Trademarks uniquely identify products and services of individuals or businesses. A trademark can be any distinctive sign and is intended to distinguish one entity's products/services from others. Indian trademark law provides statutory protection under the Trademarks Act of 1999 and common law protection against passing off. The key aspects of trademarks include registration process, classification of trademarks, rights conferred, infringement, and remedies for infringement.
PPT on Trade mark act, 1999_(Rohan, Shweta, Soumya)RohanShah221
Trade Marks Act, 1999
-Introduction of TM
-History of TM
-Functions of TM
-Importance of TM
-Objective of TM
-Types of TM
-Procedure for Registering TM
-Advantages of Registering a TM
-Arrangement of Sections
-Rules of TM
-Trade Mark Infringement
-Trade Mark Remedies
-Penalties
-Conclusion
-References
PPT on Trade mark act, 1999_(Rohan, Shweta, Soumya)RohanShah221
Trade Marks Act, 1999
-Introduction of TM
-History of TM
-Functions of TM
-Importance of TM
-Objective of TM
-Types of TM
-Procedure for Registering TM
-Advantages of Registering a TM
-Arrangement of Sections
-Rules of TM
-Trade Mark Infringement
-Trade Mark Remedies
-Penalties
-Conclusion
-References
A geographical indication (GI) is a name or sign used on certain products which corresponds to a specific geographical location or origin (e.g. a town, region, or country)
Examples: Basmati rice, Swiss watches etc
A trademark is a word, phrase, symbol or design, or a combination of words, phrases, symbols or designs, that identifies and distinguishes the source of the goods of one party from those of others
The trademark owner can be an individual, business organization, or any legal entity. A trademark may be located on a package, a label, a voucher, or on the product itself. For the sake of corporate identity, trademarks are often displayed on company buildings.
Trade Related Aspects Of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)Anjita Khadka
TRIPS agreement covers the following areas:
Copyright and related rights (i.e. the rights of performers, producers of sound recordings and broadcasting organizations)
Trademarks including service marks
Geographical indications including appellations of origin
Industrial designs; patents including the protection of new varieties of plants
Layout-designs of integrated circuits and
Undisclosed information including trade secrets and test data
The above presentation is a step to simplify the concept of Trademark in India.It also focuses on the process of registration under the Trademarks Act 1999.
The presentation simplifies the steps involved and makes it easier to understand the same.
Note:-The following presentation is a general writing containing contents derived from basic knowledge and relevant books and articles.Also it is the original work of the writer.
TREATIES ON IPR PROTECTION
Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works
Madrid Agreement for the Repression of False or Deceptive Indications of Source on Goods (1891).
The paris Convention
Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances (2012)
Brussels Convention Relating to the Distribution of Programme-Carrying Signals Transmitted by Satellite (1974)
Marrakesh Treaty (2013)
Nairobi Treaty on the Protection of the Olympic Symbol (1981)
Patent Law Treaty (PLT) (2000)
Phonogram convention (1971)
Protection of plant vareities and farmers right act, 2001DNMadhushree1
REGISTERABLE PLANT VARIETIES (slide no.8)
(i) NEW VARIETY is a variety which is not in public domain
> In India earlier than 1 year before the date of filling the application;
> outside India, in the case of trees or vines earlier than 6 years or in any other case earlier than 4 years.
(ii) EXTANT VARIETY is a Variety available in India which is -
> Notified under section 5 of the Seeds Act, 1996; or
> A Farmers variety
> A variety about which there is common knowledge
(iii) FARMERS VARIETY is a variety which-
> Has been traditionally cultivated and evolved by the farmers in their fields;
> Is a wild relative or land race of a variety about which the farmers possess the common knowledge.
(iv) ESSENTIALLY DERIVED VARIETY in respect of a variety (the initial variety), shall be called when it -
> Is predominantly derived from a variety that itself is predominantly derived from an initial variety, while retaining the expression of the essential characteristics that result from the genotype or combination of genotype of such initial variety;
> Is clearly distinguishable from initial variety.
TEST TO BE CONDUCTED (slide no.12)
Every applicant shall, along with the application for registration, make available to the Registrar some quantity of seeds of a variety for registration of which such application is made for the purpose of conduction of test to evaluate whether the seeds of such variety along with parental material conform to the standards as may be specified by regulations.
