This document provides an introduction to a philosophy course on human persons. It outlines the most essential learning competencies for the course, which involve distinguishing opinion from truth, realizing that philosophy leads to wisdom and truth, and evaluating truth and opinions. The document then provides an overview of the first module on methods of philosophizing and its learning objectives. It presents some introductory information on facts versus opinions and includes excerpts from Plato's Allegory of the Cave to illustrate philosophical concepts.

1. Welcome Students!
to PHILOSOPHY
OF HUMAN
PERSON
Prepared by: Jennelyn T. Gaso

2. MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING
COMPETENCY:
2.1 Distinguish opinion from
truth (PPT11/12-Ic-2.1)
2.2 Realize that the methods of
philosophy lead to wisdom and
truth
(PPT11/12-Id-2.2)
2.3 Evaluate truth and opinions
in different situations using the
methods of
philosophizing (PPT11/12-Id-
2.3)
Quarter 1 – Module 2:
Methods of Philosophizing

3. At the end of the module, you should be
able to:
K - Analyze situations that show the
difference between opinion and truth.
S - Write your own editorial on a
certain issue
A - Value the importance of knowing the
difference between facts and opinions.

4. Did
you
know?
WHAT IS FACT?
WHAT IS OPINION?

5. Directions: Read the statements
below and imagine that you are
part of the conversation. How will
you react to the statements
given? Write your answers in your
activity notebook.
“A Lover’s Quarrel”

6. Read the passage from “Plato’s Allegory
of the Cave”
“Some prisoners are chained inside a cave, facing the back wall.
Behind
them is a fire, with people passing in front of it. The prisoners
cannot turn their
heads, and have always been chained this way. All they can see
and hear are
shadows passing back and forth and the echoes bouncing off the
wall in front of
them. One day, a prisoner is freed, and dragged outside the cave.
He is blinded
by the light, confused, and resists being led outside. But,
eventually his eyes
adjusts, so that he is able to see clearly the things around him,
and even the sun
“Some prisoners are chained inside a cave, facing the back
wall. Behind them is a fire, with people passing in front of it.
The prisoners cannot turn their heads, and have always been
chained this way. All they can see and hear are
shadows passing back and forth and the echoes bouncing off
the wall in front of them. One day, a prisoner is freed, and
dragged outside the cave. He is blinded by the light,
confused, and resists being led outside. But, eventually his
eyes adjusts, so that he is able to see clearly the things
around him, and even the sun

7. Cont..
Condensation in the process of turning gas into
liquid.It is actually the reverse of evaporation. This
happen when the air temperature cools down and the
vapour is collected back to a liquid state .
When the water droplets in the clouds combined, they
become too heavy. Therefore, they are formed into
raindrops to fall to the earth's surface .
He came to realize that the things he thought were
real were merely shadows of real things, and that
life outside of the cave is far better than his
previous life in chains. He pities those still inside.
He ventures back into the cave to share his
discovery with the others—only to be ridiculed
because he can hardly see (his eyes have trouble at
first re-adjusting to the darkness). He tried to free
the other prisoners but they violently resisted (the
other prisoners refuse to be freed and
led outside, and they even tried to kill him)”.
(https://wmpeople.wm.edu/asset/index/cvance/allegory)
1.

8. Questions????
Condensation in the process of turning gas into
liquid.It is actually the reverse of evaporation. This
happen when the air temperature cools down and the
vapour is collected back to a liquid state .
When the water droplets in the clouds combined, they
become too heavy. Therefore, they are formed into
raindrops to fall to the earth's surface .
1. What does this story mean?
_____________________________
_____________________________
_________
_____________________________
_____________________________
_________
__________________

9. 2. How does this passage from
Plato help you turn your
attention toward the
right thing (i.e., truth, beauty,
justice and goodness)?

10. PHILOSOPHICAL METHOD
Philosophical method (or philosophical methodology) is
the study of how to do Philosophy. A common view
among philosophers is that Philosophy is distinguished
by the ways that philosophers follow in addressing
philosophical questions. There is not just one method
that philosophers use to answer philosophical
questions. Philosophy is concerned with determining
the concept of truth. Truth lies at the heart of any
inquiry.

11. Truth, in metaphysics and the
philosophy of language
Is the property of sentences, assertions, beliefs,
thoughts, propositions that are said, in ordinary
discourse, to agree with the facts or to state what
the case is. It is most often used to mean being in
accord with fact or reality, or fidelity to an original or
standard. Truth is also sometimes defined in modern
contexts as an idea of “truth to self”, or authenticity.

