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TRAINING MANUAL

This document provides a training manual for laundry workers. It covers topics such as the objectives of laundry washing, dry cleaning processes, fibers, fabrics, water quality requirements, types of dirt, detergents, washing machines, and operating washing machines. The manual is intended to impart basic concepts about laundry washing and dry cleaning processes to laundry staff and provide a helpful resource for training.

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TRAINING MANUAL BY ASAD ULLAH KHAN M.SC (CHEM) LAUNDRY OPERATION MANAGER DUBAI, U.A.E DUBAI U.AE. TEL: +971-505773206 Email: asadullah_15@yahoo.com
DEDICATED TO LAUNDRY WORKERS
PREFACE THIS TRAINING MANUAL IS PREPARED FOR THE RECORD OF THE HOTEL & THE BENEFIT OF THE LAUNDRY STAFF I M SURE IT WILL ALSO BE A GREAT SOURCE OF HELP IN IMPARTING THE BASIC CONCEPT ABOUT LAUNDRY WASHING & DRY CLEANING. I WISH TO THANK TO ALL WHO PROVIDED ME CHANCE TO PREPARE THE TRAINING MANUAL. I AGAIN THANKS TO ALL WHO HAVE CONFIDENCE ON ME & GIVING ME SUCH WONDERFUL OPPORTUNITY TO THINK & PREPARE THE TRAINING MANUAL FOR THE LAUNDRY STAFF. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER IMPROVEMENT WILL BE MUCH APPRECIATED. ASAD ULLAH KHAN
CONTENTS Objectives of washing Laundry washing Laundry dry cleaning Difference between washing & dry Cleaning Detergent Soap Difference between soap & detergent. Washed depending characteristics Fibers Fabric Classification of fibers Identification of fibers Identification of natural fibers Identification of synthetic fibers Natural fiber use Method of laundering for natural fiber Use of regenerated fibers Method of laundering for regenerated fibers Use of synthetic fibers Method of laundering for synthetic fibers Washing symbols Symbols for bleach Symbols for ironing Symbols for Dry cleaning Symbols for drying Natural water & water quality requirement for laundries Hard & Soft water Units for water hardness Incrustation Water pH for laundry What is dirt ? Types of dirt Washing procedure for removing different types of dirt Composition of dirt & its affinity towards textile material Detergents for laundry washing Composition of detergents Soap with hard water Detergents are better than soap Important characteristics of detergents Washing machines Modern concept of continuous washing machines Drum type washing machines Inner drum & outer drum Mechanism of machines Liquor ratio & loading capacity of machines Interesting facts about washing processes Rules for sorting Factors influence on washing processes How to operate washing machines ? Important technical terms for washing
LAUNDRY Laundry washing looks very simple, if one looks in details it is a complex process. If the washing is to be done well, a thorough understanding of the washing process is Necessity. Objectives: The objective of laundry is to return soiled textiles to a clean, hygienic and ready for Use state without undue damage. Laundry washing: • The cleaning of textile using water and chemicals. In this Case water is using as Solvent & having the power of dissolving other substances. The water as a solvent ( the natural & synthetic fiber have an ability to shrink and bleed). Dry Cleaning: • The cleaning of textiles using organic solvents. In this Case Organic solvents Like Perchlorethylene & Fluorocarbon is using as Solvent & having the power Of dissolving other substances instead of water.
Detergent • It is cleaning agent containing surface active agent. • It clean & remove all types of soil at low to high temperature. • It should have the capability to remove and dissolve fats and beverage stains. • It should be easily soluble in water • It can works actively on all types of fibers without reducing the fabric Strength. • Surface active agent called surfactant ( a substance introduced into a liquid in Order to affect usually to increase its spreading, wetting, & similar properties i.e., properties which depends upon its surface tension). • It may contain ENZYMES. • It may contain ACTIVE BLEACHING AGENT. It can restore the white color. • It may contain WETTING & DISPERSING AGENT. • It may contain SOFTENING AGENT. It can act both in hard and soft water. • It may contain DEFOAMER • It may contain ANTI-STATIC AGENT. • It may contain PERFUMED. • They are distinct from soap because 1- They are alkyl arene sulphonates, sulphated aliphatic alcohols etc. 2- They are effective in hard water & soft water & do not forms a scum like soap.
Soap: • It is a mixture of sodium or potassium salts of Stearic acid C17H35COOH, Palmitic Acid C15H31COOH & Oleic Acid C17H33COOH. • Soaps are made by the action of sodium or potassium hydroxide on fats , this Action is called hydrolysis or saponification which gives soap and glycerol as a By product. Textiles should be washed depends on the following characteristics • Types of textile fiber • Structure and character of the textile material ( Type of Weave ) • Color fastness • Wash durability of textile • Type and quality of garment ( Stitching & style ) In the past, fabric were only made from natural fibers such as cotton, linen, wool, and silk. Today we use a range of different man made fibers and mixture of natural & Artificial fibers. Fibers: Textile fiber is defined as a unit of matter characterized by • Flexibility • Fineness • High ratio of length to breadth minimum is 100. Fibers are the raw material for manufacturing yarn and yarn can be converted into Fabric by weaving or knitting.
Fabric: Fabric should have the following properties like • Comfort • Warmth • Durable • Easy of wash • Crease recovery • Cost Classification of Fibers: It can be classified into two groups 1- Natural fibers ( it is obtained from natural sources like plants e.g. cotton flax & jutes from animals e.g. wool & silk) 2- Man made fibers ( It is further classified into two groups ) a- Synthetic fiber ( It is made by man by the process of polymerization of Specific chemicals e.g., Polyester, Nylon, Acrylic. ) b- Regenerated fiber ( It is made by man by using of naturally occurring Polymer e.g., Viscose
Identification of fiber: We can identify the fiber by burning test method. Fiber origin Fiber substance Burning results Natural fiber Cotton Linen(flax) Jute Wool silk Vegetable cotton plant Animal (sheep) Animal (silk worm) Cellulose Protein * Burns rapidly *Smell burning paper *Burns without residue *After burning gray ash obtained • Burns slowly • Smell burning hair Crushable black ash Synthetic fiber Polyester (Diolan) Nylon (Perlon) Acrylic Made by oil or coal tar Made by oil or coal tar Made by oil or coal tar Macro molecule made from different monomers Macro molecule made from different monomers Macro molecule made from different monomers *Burns slowly with black smoke *smell burning chemical *melts hard gray bead like little ball *Burns slowly with black smoke *smell celery like *melts hard gray bead like little ball *Burns continuously *smell acidic *melts hard brittle bead Regenerated fibers Viscose Vegetable (wood) cellulose As in cotton Modified fibers Acetate egetable cellulose *Burns continuously *Smell hot vinegar *brittle hard black bead
Fiber Use Method of Laundering Natural Fiber Cotton Bed linen, Table linen, cloths, Under wear, blouses, coats, overalls, socks etc. White color fastness can be washed at 90 C Color washed at temperature b/w 40-60 C Linen Bed linen, table linen, kitchen cloths. Same as above wool Jersey such as pullovers Wash cold up to 40 these garments are sensitive to mechanical handling, it is recommended to wash by hand or with slow RPM Silk Shawls, dresses, blouse, underwear etc. As per wool same as above Regenerated fiber viscose Dress material, underwear, usually blended with other fibers e.g. wool & cotton normally washed warm up to 60 C Washing up to 90 C is possible when using less mechanical action Polynosic fiber Decoration material normally blended & used for bed, table linen & underwear. Same as cotton Cuprous fibers Dress material, underwear, curtain, blouses It can wash b/w 40– 60 C Use less mechanical action Acetate Dress material, curtain, underwear, blouses It has reduced tensile strength in wet phase & sensitive to mechanical action like viscose & sensitive to hot water recommended for fine wash up to 40 C Synthétique fibre Polyamide (PA) Perlon *nylon* Polyester (PES) Diolan *Trévira* Dacron Underwear, blouses, shirts, coats, stocking dresses, bed linen, shirts, curtains, dresses often mixed with other fibers, overalls 30-60 C, textiles do tend to crease if washed at 60-90 C or with strong mechanical action use higher water ratio. It is important to cool down Polyacryl (PAC) etc. Dralon *Dolan* Orlon *Radon* Jersey, shawls, curtains, dresses, acid resistant cloth. 40 C to avoid yellowing, creasing & loss of shapes. Polychlorid (PVC) Rhovyl Underwear for patients suffering from rheumatism, jerseys, acid resistant cloth, PVC Fiber are often used in mixture with other fibers 40 C otherwise danger of shrinking & deformation Elasthan (PUE) Bras & stretch pants White 60 C, colored 40 C
Water: Natural water contains dissolved salts in different quantities like calcium and Magnesium salts of sulphates, carbonates & chlorides. These salts make the water Harden & affect the washing process. Water hardness is measured as follows: 1 gram CaO in 100 liter water equals 1 dH (German hardness) Which is equivalent to 1.25 eH (English hardness) Or 1.79 fH (French hardness) Incrustation: The salts in hard water react with certain substances present in the unsuitable washing Powders, residues in the form of incrustations will be deposited on the washing and In the machines. Incrustation cause washing to look grey and unsightly and damage The fabric & it is not good for the machines. Therefore laundries will Endeavour to use soft water. In the past you would find Laundries near rivers as the soft water from rivers were suitable for washing. Currently Water softening plant are used & it is more difficult to obtain water of good quality And the cost for softening is increasing. This necessitates the use of water saving Procedures in the laundry.
