This document discusses various types of network topologies, including bus, ring, star, tree, and mesh, detailing their configurations, advantages, and disadvantages. It also explains the roles of network devices such as hubs, switches, routers, repeaters, and brouters in connecting and managing these topologies. Each topology is characterized by its unique features affecting scalability, security, and performance.

1. Types of Network Topology,
Hub, Switch, Router, Repeater and
Brouter
Submitted By :
Name : Alid Hasan Sourab
ID : 151382316
Batch : 41
Program : B.Sc. in CSE
Submitted To :
Pranab Bandhu Nath
Lecturer, Dept. of CSE
City University, Dhaka.

2. Types of Network Topology
Topology defines the structure of the network of how all the
components are interconnected to each other. There
are two types of topology: physical and logical topology.
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3. Bus Topology
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The bus topology is designed in such a way that all the stations are connected through a single cable known
as a backbone cable.
Each node is either connected to the backbone cable by drop cable or directly connected to the backbone
cable.
When a node wants to send a message over the network, it puts a message over the network. All the
stations available in the network will receive the message whether it has been addressed or not.
The bus topology is mainly used in 802.3 (Ethernet) and 802.4 standard networks.
The configuration of a bus topology is quite simpler as compared to other topologies.
The backbone cable is considered as a "single lane" through which the message is broadcast to all the
stations.
Advantages:
• If N devices are connected to each other in a bus topology, then the number of cables required to connect
them is 1, which is known as backbone cable, and N drop lines are required.
The cost of the cable is less as compared to other topologies, but it is used to build small networks.
Disadvantages:
o If the common cable fails, then the whole system will crash down.
o If the network traffic is heavy, it increases collisions in the network. To avoid this, various protocols
are used in the MAC layer known as Pure Aloha, Slotted Aloha, CSMA/CD, etc.
o Security is very low.

4. ring topology
• Ring topology is like a bus topology, but with connected ends.
• The node that receives the message from the previous computer will retransmit to the next node.
• The data flows in one direction, i.e., it is unidirectional.
• The data flows in a single loop continuously known as an endless loop.
• It has no terminated ends, i.e., each node is connected to other node and having no termination point.
• The data in a ring topology flow in a clockwise direction.
• Advantages:
• The possibility of collision is minimum in this type of topology.
• Cheap to install and expand.
• Disadvantages:
• • Troubleshooting is difficult in this topology.
• • The addition of stations in between or removal of stations can disturb the whole topology.
• Less secure.
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5. Star topology
Star topology is an arrangement of the network in which every node is connected to the central hub, switch
or a central computer.
The central computer is known as a server, and the peripheral devices attached to the server are known
as clients.
• Coaxial cable or RJ-45 cables are used to connect the computers.
Hubs or Switches are mainly used as connection devices in a physical star topology.
Star topology is the most popular topology in network implementation.
.
Advantages:
If N devices are connected to each other in a star topology, then the number of cables required to connect
them is N. So, it is easy to set up.
Each device requires only 1 port i.e. to connect to the hub, therefore the total number of ports required
is N.
Disadvantages:
• If the concentrator (hub) on which the whole topology relies fails, the whole system will crash down.
• The cost of installation is high.
• Performance is based on the single concentrator hub.
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6. Tree Topology
● Tree Topology is a topology which is having a tree structure in which all the computer are connected like the branches
which are connected with the tree. In Computer Network, tree topology is called as a combination of a Bus and Start
network topology. The main advantages of this topology are these are very flexible and also have better scalability.
● Advantages of Tree Topology :
● This topology is the combination of bus and star topology.
● This topology provides a hierarchical as well as central data arrangement of the nodes.
● As the leaf nodes can add one or more nodes in the hierarchical chain, this topology provides high scalability.
● The other nodes in a network are not affected, if one of their nodes get damaged or not working.
● Tree topology provides easy maintenance and easy fault identification can be done.
● Disadvantages of Tree Topology :
● This network is very difficult to configure as compared to the other network topologies.
● Length of a segment is limited & the limit of the segment depends on the type of cabling used.
● Due to the presence of large number of nodes, the network performance of tree topology becomes a bit slowly.
● If the computer in first level is erroneous, next level computer will also go under problems.
● Requires large number of cables compared to star and ring topology.
● As the data needs to travel from the central cable this creates dense network traffic.
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7. In mesh, all the computers are interconnected to every other during a network. Each computer not only sends its own signals but also relays data from other computers. The
nodes are connected to every other completely via a dedicated link during which information is travel from nodes to nodes and there are N(N-1)/2 links in mesh if there are N
nodes.
There are two types of Mesh topologies –
1. Full Mesh Topology :
All the nodes within the network are connected with every other If there are n number of nodes during a network, each node will have an n-1 number of connections. A full
mesh provides an excellent deal of redundancy, but because it is prohibitively expensive to implement, it’s usually reserved for network backbones.
2. Partial Mesh Topology :
The partial mesh is more practical as compared to the full mesh. In a partially connected mesh, all the nodes aren’t necessary to be connected with one another during a
network. Peripheral networks are connected using partial mesh and work with a full-mesh backbone in tandem.
Advantages of Mesh Topology :
Failure during a single device won’t break the network.
There is no traffic problem as there is a dedicated point to point links for every computer.
Fault identification is straightforward.
Disadvantages of Mesh Topology :
It’s costly as compared to the opposite network topologies i.e. star, bus, point to point topology.
Installation is extremely difficult in the mesh.
Power requirement is higher as all the nodes will need to remain active all the time and share the load.
Complex process.
Mesh Topology :
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8. Hub
A hub is basically a multiport repeater. A hub connects multiple wires coming from different
branches, for
example, the connector in star topology which connects different stations. Hubs cannot filter
data, so data
packets are sent to all connected devices. In other words, the collision domain of all hosts
connected through
Hub remains one. Also, they do not have the intelligence to find out the best path for data
packets which leads
to inefficiencies and wastage.

9. Switches are the most widely encountered devices on networks. This is because they were originally designed
to
connect together links on private networks while routers are meant to connect networks together.
A switch operates in the same way as hub but with one important difference- it only copies incoming data onto
one connected cable. This straightforward difference drastically cuts down on network traffic.
Switch

10. Routers – A router is a device like a switch that routes data packets based on their IP
addresses. The router is mainly a Network Layer device. Routers normally connect LANs and
WANs together and have a dynamically updating routing table based on which they make
decisions on routing the data packets. Router divide broadcast domains of hosts connected
through it.
Router

11. Repeater:
A repeater operates at the physical layer. Its job is to regenerate the signal over the
same network before the
signal becomes too weak or corrupted so as to extend the length to which the signal can
be transmitted over the
same network. An important point to be noted about repeaters is that they do not amplify
the signal. When the
signal becomes weak, they copy the signal bit by bit and regenerate it at the original
strength. It is a 2 port
device.
Brouter:
It is also known as the bridging router is a device that combines features of both bridge
and router. It can work
either at the data link layer or a network layer.

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