to the activation
overvoltage at the cathode is generally less than that with an acid electrolyte and there are very few
standard chemicals that are cheaper than potassium hydroxide. These fuel cells have longer lifetimes, and
do not require expensive noble metal catalysts to be used. Noble metal catalysts may be used, but less is
needed to achieve a similar reaction rate. The main objective of the study is to use different kind of
alcohols in alkaline fuel cell and determined the characteristics at different parameter.
COMPARING ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF DOMESTIC SOLAR WATER HEATER INSTALLATION IN...AEIJjournal2
Adequate and consistent energy supply is often regarded as a major factor in the development of any
country. To add to this, the depletion of fossil fuels has also emphasised the need for alternate renewable
energy solutions to meet global energy needs without inflicting any serious environmental impacts. Solar
energy is globally acknowledged for its vast potential, as a source of providing most of the heating, cooling
and electricity needs of the world. One of the most effective uses of solar energy is water heating. The use
of solar energy to heat water has been proven to be a very economical, efficient and environmental friendly
option for domestic as well as commercial applications. This study compares the feasibility of domestic
solar water heater installation in three major cities of Pakistan i.e. Lahore, Karachi and Peshawar. The
results show the solar water heater installation is most feasible in Peshawar, among the three selected
cities.
FREE CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER OF NANOFLUIDS FROM A HORIZONTAL PLATE EMBEDDED ...AEIJjournal2
In this paper the natural convection heat transfer from a horizontal plate embedded in a porous medium
saturated with a nanofluid is numerically analyzed. By a similarity approach the partial differential
equations are reduced to a set of two ordinary differential equations. In order to evaluate the influence of
nanoparticles on the heat transfer, Ag and Cuo as the nanoparticles were selected. Results show that heat
transfer rate (Nur) is a decreasing function of volume fraction of nanoparticles.
GDQ SIMULATION FOR FLOW AND HEAT TRANSFER OF A NANOFLUID OVER A NONLINEARLY S...AEIJjournal2
This paper presents the generalized differential quadrature (GDQ) simulation for analysis of a nanofluid
over a nonlinearly stretching sheet. The obtained governing equations of flow and heat transfer are
discretized by GDQ method and then are solved by Newton-Raphson method. The effects of stretching
parameter, Brownian motion number (Nb), Thermophoresis number (Nt) and Lewis number (Le), on the
concentration distribution and temperature distribution are evaluated. The obtained results exhibit that
ASSESSING PERCEPTUAL VIDEO QUALITY IN WIMAX NETWORKS AEIJjournal2
This paper presents an approach for assessing the perceptual quality of wireless video networking
applications transmitted via WiMAX, the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access air interface
standard. The Video Quality Model developed by Information Administration’s Video Quality Expert
Group is used to benchmark perceptual video quality.
Layer-Type Power Transformer Thermal Analysis Considering Effective Parameter...AEIJjournal2
Since large power transformers belong to the most valuable assets in electrical power networks it is
suitable to pay higher attention to these operating resources. Thermal impact leads not only to long-term
oil/paper-insulation degradation; it is also a limiting factor for the transformer operation. Therefore, the
knowledge of the temperature, especially the hottest spot (HST) temperature, is of high interest. This paper
presents steady state temperature distribution of a power transformer layer-type winding using conjugated
heat transfer analysis, therefore energy and Navier-Stokes equations are solved using finite difference
method. Meanwhile, the effects of load conditions and type of oil on HST are investigated using the model.
Oil in the transformer is assumed nearly incompressible and oil parameters such as thermal conductivity,
special heat, viscosity, and density vary with temperature. Comparing the results with those obtained from
finite integral transform checks the validity and accuracy of the proposed method
STUDY OF THE EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF A DYESENSITIZED SOLAR CELLSAEIJjournal2
The dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) have gained the last decades an important place among photovoltaic
technologies due to their low-cost of implementation and their performance, which becomes more efficient.
The experimental data for this type of cells are enriched and accumulated quickly, given the enthusiasm for
this new technology. The present work treats the equivalent circuit of a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) for
a model in an exponential, and by using the results of some works, we shall make a simulation by the
software Scilab to obtain the characteristics (I-V), then we will study the influence of every parameter on
the curve.