The seeds samples received by the Authority will be properly tested for its purity and germination. A part of the seed sample will be sent to the test center for conduction of DUS tests and a part of it is kept by the Authority in the National Gene Bank to maintain the seeds samples of the registered varieties for their entire period of protection.
The DUS testing shall be field and multi-location based for at least 2 similar crop seasons. Special tests (laboratory based) shall be conducted only when DUS testing fails to establish the requirement of the distinctiveness.
Provided that in the case of trees and vines there shall be an option on the manner of the DUS testing that a panel of 3 experts shall visit the on-farm test sites for 2 similar crop seasons as may be specified.
The DUS test shall be necessary for all new and extant varieties except essentially derived varieties and it shall be conducted on a minimum of 2 locations. There are special guidelines for the DUS test for each crop.
Intellectual Property Right(IPR) meaning, objectives of IPR, international agreements WIPO, TRIPS and WTO, Patent, copyright, trademarks, infringement of IP, laws against infringement, cases
A trademark or trade mark is a distinctive sign or indicator of some kind which is used by an individual, business organization or other legal entity to uniquely identify the source of its products and/or services to consumers, and to distinguish its products or services from those of other entities....
A geographical indication (GI) is a name or sign used on certain products which corresponds to a specific geographical location or origin (e.g. a town, region, or country)
Examples: Basmati rice, Swiss watches etc
A trademark is a word, phrase, symbol or design, or a combination of words, phrases, symbols or designs, that identifies and distinguishes the source of the goods of one party from those of others
The trademark owner can be an individual, business organization, or any legal entity. A trademark may be located on a package, a label, a voucher, or on the product itself. For the sake of corporate identity, trademarks are often displayed on company buildings.
Trade Related Aspects Of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)Anjita Khadka
TRIPS agreement covers the following areas:
Copyright and related rights (i.e. the rights of performers, producers of sound recordings and broadcasting organizations)
Trademarks including service marks
Geographical indications including appellations of origin
Industrial designs; patents including the protection of new varieties of plants
Layout-designs of integrated circuits and
Undisclosed information including trade secrets and test data
The above presentation is a step to simplify the concept of Trademark in India.It also focuses on the process of registration under the Trademarks Act 1999.
The presentation simplifies the steps involved and makes it easier to understand the same.
Note:-The following presentation is a general writing containing contents derived from basic knowledge and relevant books and articles.Also it is the original work of the writer.
TREATIES ON IPR PROTECTION
Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works
Madrid Agreement for the Repression of False or Deceptive Indications of Source on Goods (1891).
The paris Convention
Beijing Treaty on Audiovisual Performances (2012)
Brussels Convention Relating to the Distribution of Programme-Carrying Signals Transmitted by Satellite (1974)
Marrakesh Treaty (2013)
Nairobi Treaty on the Protection of the Olympic Symbol (1981)
Patent Law Treaty (PLT) (2000)
Phonogram convention (1971)
Protection of plant vareities and farmers right act, 2001DNMadhushree1
REGISTERABLE PLANT VARIETIES (slide no.8)
(i) NEW VARIETY is a variety which is not in public domain
> In India earlier than 1 year before the date of filling the application;
> outside India, in the case of trees or vines earlier than 6 years or in any other case earlier than 4 years.
(ii) EXTANT VARIETY is a Variety available in India which is -
> Notified under section 5 of the Seeds Act, 1996; or
> A Farmers variety
> A variety about which there is common knowledge
(iii) FARMERS VARIETY is a variety which-
> Has been traditionally cultivated and evolved by the farmers in their fields;
> Is a wild relative or land race of a variety about which the farmers possess the common knowledge.
(iv) ESSENTIALLY DERIVED VARIETY in respect of a variety (the initial variety), shall be called when it -
> Is predominantly derived from a variety that itself is predominantly derived from an initial variety, while retaining the expression of the essential characteristics that result from the genotype or combination of genotype of such initial variety;
> Is clearly distinguishable from initial variety.
