An overview of the Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer process. Moreover, studied different kinds of Agrobacterium species are involved in this mechanism.
Agrobacterium is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria found mostly in the soil. It is a plant pathogen that is responsible for causing crown gall disease in them. This bacteria is also known as the natural genetic engineer because of it's the ability to integrate its plasmid Gene into the plant genome.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens transfer of their genetic material T-DNA of Ti-plasmid into the plant cell: A: Agrobacterium tumefaciens; B: Agrobacterium genome; C: Ti Plasmid : a: T-DNA , b: Vir genes , c: Replication origin , d: Opines catabolism genes; D: Plant cell
A Ti-Plasmid (tumor-inducing plasmid) is a ds, circular DNA that often, but not always. It's a piece of genetic equipment that transfers genetic material from bacterial cells means Agrobacterium tumefaciens into plant cells used to induce tumors in the plant. The Ti-plasmid is damage when Agrobacterium is grown above 28 °C. Such cured bacteria don't induce crown gall disease in the plant due to they are avirulent. The Ti-Plasmid are classified into two types on the basis of opine genes are present in T-DNA.
The Plasmid has 196 genes that code for 195 proteins. There is no one structural RNA. The plasmid is 206.479 nucleotides long. the GC content is 56% and 81% of the genetic material is coding genes.
The modification of this plasmid is a very important source in the production of transgenic plants.
The T-DNA must be cut out of the circular plasmid. A VirD1/D2 complex nicks the DNA at the left and right border sequences. The VirD2 protein is covalently attached to the 5' end. VirD2 contains a motif that leads to the nucleoprotein complex being targeted to the type IV secretion system (T4SS).
In the cytoplasm of the recipient cell, the T-DNA complex becomes coated with VirE2 proteins, which are exported through the T4SS independently from the T-DNA complex. Nuclear localization signals, or NLS, located on the VirE2 and VirD2 are recognized by the importin alpha protein, which then associates with importin beta and the nuclear pore complex to transfer the T-DNA into the nucleus. So that the T-DNA can integrate into the host genome.
We inoculate Agrobacterium containing our genes of interest, onto wounded plant tissue explants. The Agrobacterium then transfers the gene of interest into the DNA of the plant tissue.
An overview of the Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer process. Moreover, studied different kinds of Agrobacterium species are involved in this mechanism.
Agrobacterium is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative bacteria found mostly in the soil. It is a plant pathogen that is responsible for causing crown gall disease in them. This bacteria is also known as the natural genetic engineer because of it's the ability to integrate its plasmid Gene into the plant genome.
Agrobacterium tumefaciens transfer of their genetic material T-DNA of Ti-plasmid into the plant cell: A: Agrobacterium tumefaciens; B: Agrobacterium genome; C: Ti Plasmid : a: T-DNA , b: Vir genes , c: Replication origin , d: Opines catabolism genes; D: Plant cell
A Ti-Plasmid (tumor-inducing plasmid) is a ds, circular DNA that often, but not always. It's a piece of genetic equipment that transfers genetic material from bacterial cells means Agrobacterium tumefaciens into plant cells used to induce tumors in the plant. The Ti-plasmid is damage when Agrobacterium is grown above 28 °C. Such cured bacteria don't induce crown gall disease in the plant due to they are avirulent. The Ti-Plasmid are classified into two types on the basis of opine genes are present in T-DNA.
The Plasmid has 196 genes that code for 195 proteins. There is no one structural RNA. The plasmid is 206.479 nucleotides long. the GC content is 56% and 81% of the genetic material is coding genes.
The modification of this plasmid is a very important source in the production of transgenic plants.
The T-DNA must be cut out of the circular plasmid. A VirD1/D2 complex nicks the DNA at the left and right border sequences. The VirD2 protein is covalently attached to the 5' end. VirD2 contains a motif that leads to the nucleoprotein complex being targeted to the type IV secretion system (T4SS).
In the cytoplasm of the recipient cell, the T-DNA complex becomes coated with VirE2 proteins, which are exported through the T4SS independently from the T-DNA complex. Nuclear localization signals, or NLS, located on the VirE2 and VirD2 are recognized by the importin alpha protein, which then associates with importin beta and the nuclear pore complex to transfer the T-DNA into the nucleus. So that the T-DNA can integrate into the host genome.
We inoculate Agrobacterium containing our genes of interest, onto wounded plant tissue explants. The Agrobacterium then transfers the gene of interest into the DNA of the plant tissue.
in-planta transformation technology is used to transform the desired gene into the plant without using tissue culture step is called in-planta transformation.it is useful for those plants that lack the tissue culture and regeneration system.