TRANSIENT STABILITY IMPROVEMENT OF POWER SYSTEMS BY OPTIMAL SIZING AND ALLOCA...AEIJjournal2
Employing Resistive Superconducting Fault Current Limiters (RSFCL) is one of the practical and effective
methods to improve the transient stability of a power system by limiting the fault current. Regarding
technical and economical constraints, optimal sizing and allocation of RSFCLs in a power system is of
significant importance. It is the purpose of this paper to propose an algorithm based on the Particle Swarm
Optimization (PSO) in order to improve the transient stability of a power system by optimal sizing and
allocation of RSFCLs. The proposed algorithm is next applied to the New England 39-bus test system as a
case study and the results are simulated in Matlab. Simulation results reveal that in the case of employing
RSFCLs with sizes and locations resulted from the optimization algorithm, the transient stability of the
power system under study is improved. Furthermore, it seems that the optimal locations of RSFCLs are to
some extent near the fault location.
A Review on RDB to RDF Mapping for Semantic WebAEIJjournal2
In Databases one of the active research fields is mapping relational databases (RDB) into Resource
Description Framework (RDF). An enormous data is kept in the form of relational databases and accessing
of data is done in the semantic web. The data stored in RDB is to be efficiently mapped to the semantic web
or RDF for data availability to the users. There is a definite need for improvement in technologies for
efficient mapping languages from RDB to RDF in semantic web. This paper presents an up-to-date survey
of different RDB to RDF mapping languages proposed in recent times. It outlines the main features or
characteristics to be considered for efficient mapping in different scenarios. The main objective of this
content, pictures identification of limitations existing in the mapping languages. It also enhances the
comparisons between each language and helps researchers to propose further better proposals in their
future scope of work to improve better mapping techniques.
Dynamics in the History and Economic Development of Man: Refocusing on Ecolog...AEIJjournal2
Man’s history and development endeavours have beenadvancing alongside a trail of ecological
ramifications and climate change. Since prehistoric times, scientists have not recorded an accelerated shift
in the ecologyof the planet during any other epoch beside that of modern man. The paper seeks to explore
how man’s history and developmentaffects ecologyand climate. It uses desk analysis to recollect data from
global assessment reportsand runs a One paired Sample Means t-Test, 1 tailed, 8 df, at Pearson
Correlation value 0.458 and 0.5 alpha level. Findings show that, there is globalclimate change, seen in
global warming trends; andimbalance in ecological footprint, seen in depletion of air, water and land
sinks. The t-Test reveals significant net loss of global forest cover.The study also,apparently found that,
processes ofdevelopment generally tend to damage ecology. Therefore,the study recommends a refocus to
sustainable means of development.
SIMULATION OF THE SOLAR CELLS WITH PC1D, APPLICATION TO CELLS BASED ON SILICONAEIJjournal2
A way of exploiting the solar energy is to use cells photovoltaic which convert the energy conveyed by the
incidental radiation in a continuous electric current. This conversation is based on the photovoltaic effect
engendered by the absorption of photons. A part of the absorbed photons generates pairs electron-hole in
which an electric field created in the zone of load of space of a junction p–n.
Thus, the junction p-n, its characteristics, its components and its dimensions are the parameters
responsible of the efficiency and the performances of a solar cell. To study this, we are going to use a very
known software in the mode of the simulation of solar cells, the PC1D, and we are going, at the end, to
draw a conclusion around the ideal parameters that a good solar cell has to have.
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF WIND TURBINE EMULATOR TO OPERATE WITH 1.5KW INDUCTI...AEIJjournal2
This paper contributes to design a Wind Emulator coupled to 1.5 kW Induction generator for Wind Energy
Conversion System. A wind turbine emulator (WTE) is important equipment for developing wind energy
conversion systems. It offers a controllable test environment that allows the evaluation and improvement of
control schemes for electric generators that is hard to achieve with an actual wind turbine since the wind
speed varies randomly. In this paper a wind emulator is modelled and simulated using MATLAB.
Verification of the simulation results is done by experimental setup using DC motor-Induction generator
set, LABVIEW and data acquisition card.
EVALUATING MATHEMATICAL HEAT TRANSFER EFFECTIVENESS EQUATIONS USING CFD TECHN...AEIJjournal2
Mathematical heat transfer equations for finned double pipe heat exchangers based on experimental work
carried out in the 1970s can be programmed in a spreadsheet for repetitive use. Thus avoiding CFD
analysis which can be time consuming and costly. However, it is important that such mathematical
equations be evaluated for their accuracy. This paper uses CFD methods in evaluating the accuracy of
mathematical equations. Several models were created with varying; geometry, flue gas entry temperature,
and flow rates. The analysis should provide designers and manufacturers a judgment on the expected level
of accuracy when using mathematical modelling methodology. This paper simultaneously identifies best
practices in carrying out such CFD analysis.
