The document explores the relationship between tourism and peace, defining peace as a state of well-being characterized by justice, security, and respect. It discusses tourism as both a cultural and economic phenomenon and its potential to foster peace through intercultural understanding, while also recognizing its capacity to hinder peace through negative impacts such as cultural degradation and resource competition. Various literature and studies are cited to highlight the complexities of tourism's role in societal dynamics and the necessity for sustainable practices.

1. 1
Tourism and Peace
PTPE (2014)
Elisabeth Klemens, Hanno Martens, Bonnie Lewtas, Xiaolu Zhang

2. Who Are We?
2
M.A. Sustainable Tourism Management - CBS

3. What is Peace?
“ Peace is a state of well-being
that is characterized by trust,
compassion, and justice”.
– Trostle (1992) cited in Sandy & Perkins (2008), p. 4
3
Imgur (2014)

4. What is Peace?
Individual: Having the opportunity to develop one’s own
potential growth without hindering the development of
others.
Communities: Developing fair regulations for living
together, and encouraging programs that will enhance
fellowship.
Nations: Encouraging its citizens to strive for a friendly
attitude toward […] their own society and toward all other
nations.
– MacLeod (1992) cited in Sandy & Perkins (2008), p. 4
4

5. 5
What is Peace?
Zemon (2010)
CanStock Photo (2010)

6. What is Peace?
6
Respect
Peace
Security
Freedom
No
Justice
Violence
State of
Harmony

7. What is Peace? Respect.
• Nature/ All Species
• Communities & Groups
7
Blogspot (2014) Paredes, (2010)

8. What is Peace? Security.
• No fear for present or
future
8
USMLE (2011)
• Resource Security
Arpit03goel (2013)

9. What is Peace? Freedom.
9
• Movement
• Speech
• Access to Information
• Rights
– Education
Media Cache (2014)

10. What is Peace? No Violence.
• Physical
• Psychological
10
Qflp (2014)
Gil Garcia Therapist (2014)

11. What is Peace? Justice.
“The maintenance or administration of what
is just - by law or by judicial proceedings. It
involves the relationship of individuals (and
groups) both to society and to one another”
- Hunt & Colander, 2008, pp. 296-297
11
Pro Bono Net (2014)

12. Summary of Peace
Peace is a state of balance in which individuals
not only have rights but also duties.
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13. What is Tourism?
“Tourism is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon which
entails the movement of people to countries or places outside
their usual environment for personal or business/professional
purposes.” – UNWTO (2007)
Edudemic (2014)

14. What is Tourism?
14
Clipart Panda (2014)

15. What is Tourism?
15
Travel
Tourism
Discovery
Regulation
Local/ Global Development

16. What is Tourism? Travel.
• Visiting places outside usual environment
16
Travel penguin (2014)

17. What is Tourism? Discovery.
• Self
• Surroundings
• Experience other
places and cultures
17
199 Countries Tourism (2014) Farm 3 (2014)

18. What is Tourism? Development.
• Personal
• Employment
• Infrastructure
• Income Disparity
• Environmental
Destruction
18

19. What is Tourism? Local/ Global.
• Big Industry
• Local/ Global
• Suppliers (Direct & Indirect)
19
Arguelles (2014)

20. What is Tourism? Regulation.
• Guest – Host
Encounters
• Interaction
– People, Cultures,
Business Nature etc.
• Impacts
• Exchange
– Business, Culture etc.
20
Obx Connection (2014)
Ofilada, Jr. (2014)

21. Tourism to Foster Peace – Literature
• Tourists gain
experience and
understand culture
(intercultural contact)
Kelly (2006)
21
Ethical Travel Portal (2013)
• Increased awareness
of unstable conditions
The Irrawaddy (2014)

22. Tourism to Foster Peace – Literature
• Dark tourism
– Visiting former conflict
areas
– Education about conflict
 foster peace
Time (2010)
• Travel to places
representing peace
Seaton 1999 in Kelly (2006)
Travel Blog (2007)