☺INTRODUCTION
☺Bt COTTON
☺MAJOR PESTS OF COTTON
☺MODE OF ACTION OF Bt GENE
☺ADVANTAGES
☺DISADVANTAGES
☺CONCLUSION
☺REFERENCES
Genetically modified variety of cotton that produces an insecticide whose gene has been derived from a soil bacterium called Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt).
Three types of toxins.
A total of 229 cry toxins ( cry1Aa to Cry72Aa), cyt toxins ( cyt 11Aa to cyt3Aa) and 102 vip toxins( vip1Aa1 to vip4Aa1) have been discovered.
Biotechnology with agriculture is very useful in now a days and also in upcoming days. With the help of biotechnology we can produce better quality of crops and also increase the yield. The produces are also free from pests.
Plant Genetic engineering ,Basic steps ,Advantages and disadvantagesTessaRaju
plant genetic engineering,first genetically engineered crop plant,first genetically engineered foods,genome editing,uses of GE,transgenic plants,basic process of plant genetic enginering,advantages and disadvantages of genetic engineering.
HYBRIDIZATION & HAPLOID PRODUCTION
Introduction
WIDE HYBRIDIZATION
INTER-SPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION
Barriers to distant hybridization
Techniques to overcome barriers
Haploids and Doubled Haploids in Plant
Production of haploids and doubled haploids
a) Induction of maternal haploids
Wide hybridization
3. In vitro induction of maternal haploids – gynogenesis
Induction of paternal haploids – Androgenesis
Production of Homozygous Diploid Plants
Application of Haploids in Plant Breeding
Importance and Implications of Anther and Pollen Culture
in-planta transformation technology is used to transform the desired gene into the plant without using tissue culture step is called in-planta transformation.it is useful for those plants that lack the tissue culture and regeneration system.
☺INTRODUCTION
☺Bt COTTON
☺MAJOR PESTS OF COTTON
☺MODE OF ACTION OF Bt GENE
☺ADVANTAGES
☺DISADVANTAGES
☺CONCLUSION
☺REFERENCES
Genetically modified variety of cotton that produces an insecticide whose gene has been derived from a soil bacterium called Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt).
Three types of toxins.
A total of 229 cry toxins ( cry1Aa to Cry72Aa), cyt toxins ( cyt 11Aa to cyt3Aa) and 102 vip toxins( vip1Aa1 to vip4Aa1) have been discovered.
Biotechnology with agriculture is very useful in now a days and also in upcoming days. With the help of biotechnology we can produce better quality of crops and also increase the yield. The produces are also free from pests.
Plant Genetic engineering ,Basic steps ,Advantages and disadvantagesTessaRaju
plant genetic engineering,first genetically engineered crop plant,first genetically engineered foods,genome editing,uses of GE,transgenic plants,basic process of plant genetic enginering,advantages and disadvantages of genetic engineering.
HYBRIDIZATION & HAPLOID PRODUCTION
Introduction
WIDE HYBRIDIZATION
INTER-SPECIFIC HYBRIDIZATION
Barriers to distant hybridization
Techniques to overcome barriers
Haploids and Doubled Haploids in Plant
Production of haploids and doubled haploids
a) Induction of maternal haploids
Wide hybridization
3. In vitro induction of maternal haploids – gynogenesis
Induction of paternal haploids – Androgenesis
Production of Homozygous Diploid Plants
Application of Haploids in Plant Breeding
Importance and Implications of Anther and Pollen Culture
Introduction
Definition of an Insect Resistant Plant
What is the Bt gene?
History
The crystal ( cry)Proteins
Definition of cry protein
How does Bt work?
Mechanism of Bt toxicity
Mode of Action of Insecticidal Crystal Protein
Bt Technology
The Insect Resistance Problem
Advantages
Limitations
Conclusion
References
For centuries, humans have searched for crop plants that can survive and produce in spite of insect pests.
Knowingly or unknowingly, ancient farmers selected for pest resistance genes in their crops, sometimes by actions as simple as collecting seed from only the highest-yielding plants in their fields.
With the advent of genetic engineering, genes for insect resistance now can be moved into plants more quickly and deliberately.
Bt technology is only one example of ways genetic engineering may be used to develop insect-resistant crops now and in the future.
Highly descriptive and illustrative presentation based on Biotechnology chapter 12 of NCERT class XII.
This is an important topic especially from biological research point of view.
This is to help students thoroughly understand the topic for exams as well as for future practical applications.
The biotic stresses are caused by insects, pathogens (viruses, fungi, bacteria), and wounds. The abiotic stresses are due to herbicides, water deficiency (caused by drought, temperature, and salinity), ozone and intense light.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
4. Definition : Bt cotton is a genetically modified organism (GMO) or genetically
modified pest resistant plant cotton variety, which produces an insecticide to
combat pests.