Effect of Zn Concentration On Structural and Optical Proprieties Of ZNO Thin ...AEIJjournal2
ZnO thin film were deposited by spray pyrolysis on glass substrates, using zinc nitrate as precursor with
different molar concentrations varying from 0.05M to 0.2 M. To study the structural proprieties of the film ,
the different technique was used as the X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman
scattering , and FTIR . The optical properties were explored by transmission, reflectivity and
Photoluminescence techniques. The ZnO thin films obtained in this paper are polycrystallines, the grain
size increases when the molar concentration of Zn precursor was increasing. The films are transparent in
visible region, this transmission values decreases when the molar concentration increase caused by the
increasing of surface roughness
Split Second Analysis Covering High Pressure Gas Flow Dynamics At Pipe Outlet...AEIJjournal2
A detailed investigation covering piped gas flow characteristics in high pressure flow conditions. Such flow
analysis can be resolved using established mathematical equations known as the Fanno condition, which
usually cover steady state, or final flow conditions. However, in real life, such flow conditions are
transient, varying with time. This paper uses CFD analysis providing a split second “snapshot” at what
happens at the pipe outlet, and therefore, a closer understanding at what happens at the pipe’s outlet in
high pressure gas flow condition.
In this example air was selected for simulation purposes. In HVAC applications, such gas flow conditions
can occur in typical applications such as; air compressors releasing high pressure air through a pipe, or
compressor over pressure refrigerant gas being released into the atmosphere via a discharge pipe.
Investigation has shown that rather than a steady mass flow rate condition occurring at the pipe outlet,
calculated by the Fanno flow condition, a spiked increase in flow rate occurs at the beginning,and then
stabilizing after a few seconds, with relatively minor ripples in flow rate. Other observations were also
made and commented.
CFD results in mass flow rate were compared with the mathematically derived results, differences were
recorded. The CFD analysis showed how the k-omega turbulence model performed well, with the processor
stabilizing at an early stage.
The Force Convection Heat Transfer of A Nanofluid Over A Flat Plate: Using Th...AEIJjournal2
Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Energy Engineering and allied fields. This multi disciplinary journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Energy Engineering.
A MODIFIED ANT COLONY ALGORITHM FOR SOLVING THE UNIT COMMITMENT PROBLEMAEIJjournal2
Solving the unit commitment (UC) problem is one of the most complicated issues in power systems that its
exact solving can be calculated by perfect counting of entire possible compounds of generative units. UC is
equated as a nonlinear optimization with huge size. Purpose of solving this problem is to programming the
optimization of the generative units to minimize the full action cost regarding problem constraints. In this
article, a modified version of ant colony optimization (MACO) is introduced for solving the UC problem in
a power system. ACO algorithm is a powerful optimization method which has the capability of fleeing from
local minimums by performing flexible memory system. The efficiency of proposed method in two power
system containing 4 and 10 generative units is indicated. Comparison of obtained results from the proposed
method with results of the past well-known methods is a proof for suitability of performing the introduced
algorithm in economic input and output of generative units.
Impedance Spectroscopy Analysis of a Liquid Tin Anode Fuel Cell in Voltage Re...AEIJjournal2
A concept of a liquid tin anode-indirect carbon air fuel cell (LTA-ICFC) are described. Experimental
setups for analysis of LTA-ICFC polarisations of an operational electrochemical reactor of the LTA-ICFC
are presented. Results from Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Analysis of the electrochemical
reactor of the LTA-ICFC are shown and analysed.The rate-determining step of the system is concluded.
The charge-transfer resistance did not show considerable differences at 700-800 °C. This can be implied
that the charge-transfer resistance is not the rate-limiting step of the transport processes of the fuel cell.
The increase of the Warburg impedance concurrently with the resistance to fit mass-transport loss (R3)
suggests that the rate-limiting step for the LTA-ICFC in voltage recovery mode is the diffusion of the oxide
ions through SnO2 layer. The increment of mass transport lost, R3, of the cell causes the slowly increase of
the cell’s voltage over the voltage from 0.7-0.8 V at 700, 750, and 800 °C.
how can I sell my pi coins for cash in a pi APPDOT TECH
You can't sell your pi coins in the pi network app. because it is not listed yet on any exchange.
The only way you can sell is by trading your pi coins with an investor (a person looking forward to hold massive amounts of pi coins before mainnet launch) .
