A trademark is a distinctive sign or indicator that identifies products or services from a particular source. Trademarks can take many forms including names, logos, symbols or designs. In India, trademarks are governed by the Trademarks Act of 1999 and common law. The document discusses the definition of trademarks, registration process, infringement, advantages of registration, and classification of trademarks. Registering a trademark provides exclusive rights to its use and legal protection against infringement.

1. By- Kirandeep Kaur
Roll.no - 314
Trademark

2.  A trademark or trade mark is a distinctive sign or
indicator of some kind which is used by an
individual, business organization or other legal
entity to uniquely identify the source of its
products and/or services to consumers, and to
distinguish its products or services from those of
other entities
 A trademark is a device which can take almost
any form, as long as it is capable of identifying
and distinguishing specific goods or services.

3.  A trademark may be designated by the following
symbols:
 (for an Unregistered Trademark, that is, a mark
used to promote or brand goods)
 (for an unregistered Service mark, that is, a
mark used to promote or brand services)
 (for a registered trademark)

6.  A trademark is typically a name, word, phrase,
logo, symbol, design, image, sound or a
combination of these elements.
 There is also a range of non-conventional
trademark comprising marks which do not fall into
these standard categories, may therefore be
visible signs (e.g. colors, shapes, moving images,
holograms, positions), or non-visible signs (e.g.
sounds, scents, tastes, textures).

7. Indian Trademark law
 Indian trademark law provides protection to
trademarks statutorily under the Trademark Act, 1999
and also under the common law remedy of Passing
Off.
 Passing off is a common law tort which can be used
to enforce unregistered trademark rights. The tort of
passing off protects the goodwill of a trader from a
misrepresentation that causes damage to goodwill.
 Statutory protection of trademark is administered by
the Controller General Of Patents, Designs and Trade
Marks, a government agency which reports to the
Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion(DIPP),
under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.

8. HISTORY(Indian Context)
 The law of trademark deals with the mechanism
of registration, protection of trademark and
prevention of fraudulent trademark.
 The law also provides for the rights acquired by
registration of trademark, modes of transfer and
assignment of the rights, nature of infringements,
penalties for such infringement and remedies
available to the owner in case of such
infringement.

9.  The law of trademark in India before 1940 was
based on the common law principles of passing
off and equity as followed in England before the
enactment of the first Registration Act, 1875.
 The first statutory law related to trademark in
India was the Trade Marks Act, 1940 which had
similar provision like the UK Trade Marks Act,
1938.
 In 1958, the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act,
1958 was enacted which consolidated the
provisions related to trademarks contained in
other statutes like, the Indian Penal Code,
Criminal Procedure Code and the Sea Customs
Act.

10.  The Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958 was
repealed by the Trade Marks Act, 1999 and is the
current governing law related to registered
trademarks. The 1999 Act was enacted to comply with
the provisions of the TRIPS(Agreement on Trade
Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights).
 Though some aspects of the unregistered trade
marks have been enacted into the 1999 Act, but they
are primarily governed by the common law rules
based on the principles evolved out of the judgments
of the Courts.
 Where the law is ambiguous, the principles evolved
and interpretation made by the Courts in England
have been applied in India taking into consideration
the context of our legal procedure, laws and realities
of India.

11.  Trademark According to Section 2 (zb) of the
Trade Marks Act, 1999, “trade mark means a
mark capable of being represented graphically
and which is capable of distinguishing the goods
or services of one person from those of others
and may include shape of goods, their packaging
and combination of colours.”
 A mark can include a device, brand, heading,
label, ticket, name, signature, word, letter,
numeral, shape of goods, packaging or
combination of colours or any such combinations

12.  Trademark Classification in India Trademark in
India is classified in about 45 different classes,
which includes chemical substances used in
industry, paints, lubricants machine and machine
tools, medical and surgical instruments,
stationary, lather, household, furniture, textiles,
games, beverages preparatory material, building
material, sanitary material, and hand tools, other
scientific and educational products.
 These classes again are further sub-divided. The
main objective of trademark classification is to
group together the similar nature of goods and
services. Here are the classes for product and for
services.

13. PRODUCTS
 Class 1 (Chemicals)
 Class 2 (Paints)
 Class 3 (Cosmetics and Cleaning Preparations)
 Class 4 (Lubricants and Fuels)
 Class 5 (Pharmaceuticals)
 Class 6 (Metal Goods)
 Class 7 (Machinery)
 Class 8 (Hand Tools)
 Class 9 (Electrical and Scientific Apparatus)
 Class 10 (Medical Apparatus)

14. • Class 11 (Environmental Control Apparatus)
• Class 12 (Vehicles)
• Class 13 (Firearms)
• Class 14 (Jewelry)
• Class 15 (Musical Instruments)
• Class 16 (Paper Goods and Printed Matter)
• Class 17 (Rubber Goods)
• Class 18 (Leather Goods)
• Class 19 (Non-metallic Building Materials)
•Class 20 (Furniture and Articles Not Otherwise Classified)
• Class 21 (Housewares and Glass)
•Class 22 (Cordage and Fibers)
•Class 23 (Yarns and Threads)
• Class 24 (Fabrics)
• Class 25 (Clothing)
•Class 26 (Fancy Goods)
• Class 27 (Floor Coverings)
•Class 28 (Toys and Sporting Goods)
• Class 29 (Meats and Processed Foods)
• Class 30 (Staple Foods)
• Class 31 (Natural Agricultural Products)
•Class 32 (Light Beverages)
• Class 33 (Wines and Spirits)
•Class 34 (Smokers' Articles)

