Branches of Philosophy

3. • Recognize human activities
that emanated from
deliberate reflection

4. • This section distinguishes
its branches from where
recognition of human
activities emanated from
deliberate reflection and
dialogs.

5. • One of the greatest needs of
anyone seeking “wisdom” is
a genuine sympathy and an
understanding of all the
most diverse points of view
(holistic perspective).

6. • A narrow provincialism of
mind, limited to the ideas and
outlook of a single party or a
single age (partial
perspective), is wholly
incompatible with the real
philosophical attitude.

7. • A. METAPHYSICS
- an extension of a
fundamental and necessary
drive in every human being to
know what is real. The
question is how to account for
this unreal thing in terms of
what you can accept as real.

8. Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy
concerned with the nature of
existence, being and the world.
Arguably, metaphysics is the foundation
of philosophy: Aristotle calls it "first
philosophy" (or sometimes just
"wisdom"), and says it is the subject that
deals with "first causes and
the principles of things".

9. It asks questions like: "What is the
nature of reality?", "How does the
world exist, and what is its origin or
source of creation?", "Does the world
exist outside the mind?", "How can
the incorporeal mind affect the
physical body?", "If things exist, what
is their objective nature?", "Is there a
God (or many gods, or no god at
all)?"

10. - to explain that part of our
experience which we call
unreal in terms of what we
call real.

11. - Greek philosopher, believed
that “everything is water”
- Claims that everything we
experience is water – which
we call reality. Everything
else is “appearance”.

12. - We then set out to try to
explain everything else
(appearance) in terms of water
(reality).
- Example: Clouds or block of ice
do not look like water, but they
can be explained in terms of
water. When water evaporates
it becomes clouds, and when
water freezes, it becomes ice.

13. Both the idealist and the
materialist metaphysical
theories are simply based on
unobservable entities: mind
and matter.
Metaphysics tries to explain the
observable in terms of the
unobservable.

14. - A good example of a
metaphysician who draws
the sharpest possible
contrast between reality and
appearance.

15. - Nothing we experience in the
physical world with our five
senses is real, according to
Plato. Reality, in fact, is just
the opposite. It is unchanging,
eternal, immaterial and can be
detected only by the intellect.
Plato calls these realities as
ideas of forms.

17. Allegory of the Cave (Plato)

19. • The cave represents people
who believe that knowledge
comes from what we see and
hear in the world – empirical
evidence. The cave shows that
believers of empirical
knowledge are trapped in a
cave of misunderstanding.

20. The shadows represent the
perceptions of those who
believe empirical evidence
ensures knowledge. If you
believe that what you see
should be taken as truth,
then you are merely seeing
a shadow of the truth.

21. • The escaped prisoner
represents the philosopher,
who seeks knowledge
outside of the cave and
outside of the senses.
• The sun represents
philosophical truth and
knowledge.

22. B. Ethics
How do we tell good from evil or
right from wrong?
- Ethics is the branch of
philosophy that explores the
nature of moral virtue and
evaluates human action.
- Ethics is generally a study of the
nature of moral judgments.

23.  To be happy, a person must live a
virtuous life.
 Virtue is not something to be
taught or acquired through
education, but rather it is
merely an awakening of the
seeds of good deeds that lay
dominant in the mind and heart
of a person.

24.  Knowing what is in the mind and
heart of a human being is achieved
through self-knowledge. Thus,
knowledge does not mean only
theoretical or speculative, but a
practical one.
 Practical knowledge means that
one does not only know the rules
of right living, but one lives them.

25. “He who is not angry when there
is just cause for anger is immoral.
Why? Because anger looks to the
good of justice. And if you can
live amid injustice without anger,
you are immoral as well as
unjust.”
- Saint Thomas Aquinas

26. C. Epistemology
Deals with nature, sources,
limitations and validity of
knowledge (Soccio 2007)

27. EPISTEMOLOGY
KNOWLEDGE
TRUTH
OBJECTIVE
BELIEF
SUBJECTIVE

28. Epistemology explains:
1. How we know what we
claim to know;
2. how can we find out what
we wish to know;
3. How can we differentiate
truth from falsehood

29. How do we acquire
knowledge?
1. Empiricists (like John
Locke) believed that general
ideas are formed from the
examination of particular
facts (induction).
Empiricism is the view that knowledge
can be attained only through sense
experience. Real knowledge is based on
our sight, hearing, smell, and other
senses tell us what is out there, not
what people make up in their heads.

30. 2. Rationalists (Like Rene
Descartes) believed that it is
important to find a general law
according to which particular
facts can be understood
(deduction).
- Real knowledge is based on
logic, laws, and methods that
reason develops.

31. EMPIRICIST RATIONALIST
EPISTEMOLOGY
Promotes
Skepticism
Uses sensory
Experience
Inductive
Belief in blank slate of
mind
Uses Concrete
Principles
Deductive
Belief in innate ideas

32. 3. Pragmatists (like William
James and John Dewey)
believe that value in use is the
real test of truth and
meaning. In other words, the
meaning and truth of an idea
are tested by its practical
consequences.

33. D. Logic
- Reasoning is the concern of
logician
- comes from Gk. Word logike
and was coined by Zeno,
etymologically it means a
treatise on matters pertaining
to the human thought.
Zeno, the Stoic, was a Gk
philosopher and
mathematician, whom
Aristotle called the inventor
of dialectic.
Zeno founded Stoicism, a philosophy of
personal ethics informed by its system of logic
and its views on the natural world. According to
this teachings, as social beings, the path to
happiness for humans is found in accepting
this moment as it presents itself, by not
allowing ourselves to be controlled by our
desire for pleasure or our fear of pain, by
using our minds to understand the world around
us and to do our part in nature’s plan, and by
working together and treating others fairly and
justly.

34. Logic cont’d…
 Logic is not interested in what
we know regarding certain
subjects. Its concern is the truth
or validity of our arguments
regarding such objects.
 Aristotle was the first
philosopher to devise a logical
method.

35.  He was an English mathematician, logician,
cryptanalyst, and computer scientist.
 He was highly influential in the development
of computer science, providing a formalization
of the concepts of “algorithm” and
“computation” with the Turing machine.
 He is considered as the father of computer
science and artificial intelligence (AI)(Carr
2009).

36. The establishment of criteria of
beauty is the function of aesthethics
It is the science of the beautiful in its
various manifestations.
To experience aesthetics, therefore,
means whatever experience has
relevance to art, whether the
experience be that of the creative
artist or of appreciation.

37. It brings us in touch with our
culture.

38. Although not a branch itself, it is an
area in philosophy that understands
the human person from a
philosophical perspective –
integrating and synthesizing
different branches of philosophy and
other fields of study to know the
truth about the human person.


39. Get ½ crosswise and answer the
question:
How do you define happiness?
Do you support the view of
Socrates: :To become happy,
a person must live a
virtuous life?”Explain.

40. Apply philosophical reflection
in the situation that follows:
1. You saw your girlfriend/
boyfriend holding hands
with someone else.

41.  Role was played in convincing,
consistent manner ---------------5
 Philosophical reflection
expressed in the role-play --------5
 Role-play was well-prepared
and organized----------------------5
 Role-play captured and
maintained audience interest.--5
20 points

42. THANKS FOR
LISTENING!!!!

43.  https://www.slideshare.net/arevalofd/socrates-
12037054
 https://www.slideshare.net/jenniferbrooke81/plato-
2817285
 https://www.slideshare.net/shawee23/aristotle-
384322-bce
 https://www.philosophybasics.com/branch_metaphys
ics.html