You don't need to meet the investor directly all the trades are done with a pi vendor/merchant (a person that buys the pi coins from miners and resell it to investors)
I Will leave The telegram contact of my personal pi vendor, if you are finding a legitimate one.
@Pi_vendor_247
#pi network
#pi coins
#money
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
If you are looking for a pi coin investor. Then look no further because I have the right one he is a pi vendor (he buy and resell to whales in China). I met him on a crypto conference and ever since I and my friends have sold more than 10k pi coins to him And he bought all and still want more. I will drop his telegram handle below just send him a message.
@Pi_vendor_247
Introduction to Indian Financial System ()Avanish Goel
The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
It facilitates the flow of funds form the households (savers) to business firms (investors) to aid in wealth creation and development of both the parties
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
Resume
• Real GDP growth slowed down due to problems with access to electricity caused by the destruction of manoeuvrable electricity generation by Russian drones and missiles.
• Exports and imports continued growing due to better logistics through the Ukrainian sea corridor and road. Polish farmers and drivers stopped blocking borders at the end of April.
• In April, both the Tax and Customs Services over-executed the revenue plan. Moreover, the NBU transferred twice the planned profit to the budget.
• The European side approved the Ukraine Plan, which the government adopted to determine indicators for the Ukraine Facility. That approval will allow Ukraine to receive a EUR 1.9 bn loan from the EU in May. At the same time, the EU provided Ukraine with a EUR 1.5 bn loan in April, as the government fulfilled five indicators under the Ukraine Plan.
• The USA has finally approved an aid package for Ukraine, which includes USD 7.8 bn of budget support; however, the conditions and timing of the assistance are still unknown.
• As in March, annual consumer inflation amounted to 3.2% yoy in April.
• At the April monetary policy meeting, the NBU again reduced the key policy rate from 14.5% to 13.5% per annum.
• Over the past four weeks, the hryvnia exchange rate has stabilized in the UAH 39-40 per USD range.
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
Even tho Pi network is not listed on any exchange yet.
Buying/Selling or investing in pi network coins is highly possible through the help of vendors. You can buy from vendors[ buy directly from the pi network miners and resell it]. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal vendor.
@Pi_vendor_247
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview.pptxmarketing367770
USDA Loans in California: A Comprehensive Overview
If you're dreaming of owning a home in California's rural or suburban areas, a USDA loan might be the perfect solution. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) offers these loans to help low-to-moderate-income individuals and families achieve homeownership.
Key Features of USDA Loans:
Zero Down Payment: USDA loans require no down payment, making homeownership more accessible.
Competitive Interest Rates: These loans often come with lower interest rates compared to conventional loans.
Flexible Credit Requirements: USDA loans have more lenient credit score requirements, helping those with less-than-perfect credit.
Guaranteed Loan Program: The USDA guarantees a portion of the loan, reducing risk for lenders and expanding borrowing options.
Eligibility Criteria:
Location: The property must be located in a USDA-designated rural or suburban area. Many areas in California qualify.
Income Limits: Applicants must meet income guidelines, which vary by region and household size.
Primary Residence: The home must be used as the borrower's primary residence.
Application Process:
Find a USDA-Approved Lender: Not all lenders offer USDA loans, so it's essential to choose one approved by the USDA.
Pre-Qualification: Determine your eligibility and the amount you can borrow.
Property Search: Look for properties in eligible rural or suburban areas.
Loan Application: Submit your application, including financial and personal information.
Processing and Approval: The lender and USDA will review your application. If approved, you can proceed to closing.
USDA loans are an excellent option for those looking to buy a home in California's rural and suburban areas. With no down payment and flexible requirements, these loans make homeownership more attainable for many families. Explore your eligibility today and take the first step toward owning your dream home.
Greek trade a pillar of dynamic economic growth - European Business Review
Co integration Relationship Between Economic Growth, Export and Electricity Consumption: Evidence from Fiji
1. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 2, No. 2/3, July 2015
1
COINTEGRATION RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
ECONOMIC GROWTH, EXPORT AND
ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION: EVIDENCE
FROM FIJI
Keshmeer Makun
School of International Trade
Dongbei University of Finance and Economics
ABSTRACT
Energy dependent small developing island states are besieged to sustain potential rate of growth. This is
due to increase in energy prices and lack of evidence based policy on long term sustainable energy use.
This paper examines the long run relationship between economic growth, export and electricity
consumption in Fiji over the period 1981-2011. Employing Granger causality test it is found that there is
cointegrating relationship between economic growth, export and electricity consumption. The casual
relationship between the variables was investigated within the error correction model framework. We
found that in the long run causality runs from electricity consumption and export to economic growth.