Laundry water should be: • Soft • Free of iron ( max 0.1 mg / lit ) • Free of manganese ( max 0.05 mg / lit ) • Clean & odor free • pH about 7 What is dirt? Dirt is any undesirable foreign matter on textiles It consists of many different components. Specific dirt component are found on Fabrics depending on type and use of textile material. Dirt found on underwear and Bed linen is usually sweat, skin fat, protein and urine, laundry will also have blood And some skin ointments. One will find specific types of soiling in linen from Workshops, F&B & Health club etc.
We can categorize dirt as follows: 1- washable dirt Any type of dirt which can be rinsed from the textile material with water Alone or together with washing powder is called washable dirt e.g. protein, Pigments, blood, urine, carbohydrates & fats. 2- Dirt which can be dissolved in organic solvent Dirt consist of difficult stains such as fats and oils, paints and varnishes and Dyes. These stains are sometime difficult to remove completely. 3- Bleachable dirt Dirt consist of dyes which are not washed out by means of laundering or dry- Cleaning. A special bleaching during the washing cycle can be performed. Bleaching is an oxidizing process which destroys the pigment dye. Composition of dirt & its affinity towards textiles. Quantity in % Kind of soiling Method of washing 15-20 Salt Water soluble 5-7 Urea Clean with water 20-25 Protein Water insoluble Approx.20 Carbohydrates Water insoluble 5-10 Fats Water insoluble 25-30 pigment Bleachable in water
Detergents for industrial laundering Detergents for industrial laundering must meet the following criteria: • They must have good washing efficiency. • The textile material must not be damaged. • The detergent should be easy to use. • They should be suitable in any type of machinery & system. • Low foams must be guaranteed. • Incrustation on textiles and machines must be avoided. • The composition of the washing powder must be adjusted to the prevailing water hardness. • Soil releasing power and dirt suspension should be the criteria for detergent. Detergents are complex mixture of various chemicals. Each component of this Mixture has its own task to fulfill in conjunction with other chemicals. Only a Combination of all those ingredients in the correct proportions can fulfill the Requirements as mentioned above. Surfactant (wetting agents) is water soluble and reduces the surface tension of water Salts such as polyphosphates Alkalis such as soda ash, orthophosphates etc.
Additives such as CMC, magnesium silicate (dirt dispenser) They will ensure that the soil is removed without unnecessary damaged to the fabric, & no undesired incrustations on the fabric. In past when soap was used together with alkalis such as caustic soda or soda ash, the Combination of soap and hard water salts caused problem by graying the washing and Diminishing the moisture absorbing capacity of the garments. Detergents rinse out very well and quickly even in cold water, the soap used in past Hard to rinsed out even in hot water, which is both time consuming, energy and Water. In the days when washing powder consisted mainly of soap and soda for the laundry Expert lather was a sure sign of strength in the washing solution. As long as solution Gave foam, the laundry man knew that the solution contained sufficient active soap For washing and was not bound to the calcium in the water. The foam level indicated The presence of the wash active substances.
Today situation is different instead of soap we are using synthetic anionic and non Ionic surfactant, the great advantage of synthetic surfactant over soap is that they are Usually not easily affected by hard water. Important characteristics of wash active substances in combination with alkalis, Phosphates, dirt suspenders, bleaches and optical brighteners. • Wetting of the fiber by reducing the surface tension of water. • Dispersing solid dirt and lifting out dirt from the textile material. • Emulsifying fatty, oily substances and lifting those from the textile fabric. • Keeping dirt in suspension in the washing solution and avoiding redeposit. • Bleaching of stains. • Giving the high degree of whiteness to the white fabric. Washing Machines The first line shows the manual work and labor intensive washing in the laundry. It consist of Sorting of laundry Loading Extracting by centrifuging Drying Ironing, pressing & calendaring Folding Second line shows how all these different operations can be simplified by making use of new development in machinery and more efficient washing through the use of more automated & mechanized machine. Continuous washing machines are used in large laundries, where with a minimum of labor and personnel, the washing is handled on an assembly line basis.
Third line shows the visualized machine where the dirty washing enters on one side and comes out on the other side, washed, bleached, pressed, folded & packed. Development work is being conducted in this direction. Principally we are using double drum washer for washing. There are two drums Outer drum It has lockable doors I loads the washing and dose the water & chemicals. It holds the drain line. It holds the inner drum shaft. Inner drum It can rotate in both directions There are ribs present inside the inner drum These ribs pull up the laundry and let it falls & this gives the Mechanical action to the washing process. The inner drum is perforated, the laundry comes into contact With the chemicals and water through these perforations. Mechanism of washing machines The detergent solution in the outer drum is filled up to a certain level , when rotating the ribs of inner drum lift the wash out of the float and, by further rotation, the washing falls back into the liquor again. This principle of moving the wash helps enormously in the cleaning action. To avoid washing getting tangled, the machine is programmed to run a certain numbers of times in one direction and then the same # of revolution in other direction called RPM. Washing machines are mostly consisting of stainless steel due to corrosion reason. New and latest double drum machines mostly have the following Power supply, heating system, loading, draining, closures, and thermometers, different type of gauges, inspection windows, different program or individual process information can be stored by program card, centrifuging within the same machines, etc. There is important to know the exact loading capacity of the machines, incorrect loading can lead to problems in the washing process, the loading capacity is expressed in kg of dry laundry. Liquor ratio is also important to know the relation between kg of laundry and water. Only with the correct ratio will the laundry have sufficient space to ensure good washing result. It is defined as 1 kg of dry washing in relation to the drum volume in 1 liter. In practice 1 : 8 to 1 : 12 is reasonable.
Lightly soiled washing requires less volume than heavily soiled textiles. The loading capacity is calculated by dividing the total volume of the drum by the required volume per kg dry wash (fill ratio) e.g. Volume of the drum 226 lit Soiling of washing light Fill ratio 1 : 8 Loading capacity is 226 : 8 =28.25 kg of dry wash If the volume of the drum is not known then we use the following equation Interesting facts about washing process The following factors are important: • Type, weave & dye of textile material. • Kind & degree of soiling. • Type of washing machines. • Quality of water. • Available detergents and bleaches. • Quality requirement in regard to cleanliness, stain removal, hygiene, wear etc. • Desired garment finish as well as washing habits. Rules for sorting: • White washing is first separated from colored material. • White washing is sorted according to the degree of soiling i.e. light, normal, & very dirty soiled. • The colored washing is separated into light, medium & dark colored garments. • Woolen is sort out separately as these should not be washed with white or colored washing. • The following always wash separately
Mechanics overalls Mixed overalls Kitchen washing Blood stained By following the rules of sorting we can make it possible to give each laundry type its own process, thereby avoiding damages & problems. Factors influence on washing process: We always need these four factors to achieve good results. The four factors may vary in relation to each other, but it is not possible to leave one factor out when designing a good washing process. Important terms used in washing: • Mechanical Action: Type of washing machines, the drop of height, Float ratio, Loading Ratio, RPM of the Machines etc. • Chemicals: Concentration of chemicals and Bleaches. • Temperatures: Cold, Warm & Hot Water.
• Time: Duration of total process. • Liquor: This is the liquid in the washing machines called float & it can be sub divided into the float bound by the fabrics and the float which is not absorbed or free float. This sub division is important as an exchange of the float will replace the free float. The bound float together with any chemicals will be transferred to the next washing cycle. The bound float constitute 2-3 times the weight of the dry washing i.e. 2-3 liter / kg. • Liquor Ratio: The ratio between dry weights of the load and the water e.g. 1: 5 means that I kg of dry fabric load requires 5 liter of water. • Soaking: The washing is submerged in a solution in large containers or in washing machines. This was often done in past. • Pre-rinse: Pre-rinsing of textiles in cold water without chemicals to rinse off large dirt particles or to increase the wetting of load. • Pre-wash: The first cycle of any process to remove a major portion of the soil. • Main wash: The major washing to remove all remaining soil. • Bleaching: This is done in a separate cycle to remove bleachable stain. The Process of BLEACHING There are different kind of soiling are present on textiles, among others we have a range of different soiling consisting of dyes from fruits, vegetables, coffee, tea & wine which are not removed by detergent alone. These stains must be removed by a washing powder containing bleaching agent called (Per borate) or by chlorine bleach in a separate cycle. The above stains are usually bleachable stains.
Purpose of bleaching: There are two purpose of using bleaching agent • To remove the stain. • To produce the high degree of whiteness in the laundry. Nowadays modern optical brighteners are used to improve the whiteness in much simpler way with less damage to the fabric. Importance of correct bleaching process: Incorrect bleaching process can do irreparable damage so correct use of bleach is very important to avoid undue damage. Bleaches do not only attack stains, but also the fiber. Good bleaching process is therefore characterized by a complete stain removal with the least possible damage to the fabric. Bleaches cannot be added directly to the fabric. They must be diluted before. The most common oxidation bleaches are: Sodium per borate Hydrogen peroxide Sodium hypochlorite Sodium dichloroisocyanurate The first two are commonly known as OXYGEN BLEACHES The last two are commonly known as CHLORINE BLEACHES Bleaching with Sodium per borate: • It is available in dry powder form • It can be mixed with washing powder. • It is always done in the main wash. • All fully built detergent contains sodium per borate as the bleach component. These products contains stabilizer. • The process will begin at a temperature between 50 – 60 C & will reach its optimum at 85 - 90 C. The bleaching time should be 10 minutes. • The dose should be above 0.5 to 1.5 g/lit. • The type of machines, as well as quality of water used can also affect the bleaching process when using sodium per borate.
