Transgenic animals are organisms that have had genes from another species inserted into their genome. The first transgenic animal was a mouse created in 1982 by inserting a growth gene. Methods for creating transgenic animals include microinjection of DNA into fertilized eggs or use of retroviruses. Transgenic animals have applications in medicine as disease models, in agriculture for improved growth, and in biotechnology for producing human proteins. Recent advances allow gene targeting in embryonic stem cells or germ cells for generating transgenic animals.

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Presented By:
Krishna Bharat Patil
M.Pharmacy 1st year [Pharmacology]
SNJB's SSDJ College of Pharmacy,
Chandwad.

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Contents:
 Introduction
History
Methods used to produce transgenic animals
Examples of transgenic animals
Advantages and Disadvantages
Applications
Recent updates
References

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Introduction:
Transgenesis: Introducing a transgene from one organism
into the genome of another organism.
Transgenic animal is the one that carries foreign gene that
has been deliberately inserted into its genome.
Recombinant DNA methodology.

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For what reason?
 Introduction of a desired property
(hypothesis driven; without hypothesis)
Fast generation of animal lines carrying the desired property
Animal model for human diseases
Animal system to produce biomolecules
 Xeno-Transplantates
Increase production efficiency of farm animals

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History:
 Ralph L. Brinster
[American geneticist ]
(1982)
 Rudolf Jaenisch
[Professor of Biology]
(1974)
Richard Palmiter
[Professor of biochemistry]
(1982)

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The photo shows two transgenic mice positioned either side of
a plain mouse.

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First transgenic animal was a ‘Supermouse’ created by
Ralph Brinster and Richard Palmiter in 1982.

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The Methodology:
Step 1 – Construction of a transgene
Step 2 – Introduction of foreign gene into animal
Step 3 - Screening of transgenic positives
Step 4 – Further animal breeding to obtain maximal
expression
Promoter sequence Gene Poly A sequence

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RETROVIRAL
VECTOR METHOD

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Fig:slideshear.net

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MICROINJECTION
METHOD
biologydiscussion.com

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EMBRYONIC STEM CELL
METHOD

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Examples of transgenic animals
Glo fish
Produced by integrating a
fluorescent. protein gene from jelly
into embryo or fish
Super fish
Increased growth and size
Transgenic salmon grows
about 10-11 times faster than
normal fish.

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Transgenic mouse
 In the brain of Alzheimer’s
patient, dead nerve cells are
entangled in patient called
amyloid .
 Mouse made by introducing
amyloid precursor gene into
fertilised egg of mice.
Transgenic pigs
Transgenic pigs are created
by introducing phytate gene
of E.coli

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Transgenic rabbit:
Alba
(Enhanced green
fluorescent protein)
Transgenic monkey:
ANDi i.e. “inserted
DNA”
ANDi was the first
transgenic monkey ,born
in 2000.

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Advantages -
Increased growth rate
Improved disease resistance
Improved food conversion rates
Increased muscle mass
Improved nutritional quality

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Disadvantages –
Breeding problems
Sometimes leads to mutagenesis and functional disorders
Low survival rate of transgenic animals

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APPLICATION
Medical :
 Disease model
 Bioreactor for pharmaceutical
 Xenotransplantation
Agricultural:
 Disease resistant animal
 For improving quality & quantity of milk , meat, eggs , & wool
production
Industrial importance:
 Toxicity sensitive transgenic animal to test chemical
 Spider silk in milk of goat

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RECENT ADVANCEMENT
 Germline stem cell technique:
1. Spermatogonial stem cell technique
2. Primordial germ cell technique
 Gene targeting:
1. Embryonic stem cell gene targeting
2. Somatic cell gene targeting
3. Conditional gene targeting

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 Kasper et al. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 16th Ed. Vol-I, 2006,
pp.392,597,1073.
 Haslett Christopher et al. Davidson’s Principles and Practice of Medicine. 19th
Edition Churchill Livingstone Publication, 2003, pp.524,25.
 Kobe. Immunology. pp.584,85.
 http://www.itba.mi.cnr.it/human_g...transgenic.html
 http://www.ucihs.uci.edu/anatomy/calofpix1b.html
 www.wiley.co.uk/genmed/clinical ©2003 John Wiley & Sons publishers
References:

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Gene Therapy. Human Genome Project Information. 18 November 2005. U.S.
Department of Energy Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental
Research, Human Genome Program. 12 September 2006
<http://www.ornl.gov/hgmis>.
Cowan Janet. Human Genome /Gene Mapping , Tufts Open Course Ware, 2007.
Medhi Bikash Practical Manual of Experiment And Clinical Pharmacy. Jaypee
prakashan. Page no.15-16.
https://www.sciencedirect.com
www.biology-page .info
www.biotechnologynotes.com
https://www.slideshare.net

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