23. Tourism to Foster Peace – Literature
• Tourism as an economic activity
– Adoption of tourism policies by governments
(E.g. Destination Management Policies)
– Infrastructure, access to the market etc.
– Employment
23
Kelly (2006)

24. • Tourism as a beneficiary of peace.
Tourists travel to more peaceful places
Litvin 1998 cited in Kelly (2006)
(E.g: Tourists arrival dropped by 45.3
percent in the first three months of 2011
because of the local unrest in Egypt.)
Nassar (2012)
• Power to introduce social/cultural change
24
Tourism to Foster Peace – Literature
Curtin 1996 cited in Kelly (2006)

25. • Power to introduce social/cultural change
• Misunderstanding of cultures, strengthening of
prejudices
25
Tourism to Hinder Peace – Literature
Curtin 1996 cited in Kelly (2006)
Pearce 1988 cited in Kelly (2006)
Travel Studies (2011)

26. Tourism to Hinder Peace – Literature
• Slum tourism - as
an incentive for
conflict
Ghetto Mirror (2012)
• Resource competition
with locals
• Tourist being targeted
in violent attacks
Litvin 1998 cited in Kelly (2006)
BBC (2014)

27. Peace and Tourism?
27

28. Peace & Tourism
Development – Resource Access
28
- Tourism benefiting society
- Providing access to basic
needs (Food, water, shelter)
- Access to basic needs as a
basis for peace
- Tourists/ tourism taking away resources from
locals
Jovoto (2011)

29. Peace & Tourism
Local/ Global Industry – Security
- Power of the industry can enforce security
- Tourists prefer secure places
Security/ peace as a basis for tourism
- Tourists can be targets of attacks
- Tourism can finance dictatorship (e.g. Burma)
37 days (2013)

30. 30
Peace & Tourism
Guest/Host Encounters – Respect
Promotes
cultural
understanding
Respect
different
cultures and
values
Reciprocal
learning 
Mutual respect
- Disrespectful behaviour by tourists
- Cultural degradation
- Cultural clash  conflict
Classroom 2.0 (2008)

31. – Travel as a symbol of
freedom
– Tourists and enterprises
can take part in enhancing
freedom for locals
31
Peace & Tourism
A Couples Odyssey (2014)
Travel – Freedom
– Unequal travel
opportunities
– Restricted local access

32. The Role of Business – Post-Conflict
32
What businesses can do: What they can’t do:
Attract investment and invest
Satisfy basic needs
themselves; Provide employment,
produce profit
Raise attention to the countries
situation
Solve political and/or military conflicts
Attract tourists, market the destination
 improve the regions image
Change the countries image as a
whole
Revitalize the economy and local
businesses
Reconstruct a regions infrastructure
Resilience of the tourism industry Improve political relationships to other
countries
Litvin 1998 cited in Kelly (2006)
Cooperating businesses can revitalise a region and support its
reconstruction, but political support and security must serve as a base.

33. Discussion Questions
1. Does tourism have to be sustainable to foster
peace?
2. Is there a global understanding of peace?
3. Does peace have to be regulated?
– What are the regulations based on?
– According to who’s ethics should we regulate?
– Are there global laws of peace?
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34. Reference List
Curtin, M. (1996). On Edge: Culture Industries in the Neo-Network Area. In:
Ohmann, R. (ed.) Making and Selling Culture. New Hampshire: Wesleyan
University Press, 181-202.
Kelly, I. (2006). Peace Through Tourism: A SWOT Analysis. Retreived
04.11.2014 from http://www.iipt.org/educators/OccPap02.pdf.
Litvin, S.W. (1998), Tourism: The World’s Peace Industry? Journal of Travel
Reserach, 37 (1), pp. 63-66.
Nassar, M. (2012). Political Unrest Costs Egyptian Tourism Dearly: An
Ethnographical Study. International Business Research, 5(10)
Sandy, L. & Perkins, R. (2008). The Nature of Peace and Its Implication for
Peace Education. University of Oslo - Faculty of Law. pp.3-4.
Seaton, A. (1999). War and Thanatourism: Waterloo 1815-1914. In: Annals of
Tourism Research, 26(1), pp. 130-158.
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