Based on this empirical analysis some important policy implications are suggested.
Key Words:
Economic growth, Export, Energy.
JEL Classification: Q43, C34
1. INTRODUCTION
Energy is one of the perquisites for economic development. Countries around the world are now
putting measures to ensure energy security and perhaps to become energy independent. On the
other side energy prices have been increasing since early 1980s. Many researchers, hence, have
moved to examine the short term demand function for energy. The main idea of these studies has
been to know how demand for energy responds to changes in prices and income. However, there
is very few or no studies at least in pacific island countries (PICs) especially in Fiji that attempts
to address the energy issues based on long term perspective. Being an energy dependent country
and struggling to obtain potential growth rate of output, gaining insights on to long term growth
effect of energy is useful for policy makers to map out appropriate policy strategies. The direction
of causality is highly pertinent for policy makers. Therefore it is essential to look at long term
relationship between economic growth and energy consumption. This is the main objective of this
paper.
In this process we also be inclined address some neglected issues in examining long run
relationship between economic growth and energy consumption. One of these issues is omitted
2. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 2, No. 2/3, July 2015
2
variable bias. Many papers in energy journals have established the relationship between economic
growth and energy consumption within bivariate analysis, for example see Payne and Apergis [1]
for review. However, this two variable analysis has received a lot of criticism. It is argued that the
two variable relationships suffer from omitted variable bias and cointegration test from bivariate
analysis could be misleading, see Smyth and Lean [2] for detailed discussion. Wolde-Rufael [3]
shows that cointegration results from several African countries differ when additional variables
were included. This perhaps explains why till now the debate on long term relationship between
economic growth and energy consumption remain inconclusive. We purposely examine the
cointegration relationship between economic growth and electricity consumption, adding exports
as an extra variable. Though narrow export base, given Fiji’s importance of export to rest of the
world, electricity consumption is very influential in performance of export sector.
The purpose of this study is to establish if the variables under study are cointegrated, meaning
that they share common trend in the long run. This would be an interesting finding in light of the
small developing island nation. Secondly we develop error correction model to examine the
causal relationship among economic growth, energy consumption and export. By adding export
as an additional variable we anticipate to get clearer picture of relationship between economic
growth and energy consumption. The literature proposes four different hypotheses of causal
relationship. If there is uni-directional relationship from electricity consumption and export to
economic growth, than this would imply that export and electricity consumption has direct
influence on economic growth. Thus tax policies to reduce energy consumption would have
negative impact on economic growth. If there is uni-directional relationship from economic
growth to electricity consumption, than reduction in electricity consumption will not necessary
have negative impact on economic growth. Bidirectional relationship between economic growth
and electricity consumption implies that reduction in electricity consumption will negatively
impact economic growth and inturn low economic growth will negatively impact electricity
consumption. Finally, there could be no relationship between economic growth and electricity
consumption implying that the variables are not cointegrated. The findings of this paper could be
useful for policy makers in trade as well as in energy sector.
The remainder of this paper are organised as follows: section 2 gives a brief overview of energy
consumption in Fiji. Section 3 provides literature review on economic growth and energy
consumption. Section 4 outlines empirical methodology and results. Section 5 provides
conclusion with some policy implications.
2. ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN FIJI
Fiji is a small developing island economy with population of less than a million. Its per capita
GDP in current price is US$4437. The recent five years trend rate of growth is about 4% per year.
The per capita vehicle ratio is increasing in comparison to other developing countries. For
example this ratio has increased from 3 per 100 in 1970 to 17 per 100 in 2005. The public and
private transport, rental and hire cars and Fiji electricity Authority all use imported gasoline.
Since there are no oil fields and refineries in Fiji, all of its crude materials and mineral fuels are
imported. The import bill of mineral fuels was FJ$1165.7 million in 2011 which is slightly above
29% of its total imports. Total electricity produce by Fiji electricity authority in 2014 increased
by 0.2 percent. Electricity consumption increased by an annual 2.8 percent, driven by domestic –
5.1%, commercial – 2.3% and industrial- 1.9%. The demand for energy has been increasing
steadily over time in Fiji. This is due to an increase in income and changes in government policy
which enable people to buy pre-used vehicles, governments spending on infrastructure
development and increasing demand for electricity from rural areas and increasing number of
household population.
Table 1: Import of Minerals fuels, Crude Materials and Electricity production in Fiji.
3. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 2, No. 2/3, July 2015
3
Years Mineral Fuels
($million)
Crude Materials
($millions)
Electricity
Production (kWh)
2000 332.4 15.9 688
2001 443.5 13.7 726
2002 435.4 13.8 765
2003 463.0 16.3 812
2004 587.0 20.2 816
2005 784.0 21.7 823
2006 1021.5 32.1 690
2007 958.2 24.4 706
2008 1222.1 31.0 718
2009 720.4 25.0 715
2010 1100.5 30.3 764
2011 1165.7 30.5 741
Source: ADB (2012), Reserve Bank of Fiji Quarterly Review (2013).
3. LITERATURE REVIEW
Akinboade and Kumo [4] analysed the energy demand for South Africa using the Autoregressive
Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing procedure to cointegration. They analysed the long run
relationship and confirmed the cointegration relationship between the variables in energy
demand. Rao and Rao [5] estimated the gasoline demand for Fiji with 6 alternative time series
techniques. They found long run cointegration in 5 of these techniques however; estimates with
all the 6 alternative techniques were very close. Smyth and Lean [6] investigated the relationship
among output, export, electricity consumption, capital and labour for Malaysia. They used
granger causality test proposed by Toda and Yamamoto (1995). They found evidence of
bidirectional causality between output and electricity consumption and export led growth
hypothesis. Kwak and Yoo [7] in their analysis found long run cointegrating relationship between
economic growth and electricity consumption in Columbia and Venezuela. Chandran et. al. [8]
investigated the long run causality between growth and electricity consumption and price in
Malaysia. Their results show that in long run growth, electricity and prices are cointegrated. In
another study Smyth and Lean [9] examine the relationship among electricity consumption,
carbon dioxide emission and out for ASEAN countries by applying Johansen Fisher panel
cointegration. They confirmed long run relationship between the variables. Acarvci and Ozturk
[10] using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bound test procedure of cointegration and
vector error correction model examined the long run and short run relationship between economic
growth and electricity for 11 Middle East and North African countries. Their results show that
there is no cointegration in Iran, Morocco, and Syria. However, they found evidence of
cointegration in Egypt, Israel, Oman, and Saudi Arabia. Further, the result indicates that policies
for energy conservation can have little or no impact on economic growth in most of the MENA
countries. Narayan and Smyth [11] found positive effects of export and electricity consumption
on economic growth in a panel of six Middle Eastern Countries. In another study Narayan and
Smyth [12] shows that real income, employment and electricity consumption are cointegrated in
long run. However, other studies including Ghosh [13] for India, Hatemi and Irandoust [14] for
Sweden have found evidence of unidirectional causality from economic growth to electricity
consumption. Shiu and Lam [15] found long run cointegration relation between economic growth
and electricity consumption for China. The seminal work of Kraft and Kraft [16] applying VAR
model shows evidence of causality running from income to energy consumption in US over the
period 1947-1974. Tiwari [17] emphases that while non-renewable energy consumption have
negative effect on economic growth , consumption of renewable energy has positive effect on
4. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 2, No. 2/3, July 2015
4
economic growth in European and Eurasian countries. Payne and Apergis [1] found evidence of
bidirectional causality between economic growth and renewable and non-renewable energy
consumption for sample of 80 developing and developed countries. Tugcu et al. [18] examined
the long run relationship between economic growth and non renewable energy consumption for
G7 countries using production function. Their result shows that there is bidirectional causality
between economic growth and non-renewable energy in all G7 economies. Payne [19] reviewed
the literature on the relationship among economic growth and electricity consumption and shows
that evidence on causal relationship between economic growth and electricity consumption is
mixed. His analysis revealed that about 23% of the studies supported the growth hypothesis,
around 28% supported the conservation hypothesis, 18% supported the feedback hypothesis and
31% of the studies supported the neutrality hypothesis.
4. MODELLING, METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS
To examine the long run relationship among economic growth, export and electricity
consumption we apply the Granger causality test. A standard specification if long run
cointegration relationship is evidenced to be presented as follows:
1)
(
2
1 t
t
t
t InELC
InEXP
InGDPPC ε
π
π
α +
+
+
=
Where:
InGDPPC is natural log of GDP per capita at 2005 prices;
lnEXP is the natural log of ratio of exports to GDP (percent);
lnELC is the natural log of electricity consumption.