• All heavy metals ions act as catalyst for sodium per borate & speed up the release of oxygen. The catalytic release can lead to textile damage. Bleaching with Hydrogen Peroxide • It is available in the liquid form. • It is always done in the main wash. • Concentration available is 30-50 % by volume. • Its efficiency is identical to that of sodium per borate. • The same criteria as described for sodium per borate. Bleaching with Sodium Hypochlorite • Chlorine bleaches can be applied in different ways as follows. Chlorine bleach in pre-wash • Chlorine bleach in the pre-wash has a time saving advantage, because a special bleaching cycle is not required later in the wash process. • Dosing: At 35-40 C, 10 min, 200 mg active chlorine / lit float. At 60 C, 10 min, 120 – 140 mg active chlorine / lit float. Chlorine bleach in the main wash • Dosing: At 70 C, 10 min, 120 mg active chlorine / lit. At 85 C, 10 min, 50-75 mg active chlorine / lit. Chlorine bleach in the main wash • Bleach can be added in the 2nd & 3rd rinse. • Dosing: At 25-28 C, 7-8 min, 250-400 mg active chlorine / lit. Neutralization of Chlorine Bleach When using chlorine bleach one can only obtain a wash without chlorine smell and textile damage when all chlorine residues are destroyed. As anti-chlorine compound sodium Meta bi Sulphite is usually added which act as Neutralizer Dosing: At 25 C, 7-8 min, 250-400 mg / lit Bleaching With sodium Di chloro isocyanurate This chemical is a chlorine carrier in powder form. The advantage lies in good storage stability, its means that even for longer storage periods the full bleaching capacity is available. Most other chlorine bleaching agent loose their strength during storage. Methods of Removing Stain Not all stains can be removed by washing & bleaching. Certain stains such as Rust, Fat, Mineral Oil, Graphite & oil paints must be removed by a specific process & using specific stain removal agents. In these cases we can only use chemicals and methods which do not damage the fiber or change the color. Incorrect procedure can only cause more damage. It is therefore necessary to try the proposed stain removal on a place on the garment where damage would be least noticeable.
STAIN WASHABLE BLEACHABLE ENZYME SOLVENT ACID OXIDATIVE REDUCTIVE BLEACH BLEACH CHLORINE PERBORATE BLEACH H2O2 ( OXYGEN BLEACH ) Tips on Sorting : • White washing is first separated from colored material. • White washing is sorted according to the degree of soiling i.e. light, normal, & very dirty soiled. • The colored washing is separated into light, medium & dark colored garments. • Woolen is sort out separately as these should not be washed with white or colored washing. • The following always wash separately Mechanics overalls
Mixed overalls Kitchen washing Blood stained Tips on Stain removal : • Stain resistant to washing and bleaching can usually be removed by spot cleaning only. • Spotting requires specific knowledge and time and is therefore expensive. • Before starting any treatment it is important to recognize the type & origin of the stain. • Removing stain is made even more difficult if the fiber is encrusted with lime deposit OR if the stain is aged or fixed by wrong treatment e.g. blood. It is therefore important to spot stains when they are fresh which means that the whole process must be geared for an optimal removal. • After that we will have to follow the chart as per the type and origin of stain. Detergent • It contains Sodium Tripolyphosphate, sodium carbonate, sodium met silicate, & sodium linear alkyl benzene sulphonate. Alkali • It contains sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate & sodium tripolyphosphate. • It saponifies and dissolves grease, fats & protein soil. • It facilitates the penetration of water to fabric. • It suspends the minerals in hard water to prevent their redeposition on linen. • It improves the efficiency of detergent in hard water. • It contains blend with highly alkaline matter, builders, dispersing agent & non ionic surfactant. Oxygen bleach • It contains sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium per borate, sodium chloride & sodium carbonate.
• It removes hard stain from the colored fabrics. • Keeps the color of the fabric intact. • It has wetting and depressing ability. • It contains brighteners that leave the cloth brighter as they were new. • It contains oxidizing material & wetting agents. Chlorine bleach • It is used to remove food & beverage stain from white fabric. • It can be used to remove old blood stain from white. • It gives brightness to linen. • It contains chlorine based compound, builder & non ionic surfactant. Liquid emulsifier • It is emulsifier for oil and greasy stain. • It has high effectiveness in removing transpiration stains from collar and cuff. • It contains mixture of solvents, nonionic surfactant, dispersing & wetting agent. Sour • It is composed of mixture of organic acids that does not have any alkaline residue and at the same time removes rust stain from fabric. • They don’t have any clogging residues in the cycle. • It contains disinfecting agent. • It contains organic acid, solvents & inorganic mineral acids. • It contains sodium silicofluoride, sodium chloride & sodium bifluoride. Softeners • It is effective fabric softener. • It contains optical brightening agent. • Its action helps to prevent the growth of bacteria on the fabric. • It controls the electrostatic charges on synthetic fibers. • It contains quaternary ammonium chloride and perfume. Emulsifying Agents Emulsifiers generally can be classified as surfactant & have hydrophilic (Polar, water loving) & Lipophilic (Non Polar, Oil Loving) structural portions within their molecular structures. Properties of an emulsifying agent • Be surface active and reduce surface tension to below 10 dyne/cm. • Be adsorbed quickly around the dispersed drops as a condensed, non adherent film, which will prevent coalescence. • Impart to the droplet an adequate electric potential so that mutual repulsion occurs. • Increase the viscosity of the emulsion. • Be effective in low concentration. • Be stable, be compatible with other ingredients.
• Be non toxic. • Possess little odor taste or color. • Not interfere with the stability of efficacy of the active agent. Spotting chemicals Rust Go • It removes rust from fabric • It contains Hydrofluoric Acid, Ammonium bi fluoride & water. Qwik Go • It removes blood; milk & food stain also mercurochrome & Merthiolate. • It contains Tri ethanol amine, linear primary alcohol ethoxylate, potassium hydroxide Isopropyl alcohol & water. Ink Go • It removes ink also removes autoclave tape. • It contains 2-(2 butoxy ethoxy) ethanol, 2-(2 propoxy ethoxy) ethanol, alkyl benzene, paraffin’s & butoxy ethanol. Bon Go • It removes beverage Stains • It contains alcohol, C8-10 ethoxylated propoxylated, toluene/xylene sulphonic acid containing sulphuric acid, gluconic acid, glycerin & water. Tar Go • It removes Ink Oil, Grease, Paints, and lipsticks, make up, shoe polish, crayon, grass, tar.
• It contains ethanol 2-(2 butoxy ethoxy) methyl isoamyl ketone, trichloroethylene, nonyl phenol ethoxylate, 2 ethoxy ethanol. How to remove the Stain ? Step 1- To find the exact place of the stain. 2- To examine the size & # of stains. 3- To find the nature of stains. 4- Place the drops of appropriate spotting chemical on the surface of stain 5- Use the wooden and rub the stain gently. 6- Make sure that the wooden stick doesn’t have the sharp edges. Always use blunt area of the stick to avoid damages. 7- There may be different kind of stain on the same fabric & there are different kind of chemicals available for different stains so there is need to use chemical accordingly. 8- Use the steam with the help of spotting machine which have one steam gun and then dry with the same gun, there is option available to use air also. 9- If the spot gone completely then there is only rinse the fabric with water only. 10- If the stain becomes light then repeat the same procedure. 11- If intensity of the stain remain same then don’t force it to remove from fabric just consult your supervisor or in charge. Valet Section • Receive the guest Laundry from the Guest room. A) by valet himself B) by room boy C) by concierge or reception • Read carefully the laundry list there should be room # mentioned. • Check the item quantity wise & spotting/ damage wise and then marked • Make the advisement card for damage and stained linen. • Check all the pockets and follow the lost and found procedure.
• Sort out the laundry as for washing and dry cleaning & pressing. • After completing the process of washing and dry cleaning arrange the laundry as per marking. • Fold and hanger the laundry as per the guest instructions. • Accessories are as follows which can be used in guest laundry. A) Cello Tape Small B) DND Sign C) Dress bag 65*170 D) Glue stick E) Hand brush small F) Highlighter fluorescent G) Laundry & dry cleaning list H) Laundry advisement I) Laundry bag 45*60 J) Laundry voucher K) Marking ribbon thermo patch L) Marking tape Thermo patch M) Press band N) Safety pin O) Scissors P) Shirt band laundry 14*18h Q) Shirt bow R) Shirt card S) Spry starch double T) Suit bag U) White bag 56*67 V) White ink pen W) Wire hanger pvc X) Wooden basket Y) Brown paper Z) Lost & found voucher How to Fold the Shirt Step 1 place the front of the shirt on the table. Step 2 place the shirt card on the back of the shirt at collar.
Step 3 fold the left arm of the shirt. Step 4 fold the right arm of the shirt. Step 5 fold the ¼ quarter of the shirt from the bottom. Step 6 fold the half shirt with the edge of the card. Step 7 place the pressed and refreshed belt from the front of the shirt to back of Of the shirt and fix it. Step 8 use the shirt bow on the front of the collar shirt. Step 9 use the poly bag for shirt and wrap it on the shirt with use of cello tape.. How to Acknowledge the Guest • Acknowledge the guest non verbally by smiling when they are 4 meters away. • Acknowledge the guest with an appropriate greetings when they are 2 meters away. • When greeting the guest in person , smile and make eye contact with the guest. • When answering the an in incoming calls use the following procedure Good morning/Afternoon/Evening Introduce your self I’m ------- Introduce your department I’m from --------- How may I help you ? / How can I assist you ?
