town planning

1. TOWN PLANNING
-TIRUNELVELI
R.C.MANIKANDAPRABU -1451310001
V.THAMIL AMUDHAN -1451310026
K.ABI ANDREW -1451310027
E.VINOTH KUMAR -1451310028

2. Scope of the Study
A critical understanding, analysis and presentation
of the various aspects of the urban area as related
to the following
 Evolution of the settlement over time and
urban form thus developed
 Physical characteristics eg. Land use,
Topography, geology etc.,
 People and its composition eg. Age, Sex,
Literacy
 Major employment giving areas
 Location of housing and community
 Circulation, mode and movement pattern
 Amenities and facilities including open spaces
 Utilities and services network – water,
electricity, drainage etc.,
 New areas of development, places of historical
interest
 Tax structure and administrative machinery

3. HISTORY AND EVOLUTION OF TIRUNELVELI DISTRICT:
Tirunelveli also known as Nellai and historically (during British rule)
as Tinnevelly, is a city in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is
the administrative headquarters of the Tirunelveli District. It is the
sixth-largest municipal corporation in the state
(after Chennai, Madurai, Coimbatore, Tiruchirappalli, Salem).
Tirunelveli is located 700 km (430 mi) southwest of the state
capital, Chennai and 58 km (36 mi) away from Thoothukudi
The city is located on the west bank of the Thamirabarani River; its
twin city Palayamkottai is on the east bank. Tirunelveli is believed to
be an ancient settlement; it has been ruled at different times by
the Early Pandyas, the Medieval and Later Cholas, the later Pandyas,
the Ma'bar and Tirunelveli sultanates, the Vijayanagar Empire,
the Madurai Nayaks, Chanda Sahib, the Carnatic kingdom and
the British. The Polygar War, involving Palaiyakkarars led
by Veerapandiya Kattabommanand forces of the British East India
Company, was waged on the city's outskirts from 1797 to 1801.

4. The Tirunelveli District was formed in 1790 by the East India Company.
Later it came under the direct control of the British Crown Queen
Victoria. This has several distinct features of religious importance. In
out epics there is a reference to the living of Saint Agasthiyar here.
The name Tirunelveli has been derived from three Tamil words, viz,
“Thiru-Nel-Veli” meaning “Sacred Paddy Hedge”.
The Tirunelveli municipality was constituted on 1 November 1866
as per the Town Improvements Act of 1865.It, initially, covered the
area of Tirunelveli alone while the city limits included the
neighbouring municipality of Palayamkottai as well. tirunelveli was
upgraded to a municipal corporation in 1994 along
with Tiruchirappalli and Salem.

5. Physical characteristics(Land use,
Topography, geology):
LOCATION OF THE DISTRICT:
Tirunelveli district
6,823 sq.kms. It is in the south eastern part of Tamil Nadu
triangular in shape. It lies between 080 08’ and 090 23’ of
northern latitudes and 770 09’ and 770 54’ of eastern
It is bounded by Virudhunagar District in the north, Kerala
in the west, Kanyakumari District and the Gulf of Mannar
south, and Thoothukudi District in the east. The district
comprises Tirunelveli, Cheranmahadevi and Tenkasi
Divisions, 11 taluks, 19 Blocks, 425 Panchayats and 628
Revenue villages.
CLIMATE OF THE DISTRICT:
The district in general
has a tropical climate with minor changes now and then. The
temperature at selected places in the year 2010 – 2011 reveals
that it varies between 31.10 C and 39.50 C at mean maximum
and between 21.40 C and 27.10 C at mean minimum. The
District experiences the hottest climate from March to May with
mercury reaching 38.50 C at the highest. The climate is
comparatively warm during the period from November to
February.
TOPOGRAPHY OF THE
DISTRICT:
The soil
condition of the district can be grouped into two namely,
red soil and black soil. The black soil is rich in fertility
compared to red soil. In the southeast coast, the soil is

6. IRRIGATION FACILITIES IN THE DISTRICT:
artificial application of water to soil for crop cultivation.
timing and amount of rainfall are not adequate to meet
moisture requirement of crops, irrigation becomes
raise crops for feeding human beings and animals. The
system in Tirunelveli District consists of the river
and its tributaries, Via: Manimuttar, Pachayaru,
and Chittar which originate in the Western Ghats and
through the gentle slopes of the midlands. The
confluences in Bay of Bengal. Papasasam, Manimuttar,
Chervallar are the major reservoirs and Gadana,
Karuapanathi, Gundar, Adavi Nainar Kovil. Vadakku
Kodumudiyaaru and Nambiyaru are the minor reservoirs in
district.