TEST TO BE CONDUCTED (slide no.12)
Every applicant shall, along with the application for registration, make available to the Registrar some quantity of seeds of a variety for registration of which such application is made for the purpose of conduction of test to evaluate whether the seeds of such variety along with parental material conform to the standards as may be specified by regulations.
The seeds samples received by the Authority will be properly tested for its purity and germination. A part of the seed sample will be sent to the test center for conduction of DUS tests and a part of it is kept by the Authority in the National Gene Bank to maintain the seeds samples of the registered varieties for their entire period of protection.
The DUS testing shall be field and multi-location based for at least 2 similar crop seasons. Special tests (laboratory based) shall be conducted only when DUS testing fails to establish the requirement of the distinctiveness.
Provided that in the case of trees and vines there shall be an option on the manner of the DUS testing that a panel of 3 experts shall visit the on-farm test sites for 2 similar crop seasons as may be specified.
The DUS test shall be necessary for all new and extant varieties except essentially derived varieties and it shall be conducted on a minimum of 2 locations. There are special guidelines for the DUS test for each crop.
Intellectual Property Right(IPR) meaning, objectives of IPR, international agreements WIPO, TRIPS and WTO, Patent, copyright, trademarks, infringement of IP, laws against infringement, cases
A trademark or trade mark is a distinctive sign or indicator of some kind which is used by an individual, business organization or other legal entity to uniquely identify the source of its products and/or services to consumers, and to distinguish its products or services from those of other entities....
For trademark registration in India, there is the Trademark Act 1999, which allows you to register your trademark. You will be the exclusive owner of your brand's trademark through this. Nobody can use the same mark as it will be the only right of the registered owner.
Introduction - CRM- Definition, Emergence of CRM Practice, Factors responsible for CRM growth, CRM process, framework of CRM, Benefits of CRM, Types of CRM, Scope of CRM, Customer Profitability, Features Trends in CRM
, CRM and Cost-Benefit Analysis, CRM and Relationship Marketing.
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2. A trademark or trade mark is a distinctive sign or
indicator of some kind which is used by an individual,
business organization or other legal entity to uniquely
identify the source of its products and/or services to
consumers, and to distinguish its products or services
from those of other entities
Atrademark is a device which can take almost any form,
as long as it is capable of identifying and distinguishing
specific goods or services.
3. A trademark may be designated by the following symbols:
(for an Unregistered Trademark, that is, a
mark used to promote or brand goods)
(for an unregistered Service mark, that is, a
mark used to promote or brand services)
(for a registered trademark)
4. Atrademark is typically a name, word, phrase, logo, symbol, design, image, sound
or a combination of these elements. Thereis also a range of non-conventional
trademark comprising marks which do not fall into these standard categories,
may therefore be visible signs (e.g. colors, shapes, moving images, holograms,
positions), or non-visible signs (e.g. sounds, scents, tastes,textures).
5. Indian Trademarklaw
Indian trademark law provides protection
to trademarks statutorily under the Trademark Act, 1999
and also under the common law remedy of Passing Off.
Passing off is a common law tort which can be used to
enforce unregistered trademark rights. The tort of passing
off protects the goodwill of a trader from a
misrepresentation that causes damage to goodwill.
Statutory protection of trademark is administered by the
Controller General Of Patents, Designs and Trade Marks, a
government agency which reports to the Department of
Industrial Policy and Promotion(DIPP), under the Ministry
of Commerce and Industry.
6. The law of trademark deals with the mechanism of
registration, protection of trademark and prevention of
fraudulent trademark.
The law also provides for the rights acquired by registration
of trademark, modes of transfer and assignment of the
rights, nature of infringements, penalties for such
infringement and remedies available to the owner in case of
such infringement.
7. HISTORY(Indian Context)
The law of trademark in India before 1940 was based on
the common law principles of passing off and equity as
followed in England before the enactment of the
first Registration Act,1875.
The first statutory law related to trademark in India was
the Trade Marks Act, 1940 which had similar provision
like the UK Trade Marks Act, 1938.
In 1958, the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958 was
enacted which consolidated the provisions related to
trademarks contained in other statutes like, the Indian
Penal Code, Criminal Procedure Code and the Sea
Customs Act.
