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Thiruvananthapuram

Thiruvananthapuram, formerly known as Trivandrum, is the capital city of Kerala, India, named after the deity Lord Ananta, and serves as a major cultural and academic hub. Historically significant, the city grew in prominence during the rule of the Venad dynasty and the establishment of the Travancore kingdom, becoming a key administrative and trading center. Today, it is recognized for its technological advancements, especially with the Technopark, and its diverse population, rich history, and well-developed infrastructure.

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ETYMOLOGY (origin of the word Thiruvananthapuram) • The city gets its name from the Malayalam/Tamil word thiru-anantha-puram , meaning "The City of Lord Ananta", referring to the deity of the Sri Padmanabhaswamy Temple located in the city. • Thiruvananthapuram is also known in literature and popular reference as Ananthapuri derived from the Sanskrit word Syanandurapuram, meaning "The City of Bliss" in Carnatic kirtanas composed by Swathi Thirunal, erstwhile Maharaja of Travancore. • The city was officially referred to as Trivandrum until 1991, (Trivandrum bieng the anglicised name of the town) when the government decided to reinstate the city's original name Thiruvananthapuram. HISTORY • Thiruvananthapuram is one of the oldest cities in India. This city came to the forefront when the Venad Dynasty rose to power in the southern regions, after the Great Partition of the Kerala Empire of Cheras in the 14th century. • Though Venad rulers had their capital at Kollam (70 km north of Thiruvananthapuram), Thiruvananthapuram was considered the major trading centre. • The formation of Travancore Kingdom in late 17th century proved a turning point for the city. In this time, the Raja dedicated the entire kingdom to Lord Padmanabha, the presiding deity of Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple, meaning that the royal family was ruling in the name of the lord.
HISTORY • The capital was moved to Thiruvananthapuram, and the city expanded around the temple. • In the 19th century, the entire administration was brought to Thiruvananthapuram city from the royal headquarters of Sree Padmanabhapuram Fort (50 km from Thiruvananthapuram city), which marked completion of first phase of Thiruvananthapuram city. • Travancore was one of the most powerful Indian princely states during the British empire, with the kingdom becoming the 3rd-richest state among native states. • Thiruvananthapuram city, under the royal patronage, grew into a major academic and cultural hub of India with many firsts to its credit. As the power and wealth of the Travancore Kingdom reached its peak during early 20th century, Thiruvananthapuram became a prosperous city. • When India attained independence, the Travancore chose to accede to the India Union. After formation of Kerala state in 1957, Thiruvananthapuram was retained as the capital city. • Being a capital and administrative city, it remains the hottest political centres in Kerala. A third phase of development came in early 1990s, when the Kerala Government established Technopark, a large information-technology park. The success of Technopark as the largest IT park in South Asia has been a major impetus for growth in city. Today the city is focused on maintaining its status as a major IT/Bio-Technology hub.
HISTORY
GEOGRAPHY • Thiruvananthapuram is built on seven hills by the sea shore and is located at 8.5°N 76.9°E on the west coast, near the southern tip of mainland India. • The city situated on the west coast of India, and is bounded by Lakshadweep Sea to its west and the Western Ghats to its east. • The average elevation of the city is 16 ft (4.9 m) above sea level. The Geological Survey of India has identified Thiruvananthapuram as a moderately earthquake-prone urban centre and categorised the city in the Seismic III Zone. • Thiruvananthapuram lies on the shores of Karamana and Killi rivers. Vellayani, Thiruvallam and Aakulam backwaters lies in the city. • The Soil type in the middle part of the city is dark brown loamy laterite soil high in phosphates. Laterisation is a result of the heavy rainfall and humid conditions. • On western coastal regions of the city, sandy loam soil is found and on eastern hilly parts of the district, rich dark brown loam of granite origin is found.
GEOGRAPHY • The Thiruvananthapuram Corporation is spread over 214.86 km2 (82.96 sq m). • The wider Thiruvananthapuram metropolitan area comprises Thiruvananthapuram corporation, 3 municipalities and 27 panchayats, as of 2011. • Being the largest city in India's southern tip region, it is important for both military logistics and civil aviation in the southern part of the country. • Thiruvananthapuram is the headquarters of the Southern Air Command (SAC) of the Indian Air Force.
CLIMATE • The city has a climate that borders between a tropical savanna climate and a tropical monsoon climate. As a result, it does not experience distinct seasons. • The mean maximum temperature 34 °C and the mean minimum temperature is 21 °C. • The humidity is high and rises to about 90% during the monsoon season. • Thiruvananthapuram is the first city along the path of the south-west monsoons and gets its first showers in early June. • The city gets heavy rainfall of around 1700 mm per year. The city also gets rain from the receding north-east monsoons which hit the city by October. • The dry season sets in by December. December, January and February are the coolest months while March, April and May are the hottest. • The lowest temperature in the city core recorded during winter was 16.4 °C on, and the highest temperature recorded in summer is 38.0 °C.
DEMOGRAPHICS • According to provisional results of the 2011 national census, Corporation of Thiruananthapuram, which occupies an area of 214 km2 (83 sq mi), had a population of 9,86,578. • The sex ratio is 1,040 females for every 1,000 males, which is higher than the national average. • Thiruvananthapuram's literacy rate of 93.72% exceeds the all-India average of 74%. • Malayalees form the majority of Thiruvananthapuram's population. Among Thiruvananthapuram's smaller communities are Tamils, Punjabis and Russians. • According to the 2011 census, 68.5% of the population of the population is Hindu, 16.7% Christian and 13.7% Muslims. • The remainder of the population includes Jains, Jews, Sikhs, Buddhists and other religions which accounts for 0.06% of the population; 0.85% did not state a religion in the census.