Accordingly the short run relationship can be examined through an error correction model (ECM)
framework:
2)
(
1
0
1
0
1
1
1 t
t
n
i
t
i
n
i
t
i
n
i
t
i
t ECM
InELC
InEXP
InGDPPC
Y
InGDPPC ε
λ
χ
α +
+
∆
Ζ
+
∆
+
∆
+
=
∆ −
=
−
=
−
=
− ∑
∑
∑
At outset we address 3 issues concerning this model (1) before we undertake empirical analysis.
These are (i) the order of integration of the variables under study (ii) the optimal order of VAR
(iii) whether EXP and ELC are weakly exogenous with respect to GDPPC.
The results of unit root test are given in table 2. We have used standard ADF test for the
variables. The result indicates that all variable are I (1) in levels and I (0) in their first difference.
An OLS estimation of the equation (1) yields an estimated residual series ECM. The ADF test on
ECM suggests that the estimated residual is stationary at level, indicating the evidence of a long
run cointegration relationship. The results in table 2 are self explanatory.
To determine the order of VAR the standard AIC and SBC criteria are used starting with order of
2. AIC indicated a second order but SBC indicated first order. Since our sample size is small we
decided to use first order of VAR.
Using first order of VAR we conduct the block non-causality test to find out if EXP and ELC are
weakly exogenous to GDPPC. Excluding the intercept, the null that explanatory variables are
exogenous was rejected at 5% level. The computed test statistics with p-value in brackets is X2
(2)
5. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 2, No. 2/3, July 2015
5
= 177.65(0.000) this implies that Granger causality estimate of cointegration equation can be
normalised in GDPPC.
Table 2: Unit Root Test
Variables ADF test Statistics Critical Value (5%)
GDPPC 0.3291(1) 2.9639
lnGDPPC 7.2100(1) 2.9677
EXP 1.9393(1) 2.9639
lnEXP 5.0172(1) 2.9677
ELC 1.1930(1) 2.9639
lnELC 5.2936(1) 2.9677
ECM 5.0209(1) 2.9718
Note: E-Views 8 have been used for the tests. The number of lags used is in the parentheses.
4.1 Estimates of Cointegration Equation
Estimates of cointegration equation with Granger causality is shown in table 3. We have
introduced an intercept dummy variable DUM 87206. This dummy variable is 1 for year 1987,
2000 and 2006 and zero for all other times. This was a time of political instability in Fiji. Also
without this dummy variable, test for serial correlation was poor. The coefficients of export and
electricity consumption are as expected with positive sign and plausible.
Table 3: Long Run estimates
Variables coefficient T-statistics P-Value
C 8320.96 11.0178 0.000
EXP 14.9682 -1.9802 0.057
ELC 4.02301 12.0391 0.000
DUM87206 -21.0167 -0.1375 0.8916
To examine the short run causality among the variables we proceed to apply Granger causality
tests within the error correction model framework. The results are reported in Table 4. For the
equation (2) with lnGDPPC as dependent variable, the coefficient for the error term (ECM) is
negative and significant at 1 percent level. A significant ECM is indicative of long run causality
running from export and electricity consumption to economic growth. The magnitude of ECM (-
0.22) indicates that adjustment towards the long run equilibrium is about 22 percent per annum.
This implies that though these variable deviate in the short run, they will converge to long run
equilibrium.
Table4: short Run Estimates
Variables Coefficient T-statistics P-Value
C 39.2136 1.0879 0.2866
lnEXP 7.8151 0.9496 0.3510
lnELC 0.6312 0.6277 0.5356
ECM(-1) -0.2197 3.4919 0.0017
The summary statistics of this model did not reveal any evidence against the validity of the
estimation. The R2
is about 86%. The Chi square test for serial correlation [X2
(2) =
6. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 2, No. 2/3, July 2015
6
5.1961(0.07)], normality of residual [X2
=0.4374(0.80)] and heteroscedasticity [X2
(3) =
2.2922(0.51)] were all significant at 5 % level.
5. CONCLUSION AND POLICY IMPLICATION
This study has examined the long run cointegration relationship between economic growth,
export and electricity consumption in Fiji using time series data over the period 1981-2011.
Employing standard granger causality test we find evidence that economic growth, export and
electricity are cointegrated. Thus in the long run, electricity consumption is essential for
economic growth and development. Government needs to understand the importance of energy
and electricity and allocate resources for development of new sources of energy and reduce
energy import bill. Investment in solar energy should continue as Fiji has abundance of sunlight.