• Use the guest name during interaction. • Check for satisfaction during interaction • Maintain eye contact and listen actively to the guest. • Make your judgment & do not interrupt the guest. • Clarifying the guest request by asking additional question. • Inform the guest what you will do and how long it will take to complete the request. • Offers alternatives if you will not fulfill the request. • After completing the request ask the guest if there is any thing else you could do for them. • Thanks the guest at the end. Procedure for Knocking the Room • Knock the door three times and say Laundry. • Wait 3 seconds. • Knock again 3 times and say Laundry. • Wait 3 seconds. • Don’t enter the room unless you have knocked twice. The guest after two knocks is supposed to open the door & if not place the key in the door and open the door1/3 of the way only Task, Duties & Responsibilities of Laundry workers 1- To maintain the hotel linen. 2- To assure the guest with prompt, efficient, trouble free laundry service in accordance with the standard. 3- Insure maximum cleaning effectiveness by sorting laundry prior to washing accordance to fabric type, color, item or soil concentration. 4- Pulls damaged and stained linen prior to loading in washers. 5- Insure maximum loading capacity prior to washing. 6- Loads the washers and dryers as per the recommended weight. 7- Save the energy by setting proper heating timing and cooling times. 8- Operates and maintain the equipment. 9- Fully aware of the procedure for the guest laundry and 3 hrs express services. 10- Fully aware of the procedure of lost & found handling. 11- Fully aware how to check the finished & pressed laundry 12- Fully aware of the procedure how to attend the calls. 13- Fully aware of the posting of the bills and how to maintain the record of guest laundry. 14- Fully aware of the fire, emergency & bomb procedure. 15- Fully aware of the chemicals used in the laundry.
16- Works in a safe manner in regards to lifting, utilities, e equipment, chemicals and protective devices as instructed. 17- Keep self to standard of personal hygiene, uniform appearance, body language & conduct. 18- Adheres to hotel policies and procedures. 19- Start working on time. 20- Accepts flexible work schedule when necessary and required by dept. 21- Maintain your own working area clean. Washing Specific • Sort out the dirty linen • Prepare the load as per machine capacity • Load the machines. • Door should be properly closed • Enter the program. • Check and monitor the washing dosing until the end of the program. Guest specific • Sort out stained & damaged and act accordingly • Check all pockets before going to wash. • Perform spotting procedure on stained article. • Give the damaged article to the tailor. Calendar side How to Fold the Towel ? • Sort out the house keeping Towel into Bath Towel, Hand Towel, Bath Mat & Face towel separately • Bath Towel Place the Towel in full length and width on the table. Make one straight fold to the mid of the towel. Make another straight fold with overlapping on the first fold. Make one cross fold till mid of the towel. Make another cross fold with overlapping on the first cross fold. • Hand Towel Make one straight fold to the mid of the towel. Make another straight fold with overlapping on the first fold. Make on cross fold and joint the one end with another end. • Bath Mat Make one cross fold till mid of the towel. Make another cross fold with overlapping on the first cross fold. • Face Towel Place it flat and stacking only.
Dry Cleaning Section • In Dry cleaning we mostly use two types of organic solvent called as Per chlor ethylene & Fluorocarbon. • For Dry clean we use Circle as a symbol of Dry Clean. • If there is a cross on circle then it means that this item is not for Dry Clean. • If there is A written inside the circle then it means that we can use any kind of solvent for that particular item. • If there is P written inside the circle then it means that we can use only Per Chlor ethylene for that particular item. • If there is F written inside the circle then it means that we can use only Fluorocarbon for that particular item. • If there is a line below the circle then it means that dry clean the material with special care like don’t use water, drying temperature below 50 C, reduce the mechanical action. How to operate the manual steam Press Machine ? 1- switch on the main power. 2- Check the Machine power on. 3- Check the Machine vacuum on. 4- Check the steam valve on. 5- Check the air valve on. 6- Check all the steam and air gauges is working. 7- Place the garment where the pressing is required.
8- Take the handle of machine and hold it in your hand and press it towards down. 9- Use the closer at the same time with help of foot & then use the lock & lock the machine at the same time with help of your hand. 10- Use steam passes up & down 11- Use the vacuum with the help of left foot. 12- Use the closer again & open the lock simultaneously. How to operate the Hydraulic Steam Press Machine ? 1- Switch on the main power. 2- Check the Machine power on. 3- Check the Machine vacuum on. 4- Check the steam valve on. 5- Check the air valve on. 6- Check all the steam and air gauges is working. 7- Place the garment where the pressing is required. 8- Close the press by using hand closer. 9- Use lock on left hand side and lock the machine. 10- Use steam passes up & down. 11- Use vacuum with the help of left foot. 12- Use the releaser present in the centre of the machine by using knee & release the press. How to operate the foam finisher machine ?
1- Switch on the main power. 2- Check the Machine power on. 3- Check the steam valve on. 4- Check the air valve on. 5- Check all the steam and air gauges is working. 6- Adjust the timing of steam intake with the help of timer as per the article and pressing requirement. 7- Adjust the timing of AIR intake with the help of timer as per the article and pressing requirement. 8- Wear the article on foam finisher. 9- There is an adjustment is available for different sizes of article if there is any adjustment is requires use the adjustment option. 10- In case of jacket/coat use clipper inside the sleeve & on the open chalk & on the back of the coat. 11- In case of coat & open shirt use the stopper to fix the item on the foam finisher from the front side & straight the creases smoothly. 12- Press the push button & then the steam & air comes simultaneously and it will stop as per the timing automatically . 13- Open the stopper and take out the article from foam finisher. How to operate the Dry Clean Machine ?
1- Switch on the main power. 2- Check the Machine power on. 3- Check the steam valve on. 4- Check the air valve on. 5- Check all the steam and air gauges is working. 6- Clean oil & air filter before going to start the machine. 7- Open the door of the machine and load the article & make sure it should be properly checked before going to load of the machine. 8- Check the solvent in the 1st , 2nd and 3rd tank. 9- Check the temperature of the machine. 10- Put the load in the machine, close the door and check the lock of the door. 11- Set the program as per the article needed to be dry clean. 12- Automatic program a- Start the machine. b- Start the heating system & distillation will automatically start with the heating system. c- 1st Distillation is only for 1.5 min d- Solvent goes to distillation tank e- Extraction start for 1.5 min f- 2nd distillation starts it is for 7 min. g- 2nd extraction starts for 2.5 min. h- Dryer starts for ½ hour. i- Open the door & take out the article from the machine. Drum of the machine Heating tank 1st tank 2nd tank 3rd tank Spare & Clean For white and light colors How to Press Vest without Sleeve ? 1- Place the collar straight on the steam press machine & follow the procedure for pressing. 2- Place the left shoulder on the steam press machine & follow the procedure for pressing. 3- Place the right shoulder on the steam press machine & follow the procedure for pressing. 4- Place the right front of the body on the steam press machine & follow the procedure for pressing. 5- Rotate the body & place each side of the body till left front of the body pressed and every time follow the procedure for pressing. 6- If there is any crease remain then use the hand press for the remaining portion check properly and hang.
How to Press the Ladies Shirt ? 1- Place the Collar straight on the hand press machine & press it by hand. 2- Place the whole kaj patti straight in length wise on the hand press machine & press it by hand. 3- Wear the whole shirt on the foam finisher machine and operate the machine as per the operating instructions. 4- Take out the shirt from foam finisher machine. 5- Place the shoulder and sleeve in such a manner that whole area should be covered on steam press machine and press the machine as per the operating instructions. 6- Repeat the same for the other shoulder and sleeve. 7- Check the pressing from front to back if there is any kind of more finishing required adjust it by hand press and then hang on the hanger. How to press Long Trouser ?
1- Place the waist on the Hot Iron hand press machine. 2- Use the steam air and vacuum by using padder down side of the machine and rotate the waist till the whole waist completely pressed. 3- Take the bottom on your hand and arrange the crease stitch to stitch, pocket of that side should be towards downside. 4- Place the whole leg of the trouser till Thai on the steam press machine and arrange the front crease and align it with upper waist crease & finally press the press the machine as per operating instructions. 5- Repeat the 3rd & 4th step for the other leg. 6- Check the pressing from front to back if there is any kind of more finishing required adjust it by hand press and then hang on the hanger. How to Press the Jacket/Dress Coat ?
1- Press the inside of the front & collar of the coat. 2- Wear the coat on the foam finisher machine. 3- Adjust the timing of steam intake with the help of timer as per the article and pressing requirement. 4- Adjust the timing of AIR intake with the help of timer as per the article and pressing requirement. 5- There is an adjustment is available for different sizes of article if there is any adjustment is requires use the adjustment option. 6- In case of jacket/coat use clipper inside the sleeve & on the open chalk & on the back of the coat. 7- In case of coat use the stopper to fix the item on the foam finisher from the front & back side & straight the creases smoothly. 8- Press the push button & then the steam & air comes simultaneously and it will stop as per the timing automatically . 9- Open the stopper and take out the article from foam finisher. 10- Place the right front side of the coat on the steam press machine for more finishing & rotate the coat till the left front come and press according to the procedure. 11- Now press the inside lining of the coat with the help of hand press machine. 12- Hang it on the hanger. 13- Check pressing of the coat if there is any crease or finishing required then use steam of the hand press.

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TRAINING MANUAL

  • 1.