8. The Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958 was
repealed by the Trade Marks Act, 1999 and is the current
governing law related to registered trademarks. The 1999
Act was enacted to comply with the provisions of
the TRIPS(Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual
Property Rights).
Though some aspects of the unregistered trade
marks have been enacted into the 1999 Act, but they are
primarily governed by the common law rules based on the
principles evolved out of the judgments of the Courts.
Where the law is ambiguous, the principles evolved and
interpretation made by the Courts in England have been
applied in India taking into consideration the context of
our legal procedure, laws and realities of India.
9. Trademark
According to Section 2 (zb) of the Trade Marks Act,
1999, “trade mark means a mark capable of being
represented graphically and which is capable of
distinguishing the goods or services of one person
from those of others and may include shape of goods,
their packaging and combination of colours.” A mark
can include a device, brand, heading, label, ticket,
name, signature, word, letter, numeral, shape of goods,
packaging or combination of colours or any such
combinations
10. Trademark Classification inIndia
Trademark in India is classified in about 45 different
classes, which includes chemical substances used in
industry, paints, lubricants machine and machine tools,
medical and surgical instruments, stationary, lather,
household, furniture, textiles, games, beverages
preparatory material, building material, sanitary material,
and hand tools, other scientific and educational products.
These classes again are further sub-divided. The main
objective of trademark classification is to group together
the similar nature of goods and services. Here are the
classes for product and for services.
11. PRODUCTS
Class 1(Chemicals)
Class 2 (Paints)
Class 3 (Cosmetics and Cleaning Preparations)
Class 4 (Lubricants and Fuels)
Class 5 (Pharmaceuticals)
Class 6 (Metal Goods)
Class 7 (Machinery)
Class 8 (Hand Tools)
Class 9 (Electrical and ScientificApparatus)
Class 10(MedicalApparatus)
Class 11(Environmental ControlApparatus)
Class 12(Vehicles)
Class 13(Firearms)
Class 14(Jewelry)
Class 15(Musical Instruments)
Class 16(Paper Goods and Printed Matter)
Class 17(Rubber Goods)
Class 18(LeatherGoods)
Class 19(Non-metallic BuildingMaterials)
Class 20 (Furniture and Articles Not Otherwise Classified)
Class 21(Housewares and Glass)
Class 22 (Cordage and Fibers)
Class 23 (Yarns and Threads)
12. Class 24 (Fabrics)
Class 25 (Clothing)
Class 26 (Fancy Goods)
Class 27 (Floor Coverings)
Class 28 (Toys and SportingGoods)
Class 29 (Meats andProcessed Foods)
Class 30 (Staple Foods)
Class 31(Natural Agricultural Products)
Class 32 (Light Beverages)
Class 33(Wines and Spirits)
Class 34 (Smokers' Articles)
SERVICES
Class 35 (Advertising and Business)
Class 36 (Insurance and Financial)
Class 37 (Building, Construction and Repair)
Class 38 (Telecommunication)
Class 39 (Transportation and Storage)
Class 40 (Treatment ofMaterials)
Class 41(Education and Entertainment)
Class 42 (Computer, Scientific and Legal)
Class 43 (Hotels and Restaurants)
Class 44 (Medical, Beauty, andAgricultural)
Class 45 (Personal and SocialServices)
13. TRADEMARK REGISTRATION
WHATARETHE TYPES OF TRADEMARKS THAT CAN BE REGISTERED ?
Under the Indian trademark law the following are the types of trademarks that
can be registered:
Product trademarks: are those that are affixed to identify goods.
Service trademarks: are used to identify the services of an entity, such as the
trademark for a broadcasting service, retails outlet, etc. They are used in
advertising for services.
Certification trademarks: are those that are capable of distinguishing the goods
or services in connection with which it is used in the course of trade and which
are certified by the proprietor with regard to their origin, material, the method
of manufacture, the quality or other specific features
Collective trademarks: are registered in the name of groups, associations or
other organizations for the use of members of the group in their commercial
activities to indicate their membership of the group.