15. SERVICES
 Class 35 (Advertising and Business)
 Class 36 (Insurance and Financial)
 Class 37 (Building, Construction and Repair)
 Class 38 (Telecommunication)
 Class 39 (Transportation and Storage)
 Class 40 (Treatment of Materials)
 Class 41 (Education and Entertainment)
 Class 42 (Computer, Scientific and Legal)
 Class 43 (Hotels and Restaurants)
 Class 44 (Medical, Beauty, and Agricultural)
 Class 45 (Personal and Social Services)

16. TRADEMARK REGISTRATION
WHAT ARE THE TYPES OF
TRADEMARKS THAT CAN BE
REGISTERED ?
 Under the Indian trademark law the following are the types
of trademarks that can be registered:
 Product trademarks: are those that are affixed to identify
goods.
 Service trademarks: are used to identify the services of an
entity, such as the trademark for a broadcasting service,
retails outlet, etc. They are used in advertising for services.
 Certification trademarks: are those that are capable of
distinguishing the goods or services in connection with
which it is used in the course of trade and which are
certified by the proprietor with regard to their origin,
material, the method of manufacture, the quality or other
specific features
 Collective trademarks: are registered in the name of
groups, associations or other organizations for the use of

17. Advantages of Trademark
Registration
 1. Protects your hard earned goodwill in the business
 2. Protects your Name / Brand Name from being used in a
same or similar fashion, by any other business firm, thus
discourages others from cashing on your well built goodwill
 3. Gives your products a status of .Branded Goods.
 4. Gives an impression to your customers that the
company is selling some standard Products or Services
 5. The exclusive right to the use of the trade mark in
relation to the goods or services in respect of which the
trade mark is registered.
 6. To obtain relief in respect of infringement (misuse by
others) of the trade mark.
 7. Power to assign (transfer) the trade mark to others for
consideration.

18. Procedure/Steps for Trademark
Registration
 1. Filing of an application for registration by a person claiming to be the
proprietor of a trademark, in the office of the Trade mark Registry, within
the territorial limits of the place of business in India.
 2. Examination of the application by the Registrar to ascertain whether it
is distinctive and does not conflict with existing registered or pending
trademarks and examination report is issued.
 3. Publication of the application after or before acceptance of the
application in the Trademark Journal
 . 4. After publication if any person gives notice of his opposition to the
registration within three months which may be extended to the
maximum of one month.
 5. If the opposition has been decided in favour of the applicant of the
registration of trademark, the Registrar shall register the Trademark.
 6. On the registration of the Trademark the Registrar shall issue to the
applicant a Trademark Registration
 7. Today, as per the Trademark Rules, 2002, the application fees
(similar to a tax) are Rs. 3500 per trademark.

19.  Term/Duration of a Trademark in India
 The term of registration of trademark is 10 (Ten)
years, but may be renewed subject to the payment of
the prescribed fee, in accordance with the provisions
of the Trademarks Act, 1999.
 An application for renewal of a trademark can be filed
within six months from Constantia (Body) the expiry of
the last registration of trademark
 . Use of the .TM. and ® symbols
 Generally, one who has filed an application (pending
registration) can use the TM (trademark) designation
with the mark to alert the public of his exclusive claim.
 The claim may or may not be valid. The registration
symbol, ®,may only be used when the mark is
registered.

20. Trademark Infringement
 Trademark Infringement is a violation of exclusive rights
attaching to a trademark without the authorization of the
trademark owner or any licensee.
 Trademark infringement mostly occurs when a person
uses a trademark which may be either a symbol or a
design, with resembles to the products owned by the other
party.
 The trademark owner may begin a legal proceeding
against a party, which infringes its registration.
 Offences shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term
of minimum of six months but which may extend to three
years and with a minimum fine of fifty thousand rupees but
which may extend to two lakh rupees or more.
 For adequate and special reasons mentioned in the
judgement, the court may impose a sentence of
imprisonment for a term of less than six months or a fine of
less than fifty thousand rupees

21. Trademark Infringement
 Example Case Amul won trademark case in Gujarat HC in
2007 It was concluded that Utterly Butterly Delicious
Amul's name cannot be used by any other proprietor even
if the company is selling goods other than that sold by the
proprietor, who has registered the trademark.
 In a significant judgment, the Gujarat High Court has ruled
that a registered trademark user has the right to restrict
others using their trademark for different class or goods.
 HC's judgment was in connection with a case where the
Kaira District Co-operative Milk Producers' Union
popularly Amul Dairy and the Gujarat Co-operative Milk
Marketing Federation (GCMMF) had filed trademark
infringement cases against two local shop owners, Amul
Chasmaghar and Amul Cut Piece Stores in the district
court.
 While Kaira Union owns brand Amul, GCMMF manages
the brand. It was on April 25, in 2007 year that the district
court had passed an order that it was a clear case of
infringement and restrained the two from using Amul
trademark.
 Amul Chasmaghar however had challenged the district

22. Conclusion
 The trade mark is for protecting the name of the product or
services rather the product itself;
 Trade mark assures the customer about the source of a
product, though the quality of the product is not assured by the
trade mark;
 The trade mark should be distinctive;
 Deceptively similar marks, geographical names etc. can not be
registered as a trade mark;
 In India, the Trade Mark Act of 1999 is presently in force;
 The term of trade mark protection is 10 years, which can be
renewed from time to time, indefinitely;
 Trade mark can be assigned or transmitted;
 Using deceptively similar marks, falsifying the mark or using
unregistered mark cause infringement under Trade Mark Act;
and
 The penalties against offences related to trade mark can range
from fine to imprisonment.