    TRAINING MANUAL BY ASAD ULLAHKHAN M.SC (CHEM) LAUNDRY OPERATION MANAGER DUBAI, U.A.E DUBAI U.AE. TEL: +971-505773206 Email: asadullah_15@yahoo.com
  • 2.
  • 3.
    PREFACE THIS TRAINING MANUALIS PREPARED FOR THE RECORD OF THE HOTEL & THE BENEFIT OF THE LAUNDRY STAFF I M SURE IT WILL ALSO BE A GREAT SOURCE OF HELP IN IMPARTING THE BASIC CONCEPT ABOUT LAUNDRY WASHING & DRY CLEANING. I WISH TO THANK TO ALL WHO PROVIDED ME CHANCE TO PREPARE THE TRAINING MANUAL. I AGAIN THANKS TO ALL WHO HAVE CONFIDENCE ON ME & GIVING ME SUCH WONDERFUL OPPORTUNITY TO THINK & PREPARE THE TRAINING MANUAL FOR THE LAUNDRY STAFF. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER IMPROVEMENT WILL BE MUCH APPRECIATED. ASAD ULLAH KHAN
  • 4.
    CONTENTS Objectives of washing Laundrywashing Laundry dry cleaning Difference between washing & dry Cleaning Detergent Soap Difference between soap & detergent. Washed depending characteristics Fibers Fabric Classification of fibers Identification of fibers Identification of natural fibers Identification of synthetic fibers Natural fiber use Method of laundering for natural fiber Use of regenerated fibers Method of laundering for regenerated fibers Use of synthetic fibers Method of laundering for synthetic fibers Washing symbols Symbols for bleach Symbols for ironing Symbols for Dry cleaning Symbols for drying Natural water & water quality requirement for laundries Hard & Soft water Units for water hardness Incrustation Water pH for laundry What is dirt ? Types of dirt Washing procedure for removing different types of dirt Composition of dirt & its affinity towards textile material Detergents for laundry washing Composition of detergents Soap with hard water Detergents are better than soap Important characteristics of detergents Washing machines Modern concept of continuous washing machines Drum type washing machines Inner drum & outer drum Mechanism of machines Liquor ratio & loading capacity of machines Interesting facts about washing processes Rules for sorting Factors influence on washing processes How to operate washing machines ? Important technical terms for washing
  • 5.
    LAUNDRY Laundry washing looksvery simple, if one looks in details it is a complex process. If the washing is to be done well, a thorough understanding of the washing process is Necessity. Objectives: The objective of laundry is to return soiled textiles to a clean, hygienic and ready for Use state without undue damage. Laundry washing: • The cleaning of textile using water and chemicals. In this Case water is using as Solvent & having the power of dissolving other substances. The water as a solvent ( the natural & synthetic fiber have an ability to shrink and bleed). Dry Cleaning: • The cleaning of textiles using organic solvents. In this Case Organic solvents Like Perchlorethylene & Fluorocarbon is using as Solvent & having the power Of dissolving other substances instead of water.
  • 6.
    Detergent • It iscleaning agent containing surface active agent. • It clean & remove all types of soil at low to high temperature. • It should have the capability to remove and dissolve fats and beverage stains. • It should be easily soluble in water • It can works actively on all types of fibers without reducing the fabric Strength. • Surface active agent called surfactant ( a substance introduced into a liquid in Order to affect usually to increase its spreading, wetting, & similar properties i.e., properties which depends upon its surface tension). • It may contain ENZYMES. • It may contain ACTIVE BLEACHING AGENT. It can restore the white color. • It may contain WETTING & DISPERSING AGENT. • It may contain SOFTENING AGENT. It can act both in hard and soft water. • It may contain DEFOAMER • It may contain ANTI-STATIC AGENT. • It may contain PERFUMED. • They are distinct from soap because 1- They are alkyl arene sulphonates, sulphated aliphatic alcohols etc. 2- They are effective in hard water & soft water & do not forms a scum like soap.
  • 7.
    Soap: • It isa mixture of sodium or potassium salts of Stearic acid C17H35COOH, Palmitic Acid C15H31COOH & Oleic Acid C17H33COOH. • Soaps are made by the action of sodium or potassium hydroxide on fats , this Action is called hydrolysis or saponification which gives soap and glycerol as a By product. Textiles should be washed depends on the following characteristics • Types of textile fiber • Structure and character of the textile material ( Type of Weave ) • Color fastness • Wash durability of textile • Type and quality of garment ( Stitching & style ) In the past, fabric were only made from natural fibers such as cotton, linen, wool, and silk. Today we use a range of different man made fibers and mixture of natural & Artificial fibers. Fibers: Textile fiber is defined as a unit of matter characterized by • Flexibility • Fineness • High ratio of length to breadth minimum is 100. Fibers are the raw material for manufacturing yarn and yarn can be converted into Fabric by weaving or knitting.
  • 8.
    Fabric: Fabric should havethe following properties like • Comfort • Warmth • Durable • Easy of wash • Crease recovery • Cost Classification of Fibers: It can be classified into two groups 1- Natural fibers ( it is obtained from natural sources like plants e.g. cotton flax & jutes from animals e.g. wool & silk) 2- Man made fibers ( It is further classified into two groups ) a- Synthetic fiber ( It is made by man by the process of polymerization of Specific chemicals e.g., Polyester, Nylon, Acrylic. ) b- Regenerated fiber ( It is made by man by using of naturally occurring Polymer e.g., Viscose
  • 9.
    Identification of fiber: Wecan identify the fiber by burning test method. Fiber origin Fiber substance Burning results Natural fiber Cotton Linen(flax) Jute Wool silk Vegetable cotton plant Animal (sheep) Animal (silk worm) Cellulose Protein * Burns rapidly *Smell burning paper *Burns without residue *After burning gray ash obtained • Burns slowly • Smell burning hair Crushable black ash Synthetic fiber Polyester (Diolan) Nylon (Perlon) Acrylic Made by oil or coal tar Made by oil or coal tar Made by oil or coal tar Macro molecule made from different monomers Macro molecule made from different monomers Macro molecule made from different monomers *Burns slowly with black smoke *smell burning chemical *melts hard gray bead like little ball *Burns slowly with black smoke *smell celery like *melts hard gray bead like little ball *Burns continuously *smell acidic *melts hard brittle bead Regenerated fibers Viscose Vegetable (wood) cellulose As in cotton Modified fibers Acetate egetable cellulose *Burns continuously *Smell hot vinegar *brittle hard black bead
  • 10.
    Fiber Use Methodof Laundering Natural Fiber Cotton Bed linen, Table linen, cloths, Under wear, blouses, coats, overalls, socks etc. White color fastness can be washed at 90 C Color washed at temperature b/w 40-60 C Linen Bed linen, table linen, kitchen cloths. Same as above wool Jersey such as pullovers Wash cold up to 40 these garments are sensitive to mechanical handling, it is recommended to wash by hand or with slow RPM Silk Shawls, dresses, blouse, underwear etc. As per wool same as above Regenerated fiber viscose Dress material, underwear, usually blended with other fibers e.g. wool & cotton normally washed warm up to 60 C Washing up to 90 C is possible when using less mechanical action Polynosic fiber Decoration material normally blended & used for bed, table linen & underwear. Same as cotton Cuprous fibers Dress material, underwear, curtain, blouses It can wash b/w 40– 60 C Use less mechanical action Acetate Dress material, curtain, underwear, blouses It has reduced tensile strength in wet phase & sensitive to mechanical action like viscose & sensitive to hot water recommended for fine wash up to 40 C Synthétique fibre Polyamide (PA) Perlon *nylon* Polyester (PES) Diolan *Trévira* Dacron Underwear, blouses, shirts, coats, stocking dresses, bed linen, shirts, curtains, dresses often mixed with other fibers, overalls 30-60 C, textiles do tend to crease if washed at 60-90 C or with strong mechanical action use higher water ratio. It is important to cool down Polyacryl (PAC) etc. Dralon *Dolan* Orlon *Radon* Jersey, shawls, curtains, dresses, acid resistant cloth. 40 C to avoid yellowing, creasing & loss of shapes. Polychlorid (PVC) Rhovyl Underwear for patients suffering from rheumatism, jerseys, acid resistant cloth, PVC Fiber are often used in mixture with other fibers 40 C otherwise danger of shrinking & deformation Elasthan (PUE) Bras & stretch pants White 60 C, colored 40 C
  • 11.
    Water: Natural water containsdissolved salts in different quantities like calcium and Magnesium salts of sulphates, carbonates & chlorides. These salts make the water Harden & affect the washing process. Water hardness is measured as follows: 1 gram CaO in 100 liter water equals 1 dH (German hardness) Which is equivalent to 1.25 eH (English hardness) Or 1.79 fH (French hardness) Incrustation: The salts in hard water react with certain substances present in the unsuitable washing Powders, residues in the form of incrustations will be deposited on the washing and In the machines. Incrustation cause washing to look grey and unsightly and damage The fabric & it is not good for the machines. Therefore laundries will Endeavour to use soft water. In the past you would find Laundries near rivers as the soft water from rivers were suitable for washing. Currently Water softening plant are used & it is more difficult to obtain water of good quality And the cost for softening is increasing. This necessitates the use of water saving Procedures in the laundry.
  • 12.
    Laundry water shouldbe: • Soft • Free of iron ( max 0.1 mg / lit ) • Free of manganese ( max 0.05 mg / lit ) • Clean & odor free • pH about 7 What is dirt? Dirt is any undesirable foreign matter on textiles It consists of many different components. Specific dirt component are found on Fabrics depending on type and use of textile material. Dirt found on underwear and Bed linen is usually sweat, skin fat, protein and urine, laundry will also have blood And some skin ointments. One will find specific types of soiling in linen from Workshops, F&B & Health club etc.