14. Advantages of TrademarkRegistration
1.Protects your hard earned goodwill in the business
2.Protects your Name / Brand Name from being used in a
same or similar fashion, by any other business firm,
thus discourages others from cashing on your well built
goodwill
3. Gives your products a status of .Branded Goods.
4. Gives an impression to your customers that the company is
selling some standard Products or Services
5.The exclusive right to the use of the trade mark in relation
to the goods or services in respect of which the
trade mark isregistered.
6. To obtain relief in respect of infringement (misuse by
others) of thetrade mark.
7.Power to assign (transfer) the trade mark to others for
consideration.
15. Procedure/Steps for TrademarkRegistration
1.Filing of an application for registration by a person claiming to be the
proprietor of a trademark, in the office of the Trade mark Registry, within
the territorial limits of the place of business in India.
2. Examination of the application by the Registrar to ascertain whether it is
distinctive and does not conflict with existing registered or pending
trademarks and examination report is issued.
3. Publication of the application after or before acceptance of the application
in theTrademark Journal.
4. After publication if any person gives notice of his opposition to the
registration within three months which may be extended to the maximum
of one month.
5. If the opposition has been decided in favour of the applicant of the
registration of trademark, the Registrar shall register the Trademark.
6. On the registration of the Trademark the Registrar shall issue to the
applicant a TrademarkRegistration
7. Today, as per the Trademark Rules, 2002, the application fees (similar to a
tax) are Rs. 3500 pertrademark.
16. Term/Duration of a TrademarkinIndia
The term of registration of trademark is 10(Ten) years, but
may be renewed subject to the payment of the prescribed fee,
in accordance with the provisions of the Trademarks Act,
1999. An application for renewal of a trademark can be filed
within six months from Constantia (Body) the expiry of the
last registration oftrademark.
Use of the .TM. and ® symbols
Generally, one who has filed an application (pending
registration) can use the TM (trademark) designation with the
mark to alert the public of his exclusive claim. The claim may
or may not be valid. The registration symbol, ®,mayonly be
used when the mark is registered.
17. TrademarkInfringement
Trademark Infringement is a violation of exclusive rights
attaching to a trademark without the authorization of the
trademark owner or any licensee. Trademark infringement
mostly occurs when a person uses a trademark which may be
either a symbol or a design, with resembles to the products
owned by the other party. The trademark owner may begin a
legal proceeding against a party, which infringes its registration.
Offences shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term of
minimum of six months but which may extend to three years
and with a minimum fine of fifty thousand rupees but which
may extend to two lakh rupees or more. For adequate and special
reasons mentioned in the judgement, the court may impose a
sentence of imprisonment for a term of less than six months or a
fine of less than fifty thousand rupees
18. Trademark Infringement
Example Case
Amul won trademark case in Gujarat HC in 2007
It was conclueded that Utterly Butterly Delicious Amul's name cannot be used by
any other proprietor even if the company is selling goods other than that sold by the
proprietor, who has registered the trademark. In a significant judgment, the Gujarat
High Court has ruled that a registered trademark user has the right to restrict others
using their trademark for different class or goods.
HC's judgment was in connection with a case where the Kaira District Co-operative
Milk Producers' Union popularly Amul Dairy and the Gujarat Co-operative Milk
Marketing Federation (GCMMF) had filed trademark infringement cases against
two local shop owners, Amul Chasmaghar and Amul Cut Piece Stores in the district
court. While Kaira Union owns brand Amul, GCMMF manages the brand.
It was on April 25, in 2007 year that the district court had passed an order that it was
a clear case of infringement and restrained the two from using Amul trademark.
Amul Chasmaghar however had challenged the district court's interim injunction in
the HC, where justice D N Patel upheld ruling of the district court.
19. Conclusion
The trade mark is for protecting the name of the product or services rather the
product itself;
Trade mark assures the customer about the source of a product, though the quality
of the product is not assured by the trade mark;
The trade mark should be distinctive;
Deceptively similar marks, geographical names etc. can not be registered as a trade
mark;
In India, the Trade Mark Act of 1999 is presently in force;
The term of trade mark protection is 10years, which can be renewed from time to
time, indefinitely;
Trade mark can be assigned or transmitted;
Using deceptively similar marks, falsifying the mark or using unregistered mark
cause infringement under Trade Mark Act; and
The penalties against offences related to trade mark can range from fine to
imprisonment.