The document discusses the various aspects of toxicology, including its definitions, importance of dose, and the purpose of studying toxic substances. It outlines the general types of toxicology such as analytical, applied, clinical, veterinary, environmental, and industrial toxicology, along with key areas of specialization. Additionally, it highlights different methods of toxicity testing, including in vitro, in vivo, and in silico approaches.

1. SUDHAKARRAO NAIK INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY
TOXICOLOGY AND IT’S TYPES
Presented By: Mohd Ameen
Guided By: Dr.Rajesh Mandade Sir
M.Pharm (Pharmacology)

2. CONTENTS:
• Introduction
• Importance of dose
• Purpose of toxicology
• General types of toxicology
• The major areas specialization in
toxicolo
• Types of toxicity testing

3. INTRODUCTION:
•Phillip von Hohenheim (Paracelcius) is known as the“ father o
toxicology.
•“All things are poison and nothing is without poison, only
the dose permits something not to be poisonous.”

4. BASIC DEFINITIONS
TOXIN:
•Toxic substances that are produced naturally (nature
origin)
TOXICANTS:
• Any chemical that can injure or kill humans,animals,or
plants; (poison)
TOXICITY:
• Describes the degree to which a substance is poisonous or
can cause injury.
• Factors: dose, duration and route of exposure, shape and
structure of the chemical itself, and individual human factors.

5. TOXICOLOGY:
• The study of how natural or man-made poisons cause
effects in living organisms.
• It involves observing and reporting symptoms, mechanisms,
detection and treatments of toxic substances.
• It includes environmental agents and chemical compounds,
well as pharmaceutical compounds that are synthesized for
medical use. These substances may produce toxic effects
leading to , discomfort, disease and even death in living
organisms.

6. IMPORTANCE OF DOSE:
• The dose is an important factor in toxicology.
• All substances have the potential to be toxic if given to living
organisms in the right conditions and dose.
• LD50 : Refers to the dose of a substance that displays toxicity
that it kills 50% of a test population.

7. PURPOSE OF TOXICOLOGY:
• It provides protection to humans and environment from
toxic effects of toxicants.
• This study will ultimately lead toward the development
of newer, innovative and more selective drug therapies to
treat different diseases such as cancer having reduced
toxic potential to human body

8. GENERAL TYPES OF TOXICOLOGY:
• Analytical toxicology
• Applied toxicology
• Clinical toxicology
• Veterinary toxicology
• Forensic toxicology
• Environment toxicology
• Industrial toxicology

9. Analytical toxicology:
• It is the branch of toxicology which deals with the
study of detection and assay of poisonous chemicals
including their metabolites that could affect the
biological system.
Applied toxicology:
• It is the application of new and modern methods
or technologies for early detection of toxicants in
the field setting or practice area.

10. Clinical toxicology:
• It is mainly involved in the study of diagnosis
and treatment of poisoning that can occurin
humans.
Veterinary toxicology:
• Veterinary toxicology focus in the study of diagnosis
and treatment of animal poisoning including
the transmission of toxin from animals to humans
via milk, meat, fish, food stuff and etc.

11. Environmental toxicology:
• It is the branch of toxicology in which study of
of different toxicants including their metabolites and
degradation products in the environment and their
effects
on humans and animals.
Industrial toxicology:
• It is the study of selective and specific area of
environmental toxicology.

12. THE MAJOR AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION IN
TOXICOLOGY :
• Mechanistic toxicology (basic biology and chemistry)
• Regulatory toxicology (rule making and compliance)
• Descriptive toxicology (testing)

13. MECHANISTIC TOXICOLOGY:
• It is a branch of toxicology that focuses on how the
cellular, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of
chemicals exert toxic effects on living organisms and
how the biological system protects themselves against
these adverse effects.
• It aims at identifying the molecular events that lead
from initial exposure to the chemical to the ultimate
manifestation of toxic injury in an organism.

14. Extrapolate data better.
• Improve risk assessment of potentially toxic chemicals for
human safety .
• Improve risk assessment for environmental pollutants,
chemicals in the workplace.
• Improve risk assessment for synthetic and naturally occurring
hazardous compounds in food or in drinking water.

15. REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY:
• It consists of collecting, processing and evaluating
incidents, distribution, and control of diseases towards
the protection of health against harmful toxicants.
• It supports the development of standard protocols
new testing methods.
• Its aim is to control production and use of dangerous
materials to prevent adverse effects on human health
and the environment.

16. DESCRIPTIVE TOXICOLOGY:
• It is concerned directly with toxicity testing, which provides
information for safety evaluation and regulatory
requirements.
• Focuses on toxicity testing of chemicals, usually on
and then correlated to human conditions.
• It provides dose-response information upon
exposure to a harmful toxic agent.
• The results from the toxicity testing are typically applied to
approval of product use and regulating allowable
concentrations in the environment.

17. TYPES OF TOXICITY TESTING:
• In vitro (test tube)—useful in detecting potential biochemical
and genetic effects.
• Uses model systems (bacteria, cultured animal cells, DNA
interactions).
• In vivo (animal)—are essential for detecting health effects.
• Experimental animals may be treated with high doses over a
lifetime to evaluate potential to cause cancer.
• In silico (computer-based)—biological experiments
conducted by computer models. These depend on data
previously collected in other experiments.

18. Do You Have Any Questions?