5. ❖ The term Bt
refers to Bacillus
thuringiensis.
❖ It was
discovered by
Japanese
biologist
Shigetane
Ishiwatarias
What is Bt?
6. ?? Bacillus thuringiensis ??
✓ They are naturally occurring soil borne
bacteria, ubiquitous in nature.
✓ Gram (+), facultative aerobic, rod like, motile
and sporulating bacteria.
✓ Produces crystals of endotoxin (cry protein) -
toxic to insect mainly in their larval stage,
thus they act as insecticides.
7. Cry (Crystal) Proteins
❖ Cry toxin (cry from crystal), also referred
to as insecticidal crystal protein,
parasporal body, crystalline inclusion, or
delta endotoxin, is a protein formed during
sporulation in Bt strains and aggregate to
form crystals. Such Cry toxins are toxic to
specific species of insects belonging to
Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera,
Diptera, and Nematoda. They are
harmless to human, vertebrates, and
natural enemies of insects.
8.
9. How does it work?
When insects attack and eat the cotton plant the Cry toxins or crystal protein are dissolved due
to the high pH level of the insect's stomach. The dissolved and activated Cry molecules bound
to cadherin-like proteins on cells comprising the brush border membrane. The epithelium of
the brush border membranes separates the body cavity from the gut while allowing access for
nutrients. The Cry toxin molecules attach themselves to specific locations on the cadherin-like
proteins present on the epithelial cells of the midgut and ion channels are formed which allow
the flow of potassium. Regulation of potassium concentration is essential and, if left
unchecked, causes death of cells. Due to the formation of Cry ion channels sufficient regulation
of potassium ions is lost and results in the death of epithelial cells. The death of such cells
creates gaps in the brush border.
12. Technology of
Production: Gene
Transfer Methods
1. Agrobacterium
mediated gene
transfer.
2. Bombardment of
cells with particle
coated with gene
of interest.
13.
14. Advantages:-
1. Increases yield of cotton due to effective control of three types of bollworms, viz. American,
Spotted and Pink bollworms as Insects belonged to Lepidoptera (Bollworms) are sensitive to
crystalline endotoxic protein produced by Bt gene (more profit).
2. Reduction in insecticide use in the cultivation of Bt cotton in which bollworms are major
pests. No health hazards due to rare use of insecticides (particularly who is engaged in
spraying of insecticides)
3. Potential reduction in the cost of cultivation (depending on seed cost versus insecticide
costs).
4. Most of the Cry proteins deposited into soil by Bt crops were degraded in soil within a few
days, and they had no effect on soil bacteria, actinomyces, fungi, protozoa, algae,
nematodes, or earthworm.
16. Bt cotton in India:-
❖ First commercial use in 2002
17.
18. •The seeds are more expensive than local, non-genetically modified varieties.
•Seeds cannot be reused and farmers need to buy new stock for every growing season.
This, along with licensing agreements with local seed companies, has given Monsanto a
near monopoly on cotton seeds in India that has been the biggest worry for activists.
•Diffusion of illegal Bt hybrids that hadn't been cleared for bio safety standards, leading
to fears of environmental toxicity.
Problems of Bt-cotton farming in India
19. Concerns….
➢ The results of experiments conducted by researchers at the University of Caen, France, and
supported by GEKKO Foundation, in Germany, showed that toxins produced in Bt corn,
Mon810, can impact significantly the viability of human cells. The effects were observed with
relatively high concentrations of the toxins; however, further investigations should be
conducted to find out how such toxins impact the cells.
➢ Biosafety tests indicated absolute safety to goats, cows, buffaloes, fish and poultry. Feed-
safety studies with Bt cottonseed meal were carried out with goats, buffalos, cows, rabbits,
birds and fish. The results revealed that the animals fed with Bt-cotton seed meal were
comparable to the control animals in various tests and showed no ill-effects. These studies
were carried out by the National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal; Central Avian Research
Institute, Bareily; Industrial Toxicological Research Centre, Lucknow; National Institute of
Nutrition, Hyderabad; Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai and GB Pant
University for Agriculture and Technology, Pant Nagar.
20. ❖ References:
1. Genetically engineered (modified) crops (Bacillus thuringiensis crops) and the world
controversy on their safety, Mohamed Samir Tawfik Abbas
2. Wikipedia.org
3. Bt cotton vis-à-vis environmental protection: An Indian Perspective, S. Manickam, K.
N. Gururajan and N. Gopalakrishnan,Central Institute for Cotton Research, Regional
Station, Coimbatore, India
4. Bt Cotton in India: A Country Profile by Bhagirath Choudhary, Kadambini Gaur.
5. Bt cotton Biotechnology; Medical World
