This document discusses different network topologies including bus, star, ring, and tree or hybrid topologies. It describes the basic characteristics of each topology including their advantages and disadvantages. It also discusses network operating systems, describing peer-to-peer and client/server models. Peer-to-peer networks have no central file server while client/server networks centralize functions and applications on dedicated file servers.

1. ARZOO SOROUT
Assistant Professor (CSE)
Advanced Educational Institutionswww.advanced.edu.in
INTODUCTION
TO
TOPOLOGIES

2. Objectives
 Describe the basic and hybrid LAN physical
topologies, and their uses, advantages and
disadvantages
 Describe the backbone structures that form the
foundation for most LANs
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3. Topology
 The physical topology of a network refers to the
configuration of cables, computers and other
peripherals.
 The main types of network topologies are:
– Linear Bus
– Star
– Ring
– Tree or Hybrid
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4. Bus topology
 A bus topology consists of a main run of cable with a
terminator at each end. All servers workstations and
peripherals are connected to the linear cable
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5. Advantages of Bus Topology
 Works well for small networks
 Relatively inexpensive to implement
 Easy to add to it
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6. Disadvantages of Bus Topology
 Management costs can be high
 Potential for congestion with network traffic
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7. Star topology
 A star network is
designed with each
node (file server,
workstation,
peripheral) connected
directly to a central
network hub or server
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8. Advantages Star topology
 Good option for modern networks
 Low startup costs
 Easy to manage
 Offers opportunities for expansion
 Most popular topology in use; wide variety of
equipment available
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9. Disadvantages of Star topology
 Hub is a single point of failure
 Requires more cable than the bus
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10. Ring topology
 A ring network is one
where all workstations
and other devices are
connected in a
continuous loop. There
is no central server
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11. Advantages of Ring Topology
 Easier to manage; easier to locate a defective
node or cable problem
 Well-suited for transmitting signals over long
distances on a LAN
 Handles high-volume network traffic
 Enables reliable communication
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12. Disadvantages of Ring Topology
 Expensive
 Requires more cable and network
equipment at the start
 Not used as widely as bus topology
– Fewer equipment options
– Fewer options for expansion to high-speed
communication
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13. Tree or hybrid topology
 A tree or hybrid
topology combines
characteristics of linear
bus and star and/or
ring topologies.
 It consists of groups of
star-configured
workstations connected
to a linear bus
backbone cable
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14. www.advanced.edu.in

15. Network Operating Software
 Network operating systems co-
ordinate the activities of
multiple computers across a
network
 The two major types of
network OS are:
– Peer-to-peer
– Client/server
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16. Peer to peer network OS
– In peer to peer network OS, there is no
file server or central management source;
all computers are considered equal
– Peer to peer networks are design
primarily for small to medium LANS
– AppleShare and Windows for
Workgroups are examples of programs
that can function as peer to peer
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17. Client/Server network OS
– Client/server network OS
centralise functions and
applications in one or more
dedicated file servers.
– The file server provides access to
resources and provides security
– Novel Netware and Windows NT
Server are examples of
client/server network operating
systems
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18. www.advanced.edu.in
Arzoo Sorout
Assistant Professor( CSE)
Advanced Educational Institutions,
70 km Milestone,
Delhi-Mathura Road, Dist. Palwal,
Haryana-121105
+91–1275–398400, 302222
Email:- arzoo.sorout30@gmail.com
website:- www.advance.edu.in