8. Individual classes of Land Use / Land cover in – 1999 and 2006
SETTLEMENTS The area of settlement in 1999 was about 4466.5
(9.26 %) ha, while in the year 2006 the settlement drastically
increased by 8462.7 ha (Figs. 43, 44 and Tables.21, 22). In the last 7
years the settlement was increased about 8.29 %. (Fig.45).This change
was mainly due to expansion of the urban in the form of newly
developed sankar nagar area that was developed in the preexisting
water body area

9. FOREST AND ROCK OUTCROP The forest land area in 1999 was 682.5 ha,
while in 2006 increased by 2246.1 ha

10. People and its composition ( Age, Sex, Literacy)
As per provisional reports of Census India, population of
Tirunelveli in 2011 is 473,637; of which male and female are
233,659 and 239,978 respectively. Although Tirunelveli city has
population of 473,637; its urban / metropolitan population is
497,826 of which 245,768 are males and 252,058 are females.
Tirunelveli City Population 2011

11. Sl. No Item Number
1 Population 28,01,194
2 Density of population
per sq.km
411 3
3 Literacy rate in
percentage
68.44
4 Total member of
workers
11,80,369
5 Marginal workers 74,326
6 a) Male
b) Female
c) Cultivators
d) Agricultural Laborers
13,72,082
14,29,112
2,15,257
3,49,069
Major employment giving areas

12. places of historical interest
Sankarankovil:
Sankaranayinarkoil temple was built
early part of the 11th century C.E. The temple
at Sankarankovil depicts Hari and Hara as one God. There
deity named Sankara Narayanan, which is half Lord Shiva
half Lord Vishnu. There is another deity, named Avodai
ambal or Gomathi Ambal, after whom the temple is
named; it was built by Ukrama Pandiyan in 900 C.E.
sand is available, which is believed curative by some.
marked by the Adi Thabasu festival.
Swamy Nellaiappar and Kanthimathi Ambal
Temple:
The Nellaiappar Temple is located
It is rooted in tradition and history, and is known for its
pillars and other sculpted figures. The nearest airport is
Tuticorin Airport (TCR) at Vagaikulam, a 30-minute drive
(32 km) from Tirunelveli.

13. Melaseval Navaneethakrishnan Temple:
The Navaneethakrishnan Temple at Melasevel
Village, 16 kilometers away from Tirunelveli Town, on the road leading
to Ambasamudram, is around 730 Years old. Adhithyavarneshwar
Temple, devoted for Lord Shiva is also famous in this village. The sun
rays, twice in an year falls straight on the Lingam in the mornings.
Annual festivals are conducted at both these temples by people to
whom the deity is kuladivam.
Old temples around Tirunelveli

14. RECREATION AND HISTORICAL IMPORTANT AREAS
(IN AND AROUND TIRUNELVELI):
Manjolai Hills:
Located between 1,000 meters
meters (4,900 ft) of elevation, the Manjolai area is set deep
the Western Ghats within the Kalakad Mundanthurai Tiger
the Tirunelveli District. Located on top of the Manimuthar Dam
the Manimuthar Water Falls, the Manjolai area comprises tea
plantations, small settlements, the Upper Kodaiyar Dam and a
view point called Kuthiravetti.The whole of the Manjolai Estates and the tea plantations
are operated by The Bombay Burma Trading Corporation
Ltd on forest land leased by the Government of Tamil
Nadu. There are three tea estates within the Manjolai
area: Manjolai Estate, Manimutharu Estate and Oothu
Estate. The Estates are located at elevations ranging from
700 metres (2,300 ft) to 1,300 metres (4,300 ft.).
Courtallam:
Courtallam is situated at a mean
elevation of 160 metres (520 ft) on the Western Ghats in
Tirunelveli District of Tamil Nadu, India. The numerous
waterfalls and cascades along with the ubiquitous health
resorts in the area have earned it the title of "Spa of South
India". The falls are fullest with rain on the hills. They are
Main Falls, Five Falls, the Shenbhaga Falls, the Tiger Falls, old

15. Tiger Reserve:
The 900 square kilometres (350 sq. mi) Kalakkad
Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve was established in 1988. The reserve,
at 8°39′N 77°23′E, is about 45 km west of Tirunelveli and is known as
KMTR to forest and tiger researchers. Kalakkad is the nearest town.
Kalakkad has a temple called Malainambi temple with a falls.
Papanasam:
Papanasam is a famous picnic spot in Tirunelveli district in the
Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It falls under the Ambasamudram Taluk. It is situated
50 km from Tirunelveli. The site is popular with tourist’s attractions like
Thamirabarani River, Agasthiyar Falls, Siva Temple, Papanasam dam and Hydro
Electric Power Plant.
Bird Sanctuary:
A tiny village in the far south,
Koonthankulam in Nanguneri Taluk of Tirunelveli District is
emerging as a new favourite of the migratory birds. It is just
38 kilometres (24 mi) away. About 35 species of birds visit
this calm but congenial village for breeding. The painted
storks are coming from North India and East European
Countries to this place. Similarly the flamingoes which flew in
mainly from the Rann of Kutch have hatched and reared their
young in the village.

16. Location of housing and community

17. Circulation, mode and movement pattern
The Map showing the National Highway, Major roads, other
Roads, District Headquarter, Town, etc in the Tirunelveli District,

18. New areas of
development
ELCOT IT PARK
The IT Park is formed in a total extent of 500 acres of land. An area of
390 acres has been allotted to IT/ITES industries.
Social infra-structures such as schools, hotels, hospitals,Mall, Club
and residential area formed in 110 acres.
An extent of 100 acres has already been approved as IT specific SEZ.

