1) The document discusses research on optimizing the use of open educational resources (OER) by teachers. It outlines motivators and barriers for teachers in adopting OER. 2) Quality is identified as a key factor, and a quality model is proposed with criteria for OER content and design. 3) Two scenarios for OER use are described: a reading list and instruction model with more student agency. Support needs for teachers and students are noted.

1. Towards optimal benefiting from OER
Robert Schuwer

2. About me
• Born in The Hague, the Netherlands (1955)
• MSc in mathematics (1980) & computer science
(1989)
• PhD on knowledge base systems (1993)
• In the “field of open” since 2006
• My research interest: how to widen adoption of
OER by teachers, institutions and governments?

3. Our research
What have we learned sofar about
sharing and reusing OER?
(Baas & Schuwer, 2020; Schuwer & Janssen, 2019; Schuwer, Kreijns &
Vermeulen, 2014)

4. Motivators for teachers
– Efficiency gains
– No expensive resources
– Educational gains
– Personal gains

5. Barriers for teachers
– (Lack of) time
– (Lack of) support
– Quality
– “What’s in it for me” unclear
– No or unknown policy
– No recognition
• Research is considered more important

6. Other observations
– Quality, quality, quality
– Teachers have different images about the
concept OER
– There are more valuable resources than
OER
• Just open access, no 5R
• Semi-open resources
 Optimum mix of learning materials

7. Quality, quality, quality
• Quality model
– Set of requirements and norms
– Must Have & Nice to Have
• Minimum quality model
• Provide guidance for teacher

8. Process flow

9. Case Bachelor Nursing
• 15 UoAS collaborate in creating, sharing and reusing
OER (start 2017)
• Community of Practice
• Start: formulated quality model
– 6 months throughput time
– Each year refinement
• Institutions adopted model for all their learning materials

10. Quality model Nursing
• Only applicable for lessons and courses
• Six criteria on content
– E.g. It is clear which CanMeds role the resource is meant for
• One criterion on didactics
– Learning outcomes are defined
• Six miscellaneous criteria
– e.g. Open license available; no breaches on copyright

11. What’s in it for me?
• Connect to passion of the teacher
– And that is NOT open licenses
• Conceptual model

12. Context
https://www.versnellingsplan.nl/en/towards-digital-open-educational-resources/

13. Conceptual model Learning
outcomes
Teaching and
learning activities Assessment
Constructive
Alignment
Closed Open
Infrastructure
(Technical, organisational, accommodating policy)
Learning materials
Principles

14. Two scenarios
• Reading list
– “classic”
• Instruction
– More agency for students
– Open Pedagogy
• http://openpedagogy.org/

15. Reading list

16. Instruction

17. Support needed
• For each of the activities
• Both for students and teachers

18. Competencies
• Competency framework for OER
– From UNESCO (2016)
• Five classes of competencies
– Becoming familiar with OER
– Searching for OER
– Using OER
– Creating OER
– Sharing OER

19. (IOF, 2016)

20. Mapping process model on framework
Activity
Competency
OER awareness Searching Using Adapt or remix Share OER
Search the cloud X X
Search local / private
storage
Create / Remix X X
Create / Adapt X X
Quality Control X X X X
Publish X
Use X X
(IOF, 2016; Schuwer & Baas, forthcoming)
In scenario Instruction for both teachers and students

21. r.schuwer@fontys.nl

22. Colophon
Images
Black board. Image by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay
Magnifier. Photo by Markus Spiske on Unsplash
Scenarios. Photo by 青 晨 on Unsplash
Support. Photo by Any Lane on Pexels
Thank you. Photo by Lip on Unsplash
References
Baas, M., & Schuwer, R. (2020). What About Reuse? A Study on the Use of Open Educational Resources in Dutch Higher Education. Open Praxis, 12(4), 527–540.
DOI: http://doi.org/10.5944/openpraxis.12.4.1139
International Organisation of La Francophonie (2016). Open Educational Resources Competency Framework OER. Retrieved from
https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000266159_eng
Schuwer, R. & Baas, M. (forthcoming). Reuse of OER, a process model approach. Submitted for review.
Schuwer, R., & Janssen, B. (2018). Adoption of Sharing and Reuse of Open Resources by Educators in Higher Education Institutions in the Netherlands: A Qualitative Research
of Practices, Motives, and Conditions. The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning, 19(3). https://doi.org/10.19173/irrodl.v19i3.3390
Schuwer, R., Kreijns, K., & Vermeulen, M. (2014). Wikiwijs: An unexpected journey and the lessons learned towards OER. Open
Praxis, 6(2). https://www.robertschuwer.nl/download/Wikiwijs-unexpected-journey.pdf