• Malayalam, the official state language, is the dominant language in Thiruvananthapuram. • English is also used, particularly by the white-collar workforce. • Tamil and Hindi are spoken by a sizeable minority. The city also has a few Tulu, Kannada, Konkani, Dhivehi, Telugu, and Urdu speakers. • As per 2001 census, the population below the poverty line in the city was 11,667. • Thiruvananthapuram has witnessed massive migrations of workers from the North of India, mainly West Bengal, Bihar, Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, etc. and from the neighbouring countries like Sri Lanka, Maldives, Nepal and Bangladesh. DEMOGRAPHICS
ECONOMY • There are around 20 government owned and 60 privately owned medium and large-scale industrial units such as Infosys, UST Global, TCS, Oracle, SunTec in Thiruvananthapuram. • There are also about 30,000 small scale industrial units employing around 115,000 people. • Traditional industries include handloom and coir. • The Technopark is the largest Information Technology park in Asia in terms of area. Technopark is also the largest employment base campus in Kerala. • The economy of the city is mainly based on the tertiary sector. • Thiruvananthapuram was listed as one of the top 10 cities in India on Vibrancy and Consumption Index by a study conducted by global financial services firm Morgan Stanley. • The city is a major exporter of software with over 250 companies employing more than 40,000 professionals. • As of 2015, it contributes around 55% of the state's software exports. • Tourism also contributes to the economy of Thiruvananthapuram.
TRANSPORTATION • Thiruvananthapuram has a well-developed transport infrastructure. The city and its suburbs may be traversed using its road and rail networks. Within the city, city buses, taxis and auto rickshaws provide means of transportation. Scooters, motorcycles are the favoured means of personal transportation. Road • The NH 66 and NH 544 (old NH 47) connects the city with Salem and Kanyakumari in Tamil Nadu. The Main Central Road is an arterial road in the city and is designated as State Highway 1. Rail • There are two major railway stations in the city namely, the Thiruvananthapuram Central at the city center and Kochuveli at near to sea cost. Other smaller railway stations in the city are Pettah, Nemom, veli & Kazhakuttom railway stations. • Thiruvananthapuram Central is the major railway station serving the city. It falls under the Southern Railway zone of the Indian Railways and is the headquarter of the Thiruvananthapuram Railway Division.
Air • Thiruvananthapuram is served by the Thiruvananthapuram International Airport. • The airport is just 6.7 kilometres (4.2 mi) from the city centre. • Being one of the gateways to the state, it has direct connectivity to all the major cities in India as well as Middle East, Malaysia, Singapore, Maldives and Sri Lanka. • It also has the headquarters of the Southern Air Command (SAC) of the Indian Air Force. Light Metro • A system of metro has been proposed in the city stretching from Technocity to Karamana. Water transport • Indian waterways authority of India(IWAI) is currently developing the kollm-kottapuram sector of the waterway which was declared as a national water way no 3 I 1993 for inland navigation and tourism. TRANSPORTATION
WATER SUPPLY • Karamana River with two reservoirs at Peppara and Aruvikkara is the main surface water source. • 81% people depends on KWA (Kerala water authority). • Installed capacity to produce 273 MLD. • There are 9 Water Treatment Plants. • The city water supply scheme is one of the oldest schemes in India and there is a gap of 137 MLD of water between production and demand.
• In Thiruvananthapuram corporation only 30 area is covered by the underground sewerage system. • The system was installed 30 to 35 years ago. The services a total of 75,000 connections. • The households in the remaining areas depends on various on-site systems namely, septic tanks, borehole latrine and community toilets with 8 of the population do not having access to safe sanitation disposal. • The sewage farm is the only existing sewage treatment facility, which is receiving very limited sewage quantity (maximum up to 50MLD). It was originally designed for only 8MLD in 1938 . • Due to inefficiency of sewerage system overflow occurs at several points before the sewage reaches the final disposal point . SEWERAGE SYSTEM
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT • Thiruvananthapuram corporation has made arrangements for door to door segregated collection of waste from 81 wards by engaging some agencies . • Waste collected by them is transported daily by corporation vehicles and treated at vilap pilasa plant. • The total quantity of solid waste generated is estimated to be 300 metric tons, but the waste collected varies in between 230-250 metric tons. • Towards central part of the city and near to CBD waste generation is higher. • • There is no separate collection or storage or processing mechanism for e-waste generated in the city.
EDUCATION • In present context, Thiruvananthapuram is a major educational hub of the state. • There are 280 schools in the main city centre and 20 arts and science colleges in the district. • Thiruvananthapuram international school is the first international school in kerala. • The city has a well established educational stream from pre primary level to college level. • Being the state of the capital most of the major educational institutions are located within the corporation. HEALTH • Thiruvananthapuram corporation is well served by health facilities both by government and private enterprises. • Major health institutions include Medical College, Regional Cancer Center, Sree Chitra Thirunal Institute of Medical Science and Technology, SAT hospital, General hospital, Thycaud Women & Children hospital, Government hospital, Peroorkkada, Mental health centre Oolampara, Government Ophthalmic Hospital and Pulayanarkotta TB Centre. • Re-emerging communicable diseases and emergence of risk factors that predispose persons to chronic diseases is a major issue in the health sector.
LAND USE PATTERN