  • 13.
    We can categorizedirt as follows: 1- washable dirt Any type of dirt which can be rinsed from the textile material with water Alone or together with washing powder is called washable dirt e.g. protein, Pigments, blood, urine, carbohydrates & fats. 2- Dirt which can be dissolved in organic solvent Dirt consist of difficult stains such as fats and oils, paints and varnishes and Dyes. These stains are sometime difficult to remove completely. 3- Bleachable dirt Dirt consist of dyes which are not washed out by means of laundering or dry- Cleaning. A special bleaching during the washing cycle can be performed. Bleaching is an oxidizing process which destroys the pigment dye. Composition of dirt & its affinity towards textiles. Quantity in % Kind of soiling Method of washing 15-20 Salt Water soluble 5-7 Urea Clean with water 20-25 Protein Water insoluble Approx.20 Carbohydrates Water insoluble 5-10 Fats Water insoluble 25-30 pigment Bleachable in water
  • 14.
    Detergents for industriallaundering Detergents for industrial laundering must meet the following criteria: • They must have good washing efficiency. • The textile material must not be damaged. • The detergent should be easy to use. • They should be suitable in any type of machinery & system. • Low foams must be guaranteed. • Incrustation on textiles and machines must be avoided. • The composition of the washing powder must be adjusted to the prevailing water hardness. • Soil releasing power and dirt suspension should be the criteria for detergent. Detergents are complex mixture of various chemicals. Each component of this Mixture has its own task to fulfill in conjunction with other chemicals. Only a Combination of all those ingredients in the correct proportions can fulfill the Requirements as mentioned above. Surfactant (wetting agents) is water soluble and reduces the surface tension of water Salts such as polyphosphates Alkalis such as soda ash, orthophosphates etc.
  • 15.
    Additives such asCMC, magnesium silicate (dirt dispenser) They will ensure that the soil is removed without unnecessary damaged to the fabric, & no undesired incrustations on the fabric. In past when soap was used together with alkalis such as caustic soda or soda ash, the Combination of soap and hard water salts caused problem by graying the washing and Diminishing the moisture absorbing capacity of the garments. Detergents rinse out very well and quickly even in cold water, the soap used in past Hard to rinsed out even in hot water, which is both time consuming, energy and Water. In the days when washing powder consisted mainly of soap and soda for the laundry Expert lather was a sure sign of strength in the washing solution. As long as solution Gave foam, the laundry man knew that the solution contained sufficient active soap For washing and was not bound to the calcium in the water. The foam level indicated The presence of the wash active substances.
  • 16.
    Today situation isdifferent instead of soap we are using synthetic anionic and non Ionic surfactant, the great advantage of synthetic surfactant over soap is that they are Usually not easily affected by hard water. Important characteristics of wash active substances in combination with alkalis, Phosphates, dirt suspenders, bleaches and optical brighteners. • Wetting of the fiber by reducing the surface tension of water. • Dispersing solid dirt and lifting out dirt from the textile material. • Emulsifying fatty, oily substances and lifting those from the textile fabric. • Keeping dirt in suspension in the washing solution and avoiding redeposit. • Bleaching of stains. • Giving the high degree of whiteness to the white fabric. Washing Machines The first line shows the manual work and labor intensive washing in the laundry. It consist of Sorting of laundry Loading Extracting by centrifuging Drying Ironing, pressing & calendaring Folding Second line shows how all these different operations can be simplified by making use of new development in machinery and more efficient washing through the use of more automated & mechanized machine. Continuous washing machines are used in large laundries, where with a minimum of labor and personnel, the washing is handled on an assembly line basis.
  • 17.
    Third line showsthe visualized machine where the dirty washing enters on one side and comes out on the other side, washed, bleached, pressed, folded & packed. Development work is being conducted in this direction. Principally we are using double drum washer for washing. There are two drums Outer drum It has lockable doors I loads the washing and dose the water & chemicals. It holds the drain line. It holds the inner drum shaft. Inner drum It can rotate in both directions There are ribs present inside the inner drum These ribs pull up the laundry and let it falls & this gives the Mechanical action to the washing process. The inner drum is perforated, the laundry comes into contact With the chemicals and water through these perforations. Mechanism of washing machines The detergent solution in the outer drum is filled up to a certain level , when rotating the ribs of inner drum lift the wash out of the float and, by further rotation, the washing falls back into the liquor again. This principle of moving the wash helps enormously in the cleaning action. To avoid washing getting tangled, the machine is programmed to run a certain numbers of times in one direction and then the same # of revolution in other direction called RPM. Washing machines are mostly consisting of stainless steel due to corrosion reason. New and latest double drum machines mostly have the following Power supply, heating system, loading, draining, closures, and thermometers, different type of gauges, inspection windows, different program or individual process information can be stored by program card, centrifuging within the same machines, etc. There is important to know the exact loading capacity of the machines, incorrect loading can lead to problems in the washing process, the loading capacity is expressed in kg of dry laundry. Liquor ratio is also important to know the relation between kg of laundry and water. Only with the correct ratio will the laundry have sufficient space to ensure good washing result. It is defined as 1 kg of dry washing in relation to the drum volume in 1 liter. In practice 1 : 8 to 1 : 12 is reasonable.
  • 18.
    Lightly soiled washingrequires less volume than heavily soiled textiles. The loading capacity is calculated by dividing the total volume of the drum by the required volume per kg dry wash (fill ratio) e.g. Volume of the drum 226 lit Soiling of washing light Fill ratio 1 : 8 Loading capacity is 226 : 8 =28.25 kg of dry wash If the volume of the drum is not known then we use the following equation Interesting facts about washing process The following factors are important: • Type, weave & dye of textile material. • Kind & degree of soiling. • Type of washing machines. • Quality of water. • Available detergents and bleaches. • Quality requirement in regard to cleanliness, stain removal, hygiene, wear etc. • Desired garment finish as well as washing habits. Rules for sorting: • White washing is first separated from colored material. • White washing is sorted according to the degree of soiling i.e. light, normal, & very dirty soiled. • The colored washing is separated into light, medium & dark colored garments. • Woolen is sort out separately as these should not be washed with white or colored washing. • The following always wash separately
  • 19.
    Mechanics overalls Mixed overalls Kitchenwashing Blood stained By following the rules of sorting we can make it possible to give each laundry type its own process, thereby avoiding damages & problems. Factors influence on washing process: We always need these four factors to achieve good results. The four factors may vary in relation to each other, but it is not possible to leave one factor out when designing a good washing process. Important terms used in washing: • Mechanical Action: Type of washing machines, the drop of height, Float ratio, Loading Ratio, RPM of the Machines etc. • Chemicals: Concentration of chemicals and Bleaches. • Temperatures: Cold, Warm & Hot Water.
  • 20.
    • Time: Durationof total process. • Liquor: This is the liquid in the washing machines called float & it can be sub divided into the float bound by the fabrics and the float which is not absorbed or free float. This sub division is important as an exchange of the float will replace the free float. The bound float together with any chemicals will be transferred to the next washing cycle. The bound float constitute 2-3 times the weight of the dry washing i.e. 2-3 liter / kg. • Liquor Ratio: The ratio between dry weights of the load and the water e.g. 1: 5 means that I kg of dry fabric load requires 5 liter of water. • Soaking: The washing is submerged in a solution in large containers or in washing machines. This was often done in past. • Pre-rinse: Pre-rinsing of textiles in cold water without chemicals to rinse off large dirt particles or to increase the wetting of load. • Pre-wash: The first cycle of any process to remove a major portion of the soil. • Main wash: The major washing to remove all remaining soil. • Bleaching: This is done in a separate cycle to remove bleachable stain. The Process of BLEACHING There are different kind of soiling are present on textiles, among others we have a range of different soiling consisting of dyes from fruits, vegetables, coffee, tea & wine which are not removed by detergent alone. These stains must be removed by a washing powder containing bleaching agent called (Per borate) or by chlorine bleach in a separate cycle. The above stains are usually bleachable stains.
  • 21.
    Purpose of bleaching: Thereare two purpose of using bleaching agent • To remove the stain. • To produce the high degree of whiteness in the laundry. Nowadays modern optical brighteners are used to improve the whiteness in much simpler way with less damage to the fabric. Importance of correct bleaching process: Incorrect bleaching process can do irreparable damage so correct use of bleach is very important to avoid undue damage. Bleaches do not only attack stains, but also the fiber. Good bleaching process is therefore characterized by a complete stain removal with the least possible damage to the fabric. Bleaches cannot be added directly to the fabric. They must be diluted before. The most common oxidation bleaches are: Sodium per borate Hydrogen peroxide Sodium hypochlorite Sodium dichloroisocyanurate The first two are commonly known as OXYGEN BLEACHES The last two are commonly known as CHLORINE BLEACHES Bleaching with Sodium per borate: • It is available in dry powder form • It can be mixed with washing powder. • It is always done in the main wash. • All fully built detergent contains sodium per borate as the bleach component. These products contains stabilizer. • The process will begin at a temperature between 50 – 60 C & will reach its optimum at 85 - 90 C. The bleaching time should be 10 minutes. • The dose should be above 0.5 to 1.5 g/lit. • The type of machines, as well as quality of water used can also affect the bleaching process when using sodium per borate.
  • 22.