Policy makers must note that taxation to limit energy import would have negative impact on
economic growth. Investment in energy infrastructure would be more appropriate so that private
sector investment can take place. Further, policy makers should undertake reforms that would
open up the energy sector for competition. This will reduce the cost of electricity and attract more
investment in export sector.
REFERENCE
[1] Apergis, N. and J. E. Payne, (2012b) “Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption-growth
nexus: Evidence from a panel error correction model”, Energy Economics, Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 733-
738.
[2] Lean, H.H. and R. Smyth, (2010a) “On the dynamics of aggregate output, electricity consumption and
exports in Malaysia: Evidence from multivariate Granger causality tests”, Applied Energy, No. 87,
pp. 1963-1971.
[3] Wolde-Rufael, Y., (2006) “Electricity Consumption and Economic Growth: A Time
SeriesExperience for 17 African Countries”, Energy Policy, No. 34, pp. 1106-1114.
[4] Akinboade, O. A., Ziramba, E and Kumo, W L., (2008) “The demand for gasoline in South Africa:
An empirical analysis using cointegration techniques”, Energy Economics, No. 30, pp.3222-3229.
[5] Rao, B.B. and Rao, G., (2008) “Cointegration and the Demand for Gasoline”, Economics and
Econometrics Research Institute, No.13.
[6] Lean, H.H. and R. Smyth, (2010b) “On the dynamics of aggregate output, electricity consumption and
exports in Malaysia: Evidence from Multivariate Granger Causality test”, Applied Energy, No 87, pp.
1963-1971.
[7] Yoo, S.H. and S.Y. Kwak, (2010) “Electricity Consumption and Economic Growth in Seven South
American Countries”, Energy Policy, No. 38, pp. 181-188.
[8] Chandran, V.G.R., S. Sharma, and Madhavan, K., (2010) “Electricity Consumption-Growth Nexus:
The Case of Malaysia”, Energy Policy, No.38, pp. 606-612.
[9] Lean, H.H. and R. Smyth, (2010c) “CO2 Emissions, Electricity Consumption, and Output in
ASEAN”, Applied Energy, No. 87, pp. 1858-1864.
[10] Acaravci, A., Ozturk, I., (2010) “Electricity Consumption-Growth Nexus: Evidence from Panel
Data for Transition Countries”, Energy Economics, No.32, pp. 604-608.
[11] Narayan, P.K., Smyth, R., (2009) “Multivariate Granger causality between electricit y
consumption, exports and GDP: evidence from a panel of Middle Eastern countries”, Energy Policy
No. 37, pp. 229–236.
[12] Narayan, P.K., Smyth, R., (2005) “Electricity consumption, employment and real income in
Australia: evidence from multivariate Granger causality tests”, Energy Policy No. 33, pp. 1109–1116.
[13] Ghosh, S., (2002) “Electricity Consumption and Economic Growth in India”, Energy Policy, No. 30,
pp. 125-129.
[14] Hatemi, A., Irandoust, M., (2005) “Energy consumption and economic growth in Sweden: a
leveraged bootstrap approach, 1965–2000”, International Journal of Applied Econometrics and
Quantitative Studies, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 87–98.
[15] Shiu, A., P.L. Lam., (2004) “Electricity Consumption and Economic Growth in China”, Energy
Policy, NO. 32, pp. 47-54.
7. Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 2, No. 2/3, July 2015
7
[16] Kraft, J. and A., (1978) “On the relationship between energy and GNP”, Journal of Energy and
Development, No.3, pp. 401-403.
[17] Tiwari, A. K., (2011) “Comparative performance of renewable and non-renewable energy source on
economic growth and CO2 emissions of Europe and Eurasian countries: A PVAR approach”,
Economics Bulletin, Vol. 31, No.3, pp. 2356-2372.
[18] Tugcu, C. T, I. Ozturk and A. Aslan., (2012) “Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption
and economic growth relationship revisited: Evidence from G7 countries”, Energy Economics, No.
34, pp. 1942–1950.
[19] Payne, J.E., (2010) “A Survey of the Electricity Consumption-Growth Literature”, Applied Energy
No. 87, pp. 723-731.
[20] Ajaz, W., (2014) “Comparing Economic Feasibility of domestic solar water heater installation in
major cities of Pakistan”, Advanced Energy: An International Journal (AEIJ), Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 35-
42.
AUTHOR
Author at present is a PhD candidate at Dongbei University of Finance and Economics, Liaoning, China.
He is also a Lecturer at Fiji National University. Phone: +86 15668675592 Email:
mkashmir.15@gmail.com or keshmeer.makun@fnu.ac.fj