Toxicology Principles of Toxicology Dose-response relationship Risk = Hazard X Exposure Factors that influence toxicity Drug Toxicology Therapeutic index Therapeutic window Idiosyncrasy Pharmcogenetics Drug allergy Test for prediction drug allergy Toxicology is a branch of biology, chemistry, and medicine that concerned with the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms.

3. Presentation on Toxicology
Presented by-
1. Md. Habibur Rahman
2. Joy Prakash
3. Mohammad Ali
4. Asraful Islam Rayhan
5. Susmita Mistri Jui
Dept. of Pharmacy
JESSORE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

4.  Toxicology
 Principles of Toxicology
 Dose-response relationship
 Risk = Hazard X Exposure
 Factors that influence toxicity
 Drug Toxicology
 Therapeutic index
 Therapeutic window
 Idiosyncrasy
 Pharmcogenetics
 Drug allergy
 Test for prediction drug allergy
Outline

6. Toxicology is a branch
of biology, chemistry,
and medicine that
concerned with the
study of the adverse
effects of chemicals on
living organisms.

7. Toxic agents affect our main body organ

8. 1. Dose-response
relationship
2. Risk = Hazard X Exposure
3. Individual Sensitivity
Basic Principles of Toxicology

9. The extent to which the desired
response alters as the dose is
changed is described in dose-
response curve.
1. Dose on x-axis
2. Response on y axis
Dose-response relationship

10. Risk = Hazard X Exposure

14. Factors that influence toxicity:
Dosage
Both large single exposures (acute) and continuous
small exposures (chronic).
Route of exposure
Ingestion, inhalation or skin absorption
Other factors
Age
Sex
Health
Environment
Individual characteristics

15. Drug Toxicology
When the given dose is too high or
the kidneys or liver are unable to
remove the drug from the body, it is
called drug toxicity.
In the context of pharmacology,
drug toxicity occurs when body
accumulated too much drug in
bloodstream, leading adverse effects
in the body.

16. Drug Toxicity Classification
“On Target” adverse effect
Drug binding in its
intended receptor
Inappropriate posology
or Inadequate kinetics
or Incorrect tissue
“Off Target” adverse effect
Binding to a receptor
that it was not
intended
16

18. Therapeutic index
Ratio of median lethal dose to median effective dose
MEDIAN LETHAL DOSE (
This is the dose (mg/kg)which would kill one half of
limited population of the same species & strain.
MEDIAN EFFECTIVE DOSE (
This is the dose (mg/kg) which produces desired
response in 50% of test population

19. Therapeutic window
The range of dosage of a drug or of its concentration in a
bodily system that provides safe effective therap.

20. Idiosyncrasy

21. Idiosyncrasy is defined as an individual’s unique
abnormal reaction to a particular drug, It may be
genetically determined. It has no relation to the
pharmacology, amount or concentration of the drug

23. Pharmacogenomics is the study of how genes affect a person’s
response to drugs. This relatively new field combines
pharmacology and genomics to develop effective, safe
medications and doses that will be tailored to a person’s
genetic makeup.
Pharmcogenetics

26. Drug allergy is an altered response to a drug
resulting from a previous sensitizing
exposure and an immunological mechanism

27. Symptoms of Drug Allergies
•Skin rash
•Itching
•Wheezing or other breathing problems
•Swelling
•Vomiting
•Feeling dizzy or light-headed

28.  Penicillin and related antibiotics
 Antibiotics containing sulfonamides (sulfa
drugs)
 Anticonvulsants
 Aspirin, ibuprofen and other nonsteroidal
anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
 Chemotherapy drugs
Common Triggers of Drug Allergies

29. Types Of Allergic Reaction

31. Depending on signs & symptoms-
1. Drug allergy occurs in the presence of previous
sensitization to the drug.
2. A drug allergy may develops immediately after the
first dose of the drug.
3. A drug allergy may take the form of a
cutaneous/systemic reactions.
4. Potentially life threatening drug allergies included
anaphylaxis.
Test for prediction drug allergy

32.  In vitro tests
Allergen-specific IgE levels are
measured
Flow cytometry-based
basophil
activation assays
CAST-enzyme linked
immunosorbent assay
Measurement of mediators
 In vivo tests
Skin tests
Patch tests
Diagnostic tests

33.  1. https://en.m.wikipedia.org>wiki>toxicology
 2. https://en.m.wikipedia.org>wiki>drug & chemical toxicology
 3. http://www.slideshare.net
 4. http://www.authorstrem.com
 5. www. Drrajivdesaimd.com/allergy-pathophysiology/
 6. https://www.medichecks.com/tests/biochemistry-profile
 7. Clinical pharmacy, manual for 4th year students of the foreign
faculty; by S.V. Lelevich & T.V. Popechits; GRODNO 2010
 8. Casarett & Doull’s essentials of toxicology by Curtis & John
 9. www.pharmacologycorner.com/therapeutic-index/
 10. www.merck manuals.com/pharmacodynamics/dose-response
relationship