    • All heavymetals ions act as catalyst for sodium per borate & speed up the release of oxygen. The catalytic release can lead to textile damage. Bleaching with Hydrogen Peroxide • It is available in the liquid form. • It is always done in the main wash. • Concentration available is 30-50 % by volume. • Its efficiency is identical to that of sodium per borate. • The same criteria as described for sodium per borate. Bleaching with Sodium Hypochlorite • Chlorine bleaches can be applied in different ways as follows. Chlorine bleach in pre-wash • Chlorine bleach in the pre-wash has a time saving advantage, because a special bleaching cycle is not required later in the wash process. • Dosing: At 35-40 C, 10 min, 200 mg active chlorine / lit float. At 60 C, 10 min, 120 – 140 mg active chlorine / lit float. Chlorine bleach in the main wash • Dosing: At 70 C, 10 min, 120 mg active chlorine / lit. At 85 C, 10 min, 50-75 mg active chlorine / lit. Chlorine bleach in the main wash • Bleach can be added in the 2nd & 3rd rinse. • Dosing: At 25-28 C, 7-8 min, 250-400 mg active chlorine / lit. Neutralization of Chlorine Bleach When using chlorine bleach one can only obtain a wash without chlorine smell and textile damage when all chlorine residues are destroyed. As anti-chlorine compound sodium Meta bi Sulphite is usually added which act as Neutralizer Dosing: At 25 C, 7-8 min, 250-400 mg / lit Bleaching With sodium Di chloro isocyanurate This chemical is a chlorine carrier in powder form. The advantage lies in good storage stability, its means that even for longer storage periods the full bleaching capacity is available. Most other chlorine bleaching agent loose their strength during storage. Methods of Removing Stain Not all stains can be removed by washing & bleaching. Certain stains such as Rust, Fat, Mineral Oil, Graphite & oil paints must be removed by a specific process & using specific stain removal agents. In these cases we can only use chemicals and methods which do not damage the fiber or change the color. Incorrect procedure can only cause more damage. It is therefore necessary to try the proposed stain removal on a place on the garment where damage would be least noticeable.
  • 23.
    STAIN WASHABLE BLEACHABLE ENZYME SOLVENT ACID OXIDATIVEREDUCTIVE BLEACH BLEACH CHLORINE PERBORATE BLEACH H2O2 ( OXYGEN BLEACH ) Tips on Sorting : • White washing is first separated from colored material. • White washing is sorted according to the degree of soiling i.e. light, normal, & very dirty soiled. • The colored washing is separated into light, medium & dark colored garments. • Woolen is sort out separately as these should not be washed with white or colored washing. • The following always wash separately Mechanics overalls
  • 24.
    Mixed overalls Kitchen washing Bloodstained Tips on Stain removal : • Stain resistant to washing and bleaching can usually be removed by spot cleaning only. • Spotting requires specific knowledge and time and is therefore expensive. • Before starting any treatment it is important to recognize the type & origin of the stain. • Removing stain is made even more difficult if the fiber is encrusted with lime deposit OR if the stain is aged or fixed by wrong treatment e.g. blood. It is therefore important to spot stains when they are fresh which means that the whole process must be geared for an optimal removal. • After that we will have to follow the chart as per the type and origin of stain. Detergent • It contains Sodium Tripolyphosphate, sodium carbonate, sodium met silicate, & sodium linear alkyl benzene sulphonate. Alkali • It contains sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate & sodium tripolyphosphate. • It saponifies and dissolves grease, fats & protein soil. • It facilitates the penetration of water to fabric. • It suspends the minerals in hard water to prevent their redeposition on linen. • It improves the efficiency of detergent in hard water. • It contains blend with highly alkaline matter, builders, dispersing agent & non ionic surfactant. Oxygen bleach • It contains sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium per borate, sodium chloride & sodium carbonate.
  • 25.
    • It removeshard stain from the colored fabrics. • Keeps the color of the fabric intact. • It has wetting and depressing ability. • It contains brighteners that leave the cloth brighter as they were new. • It contains oxidizing material & wetting agents. Chlorine bleach • It is used to remove food & beverage stain from white fabric. • It can be used to remove old blood stain from white. • It gives brightness to linen. • It contains chlorine based compound, builder & non ionic surfactant. Liquid emulsifier • It is emulsifier for oil and greasy stain. • It has high effectiveness in removing transpiration stains from collar and cuff. • It contains mixture of solvents, nonionic surfactant, dispersing & wetting agent. Sour • It is composed of mixture of organic acids that does not have any alkaline residue and at the same time removes rust stain from fabric. • They don’t have any clogging residues in the cycle. • It contains disinfecting agent. • It contains organic acid, solvents & inorganic mineral acids. • It contains sodium silicofluoride, sodium chloride & sodium bifluoride. Softeners • It is effective fabric softener. • It contains optical brightening agent. • Its action helps to prevent the growth of bacteria on the fabric. • It controls the electrostatic charges on synthetic fibers. • It contains quaternary ammonium chloride and perfume. Emulsifying Agents Emulsifiers generally can be classified as surfactant & have hydrophilic (Polar, water loving) & Lipophilic (Non Polar, Oil Loving) structural portions within their molecular structures. Properties of an emulsifying agent • Be surface active and reduce surface tension to below 10 dyne/cm. • Be adsorbed quickly around the dispersed drops as a condensed, non adherent film, which will prevent coalescence. • Impart to the droplet an adequate electric potential so that mutual repulsion occurs. • Increase the viscosity of the emulsion. • Be effective in low concentration. • Be stable, be compatible with other ingredients.
  • 26.
    • Be nontoxic. • Possess little odor taste or color. • Not interfere with the stability of efficacy of the active agent. Spotting chemicals Rust Go • It removes rust from fabric • It contains Hydrofluoric Acid, Ammonium bi fluoride & water. Qwik Go • It removes blood; milk & food stain also mercurochrome & Merthiolate. • It contains Tri ethanol amine, linear primary alcohol ethoxylate, potassium hydroxide Isopropyl alcohol & water. Ink Go • It removes ink also removes autoclave tape. • It contains 2-(2 butoxy ethoxy) ethanol, 2-(2 propoxy ethoxy) ethanol, alkyl benzene, paraffin’s & butoxy ethanol. Bon Go • It removes beverage Stains • It contains alcohol, C8-10 ethoxylated propoxylated, toluene/xylene sulphonic acid containing sulphuric acid, gluconic acid, glycerin & water. Tar Go • It removes Ink Oil, Grease, Paints, and lipsticks, make up, shoe polish, crayon, grass, tar.
  • 27.
    • It containsethanol 2-(2 butoxy ethoxy) methyl isoamyl ketone, trichloroethylene, nonyl phenol ethoxylate, 2 ethoxy ethanol. How to remove the Stain ? Step 1- To find the exact place of the stain. 2- To examine the size & # of stains. 3- To find the nature of stains. 4- Place the drops of appropriate spotting chemical on the surface of stain 5- Use the wooden and rub the stain gently. 6- Make sure that the wooden stick doesn’t have the sharp edges. Always use blunt area of the stick to avoid damages. 7- There may be different kind of stain on the same fabric & there are different kind of chemicals available for different stains so there is need to use chemical accordingly. 8- Use the steam with the help of spotting machine which have one steam gun and then dry with the same gun, there is option available to use air also. 9- If the spot gone completely then there is only rinse the fabric with water only. 10- If the stain becomes light then repeat the same procedure. 11- If intensity of the stain remain same then don’t force it to remove from fabric just consult your supervisor or in charge. Valet Section • Receive the guest Laundry from the Guest room. A) by valet himself B) by room boy C) by concierge or reception • Read carefully the laundry list there should be room # mentioned. • Check the item quantity wise & spotting/ damage wise and then marked • Make the advisement card for damage and stained linen. • Check all the pockets and follow the lost and found procedure.
  • 28.
    • Sort outthe laundry as for washing and dry cleaning & pressing. • After completing the process of washing and dry cleaning arrange the laundry as per marking. • Fold and hanger the laundry as per the guest instructions. • Accessories are as follows which can be used in guest laundry. A) Cello Tape Small B) DND Sign C) Dress bag 65*170 D) Glue stick E) Hand brush small F) Highlighter fluorescent G) Laundry & dry cleaning list H) Laundry advisement I) Laundry bag 45*60 J) Laundry voucher K) Marking ribbon thermo patch L) Marking tape Thermo patch M) Press band N) Safety pin O) Scissors P) Shirt band laundry 14*18h Q) Shirt bow R) Shirt card S) Spry starch double T) Suit bag U) White bag 56*67 V) White ink pen W) Wire hanger pvc X) Wooden basket Y) Brown paper Z) Lost & found voucher How to Fold the Shirt Step 1 place the front of the shirt on the table. Step 2 place the shirt card on the back of the shirt at collar.
  • 29.
    Step 3 foldthe left arm of the shirt. Step 4 fold the right arm of the shirt. Step 5 fold the ¼ quarter of the shirt from the bottom. Step 6 fold the half shirt with the edge of the card. Step 7 place the pressed and refreshed belt from the front of the shirt to back of Of the shirt and fix it. Step 8 use the shirt bow on the front of the collar shirt. Step 9 use the poly bag for shirt and wrap it on the shirt with use of cello tape.. How to Acknowledge the Guest • Acknowledge the guest non verbally by smiling when they are 4 meters away. • Acknowledge the guest with an appropriate greetings when they are 2 meters away. • When greeting the guest in person , smile and make eye contact with the guest. • When answering the an in incoming calls use the following procedure Good morning/Afternoon/Evening Introduce your self I’m ------- Introduce your department I’m from --------- How may I help you ? / How can I assist you ?