19. Utilities and services network – water, electricity, drainage
WATER
Tirunelveli district enjoys the benefit of the early showers of south
west monsoon and of the later rains of the north-east monsoon. The
district is chiefly irrigated by rivers rising in Western ghats. The dams
and anaicuts constructed on Tamiraparani and Manimuthar rivers
serve both agriculture and power generation. The total rain fall,
though is light, averaging about 814.8 mm per annum, is generally
well distributed. The Tamiraparani river affords perennial irrigation to
a fairly large area on which two crops are normally raised. Several
tanks and wells form part of the other sources of irrigation. The
Tamiraparani is a symbol of Tamil culture and civilization and an
identity of the far south of India. In Tamil and Sanskrit literature of
earlier times, the Pandyas were referred to as the rulers of the land
where the Tamiraparani flowed. He concludes that it seems more
natural that Tamiraparani, the tree with the red leaves should have
been first the name of a tree, then of a town, then of a district and
then of a river. Some scholars interpret the name Tamiraparani as
Tamiram (Copper) + Varuni (stream or river). They ascribe this origin
as the bed of the river is of red soil and when the water flows on the
red soil it gives a copper like appearance. The Greeks of the Ptolemy’s
time refer to this river as Solen.

20. ELECTRICITY

21. Tax structure and administrative machinery
The New bus stand has got one free toilet and 3 pay and use
toilets. The bus stands has been constructed in the area of 19
acres. It has got 25000 sq.m of BT roads and
42,912 sq.ft. of open area. There is terminal building with 2 bus
bays with facility for parking 68 buses with floor area of
9000 sq.m. There are 128 shops and 2 restaurants. The
garbage is expected to be generated by the general public using
the bus stand. Shops and Restaurant also generate huge
quantity of garbage. As per very conservative initial estimate it
was felt that minimum 25 Sanitary Workers and 9 NMRs are
required to collect the pay and use toilet charges and to main
sanitation and upkeep in the new bus stand. Deputation of
such large number of workers to bus stand will effect
cleanliness and sanitation in the other areas as Corporation is
already having shortage of Sanitary Workers. Against
sanctioned strength of 885 Sanitary Workers only 736 are
actually on rolls.
Council in its Resolution No.1326 dated 17-3-2003 approved
privatization of sanitation, up keep and maintenance of 3 pay
and use and one free toilet in the New Bus stand. It was
decided to make open offer and call tenders. Council also
decided to adopt an innovative approach as indicated below:-
1. Maintenance work will be allotted to an NGO only.
2. NGO should be a registered society
3. NGO should have previous experience of 5 years in
sanitation work
4. NGO should have annual turn over of Rs.15 lakhs and above
in each of previous 3 years.

22. New Self sustaining Model
I. Income to NGOs
Charges of pay and use toilets approved by council can be collected by
NGO as indicated below:
Urination & Toilet : Rs.1/-
Bathing : Rs.2/-
Projected income form collection of above charges was
Rs.10.75 lakhs per annum.
II. Expenditure of NGOs
1. To meet salary of the Sanitary Workers/ Supervisors, Electrician-
Cum-Plumber etc.
2. Purchase of consumables like soap, phenyl, brooms, dust bins
etc.
3. Payment of EB charges
4. To meet service charges of the NGOs
III. Payment to Corporation
NGO has to calculate all the above expenditure and deduct the
amount from the projected income. The remaining amount has to be
paid by the NGO in monthly installment to the Corporation. The above
amount has to be quoted by the NGOs in its tender.

23. A Committee of Officers was constituted . They have
conducted brain storming sessions and finalize terms of
reference. Tenders were incited, 3 Tenders were
received. Based on comprehensive evaluation by Tender
Scrutiny Committee Council has approved the tender of
M/s.Food, Chennai. Food NGO is a registered society and in
existence since 1987. They have previous experience in
handling urban sanitation . They have annual turn over of
Rs.53 lakhs in 2002. They have won number of international
awards and are of sound financial status. The agency has
taken up sanitation work from 1-6-2003 for a period of one
year. They have appointed totally 55-60 Sanitary Workers
and Supervisors and taken up the maintenance of pay and
use and free toilets, sanitation and up keeping at the new
bus stand . A formal agreement has been signed between
contracting NGO & Corporation. Initial response from Public
& passengers is quite encouraging. Road sweeping, removal
of garbage, mopping and cleaning of toilets is being done all
through day and night. Sanitary Workers are provided
uniforms.
This is a new model which is beneficial to Corporation, as
Corporation without spending a pipe is able to maintain new bus
stand in co-ordination with NGO. Corporation is getting yearly
revenue of Rs.3.24 lakhs on Salary of 60 Sanitary Workers and
supervisors if bus stand is to be maintained by its worn staff
. Level of efficiency of NGO with its previous experience in
sanitation is better.