  • 30.
    • Use theguest name during interaction. • Check for satisfaction during interaction • Maintain eye contact and listen actively to the guest. • Make your judgment & do not interrupt the guest. • Clarifying the guest request by asking additional question. • Inform the guest what you will do and how long it will take to complete the request. • Offers alternatives if you will not fulfill the request. • After completing the request ask the guest if there is any thing else you could do for them. • Thanks the guest at the end. Procedure for Knocking the Room • Knock the door three times and say Laundry. • Wait 3 seconds. • Knock again 3 times and say Laundry. • Wait 3 seconds. • Don’t enter the room unless you have knocked twice. The guest after two knocks is supposed to open the door & if not place the key in the door and open the door1/3 of the way only Task, Duties & Responsibilities of Laundry workers 1- To maintain the hotel linen. 2- To assure the guest with prompt, efficient, trouble free laundry service in accordance with the standard. 3- Insure maximum cleaning effectiveness by sorting laundry prior to washing accordance to fabric type, color, item or soil concentration. 4- Pulls damaged and stained linen prior to loading in washers. 5- Insure maximum loading capacity prior to washing. 6- Loads the washers and dryers as per the recommended weight. 7- Save the energy by setting proper heating timing and cooling times. 8- Operates and maintain the equipment. 9- Fully aware of the procedure for the guest laundry and 3 hrs express services. 10- Fully aware of the procedure of lost & found handling. 11- Fully aware how to check the finished & pressed laundry 12- Fully aware of the procedure how to attend the calls. 13- Fully aware of the posting of the bills and how to maintain the record of guest laundry. 14- Fully aware of the fire, emergency & bomb procedure. 15- Fully aware of the chemicals used in the laundry.
  • 31.
    16- Works ina safe manner in regards to lifting, utilities, e equipment, chemicals and protective devices as instructed. 17- Keep self to standard of personal hygiene, uniform appearance, body language & conduct. 18- Adheres to hotel policies and procedures. 19- Start working on time. 20- Accepts flexible work schedule when necessary and required by dept. 21- Maintain your own working area clean. Washing Specific • Sort out the dirty linen • Prepare the load as per machine capacity • Load the machines. • Door should be properly closed • Enter the program. • Check and monitor the washing dosing until the end of the program. Guest specific • Sort out stained & damaged and act accordingly • Check all pockets before going to wash. • Perform spotting procedure on stained article. • Give the damaged article to the tailor. Calendar side How to Fold the Towel ? • Sort out the house keeping Towel into Bath Towel, Hand Towel, Bath Mat & Face towel separately • Bath Towel Place the Towel in full length and width on the table. Make one straight fold to the mid of the towel. Make another straight fold with overlapping on the first fold. Make one cross fold till mid of the towel. Make another cross fold with overlapping on the first cross fold. • Hand Towel Make one straight fold to the mid of the towel. Make another straight fold with overlapping on the first fold. Make on cross fold and joint the one end with another end. • Bath Mat Make one cross fold till mid of the towel. Make another cross fold with overlapping on the first cross fold. • Face Towel Place it flat and stacking only.
  • 32.
    Dry Cleaning Section •In Dry cleaning we mostly use two types of organic solvent called as Per chlor ethylene & Fluorocarbon. • For Dry clean we use Circle as a symbol of Dry Clean. • If there is a cross on circle then it means that this item is not for Dry Clean. • If there is A written inside the circle then it means that we can use any kind of solvent for that particular item. • If there is P written inside the circle then it means that we can use only Per Chlor ethylene for that particular item. • If there is F written inside the circle then it means that we can use only Fluorocarbon for that particular item. • If there is a line below the circle then it means that dry clean the material with special care like don’t use water, drying temperature below 50 C, reduce the mechanical action. How to operate the manual steam Press Machine ? 1- switch on the main power. 2- Check the Machine power on. 3- Check the Machine vacuum on. 4- Check the steam valve on. 5- Check the air valve on. 6- Check all the steam and air gauges is working. 7- Place the garment where the pressing is required.
  • 33.
    8- Take thehandle of machine and hold it in your hand and press it towards down. 9- Use the closer at the same time with help of foot & then use the lock & lock the machine at the same time with help of your hand. 10- Use steam passes up & down 11- Use the vacuum with the help of left foot. 12- Use the closer again & open the lock simultaneously. How to operate the Hydraulic Steam Press Machine ? 1- Switch on the main power. 2- Check the Machine power on. 3- Check the Machine vacuum on. 4- Check the steam valve on. 5- Check the air valve on. 6- Check all the steam and air gauges is working. 7- Place the garment where the pressing is required. 8- Close the press by using hand closer. 9- Use lock on left hand side and lock the machine. 10- Use steam passes up & down. 11- Use vacuum with the help of left foot. 12- Use the releaser present in the centre of the machine by using knee & release the press. How to operate the foam finisher machine ?
  • 34.
    1- Switch onthe main power. 2- Check the Machine power on. 3- Check the steam valve on. 4- Check the air valve on. 5- Check all the steam and air gauges is working. 6- Adjust the timing of steam intake with the help of timer as per the article and pressing requirement. 7- Adjust the timing of AIR intake with the help of timer as per the article and pressing requirement. 8- Wear the article on foam finisher. 9- There is an adjustment is available for different sizes of article if there is any adjustment is requires use the adjustment option. 10- In case of jacket/coat use clipper inside the sleeve & on the open chalk & on the back of the coat. 11- In case of coat & open shirt use the stopper to fix the item on the foam finisher from the front side & straight the creases smoothly. 12- Press the push button & then the steam & air comes simultaneously and it will stop as per the timing automatically . 13- Open the stopper and take out the article from foam finisher. How to operate the Dry Clean Machine ?
  • 35.
    1- Switch onthe main power. 2- Check the Machine power on. 3- Check the steam valve on. 4- Check the air valve on. 5- Check all the steam and air gauges is working. 6- Clean oil & air filter before going to start the machine. 7- Open the door of the machine and load the article & make sure it should be properly checked before going to load of the machine. 8- Check the solvent in the 1st , 2nd and 3rd tank. 9- Check the temperature of the machine. 10- Put the load in the machine, close the door and check the lock of the door. 11- Set the program as per the article needed to be dry clean. 12- Automatic program a- Start the machine. b- Start the heating system & distillation will automatically start with the heating system. c- 1st Distillation is only for 1.5 min d- Solvent goes to distillation tank e- Extraction start for 1.5 min f- 2nd distillation starts it is for 7 min. g- 2nd extraction starts for 2.5 min. h- Dryer starts for ½ hour. i- Open the door & take out the article from the machine. Drum of the machine Heating tank 1st tank 2nd tank 3rd tank Spare & Clean For white and light colors How to Press Vest without Sleeve ? 1- Place the collar straight on the steam press machine & follow the procedure for pressing. 2- Place the left shoulder on the steam press machine & follow the procedure for pressing. 3- Place the right shoulder on the steam press machine & follow the procedure for pressing. 4- Place the right front of the body on the steam press machine & follow the procedure for pressing. 5- Rotate the body & place each side of the body till left front of the body pressed and every time follow the procedure for pressing. 6- If there is any crease remain then use the hand press for the remaining portion check properly and hang.
  • 36.
    How to Pressthe Ladies Shirt ? 1- Place the Collar straight on the hand press machine & press it by hand. 2- Place the whole kaj patti straight in length wise on the hand press machine & press it by hand. 3- Wear the whole shirt on the foam finisher machine and operate the machine as per the operating instructions. 4- Take out the shirt from foam finisher machine. 5- Place the shoulder and sleeve in such a manner that whole area should be covered on steam press machine and press the machine as per the operating instructions. 6- Repeat the same for the other shoulder and sleeve. 7- Check the pressing from front to back if there is any kind of more finishing required adjust it by hand press and then hang on the hanger. How to press Long Trouser ?
  • 37.
    1- Place thewaist on the Hot Iron hand press machine. 2- Use the steam air and vacuum by using padder down side of the machine and rotate the waist till the whole waist completely pressed. 3- Take the bottom on your hand and arrange the crease stitch to stitch, pocket of that side should be towards downside. 4- Place the whole leg of the trouser till Thai on the steam press machine and arrange the front crease and align it with upper waist crease & finally press the press the machine as per operating instructions. 5- Repeat the 3rd & 4th step for the other leg. 6- Check the pressing from front to back if there is any kind of more finishing required adjust it by hand press and then hang on the hanger. How to Press the Jacket/Dress Coat ?
  • 38.
    1- Press theinside of the front & collar of the coat. 2- Wear the coat on the foam finisher machine. 3- Adjust the timing of steam intake with the help of timer as per the article and pressing requirement. 4- Adjust the timing of AIR intake with the help of timer as per the article and pressing requirement. 5- There is an adjustment is available for different sizes of article if there is any adjustment is requires use the adjustment option. 6- In case of jacket/coat use clipper inside the sleeve & on the open chalk & on the back of the coat. 7- In case of coat use the stopper to fix the item on the foam finisher from the front & back side & straight the creases smoothly. 8- Press the push button & then the steam & air comes simultaneously and it will stop as per the timing automatically . 9- Open the stopper and take out the article from foam finisher. 10- Place the right front side of the coat on the steam press machine for more finishing & rotate the coat till the left front come and press according to the procedure. 11- Now press the inside lining of the coat with the help of hand press machine. 12- Hang it on the hanger. 13- Check pressing of the coat if there is any crease or finishing required then use steam of the hand press.