12. Page 3
What is truth and why is important?
Knowledge is the
clear awareness
and
understanding of
something.
It is the product of
questions that
allow for clear
answers provided
by facts.
It is through
knowing that we
are able to
determine what is
true.

13. Let’s explore your
knowledge by
completing the
following statements:
Page 6
I know that…
I know why…
I know how…

14. These statements correspond to what is based
on reality. This simply means that we know
what is observable or evident in the real world.
For example, “I know that fishes live in water”
because fishes do live in water. Propositions
or statements which are observed to be real or
truthful are considered facts.

15. There are statements, however, that are not
evidently or immediately known to be true. For
example, “I know that my school is the best school
in the city”. This statement cannot be taken as
true since it is simply not immediately evident.
This statement is a claim, and further
examination is required to establish whether it is
true or false. Therefore, truthful statements can
be considered as based on facts.

16. HOW DO WE KNOW
IF SOMETHING IS
TRUE?
There are several views regarding truth.
Philosophers emphasize the importance of
belief as basis for determining truth. But
philosophers who pondered upon the origins
of knowledge doubted everything that there
is to know about themselves and the world.

17. EXPLAINING
OUR MISSION
EXAMPLE, STATING THE VERY OBVIOUS
THINGS WE KNOW ABOUT OURSELVES.
I AM ALIVE.
I HAVE A BODY.
I CAN BREATHE.

18. Now, how will you figure out the answers to these questions?
The obvious
answer would be to examine yourself to determine if indeed
you are alive, that you
have a body, and you can breathe. Do you have a pulse? Can
you feel your heartbeat?
Do you have hands, arms, legs, feet, and head? Try to take a
deep breath, then
exhale. Were you able to do it? If you answered “yes” to all
these questions, then you
can conclude with certainty that the previous statements
about yourself is true. You
can now say:

19. I am alive!
I have a body!
I can breathe!
A belief is true if it can be justified or proven through the use of one’s sense and
if it is based on facts. Getting consensus or having people agree on a common
belief is another way of determining what is true, although this approach has
certain limitations. Philosophers also believe that claims and beliefs should be
tested in order to determine the truth. Determining the truth also requires that a
person can prove a statement through action.

20. Distinguishing Opinion from Truth
1. It takes 30 minutes to walk from my home to school.
3. My sister ate the last piece of pizza.
2. Living near the school is better because we don’t
have to spend much for transportation.
4. My sister is a selfish person because she ate the last
piece of pizza and did not share it with me.

21. 5. The policeman firmly pushed the suspect to his knees
and placed him in handcuffs.
Presentations are communication tools
that can be used.
6. The aggressive manner by which the policeman
arrested the suspect is an example of brutality that
characterizes our police force.
Presentations are communication tools
that can be used as speeches, reports,
and more.

22. Fact is something that is true and can be
verified as such. You can find facts in legal
records, scientific findings, encyclopedias,
atlases, etc. in other words, facts are the truth
and are accepted as such.
FACTS

23. Opinion is a statement that holds the
element of belief; it tells how someone
feels. In other words it is what someone
believes or thinks, and is not necessarily the
truth
OPINIONS

24. Opinions are statements that go beyond providing
facts.
Conclusion is a judgment based on certain facts.
Beliefs are statements that express convictions
that are not easily and clearly explained by facts.
Explanations are statements that assume the
claim to be true and provide reasons why the
statement is true.

25. Arguments are a series of statements that
provide reasons to convince the reader or
listener that a claim or opinion is truthful.
Fallacies are arguments based on faulty
reasoning.
Bias is a disproportionate weight in favor of or
against an idea or thing, usually in a way that
is close-minded, prejudicial, or unfair.

27. The
following
are
examples
of
fallacies.

29. When looking at an opinion, be
aware of bias or the personal
views of the
person presenting it. Biases are
not necessarily errors in
reasoning, but refer to
tendencies or influences which
affect the views of people..

30. C
o
m
m
o
n
B
i
a
s
e
s

33. Methods of Philosophy Lead
to Wisdom and Truth
The methods of philosophy will help in learning the process of doing philosophy
in a systematic way. On the other hand, philosophizing is to think or express
oneself
in a philosophical manner. Although philosophy is an organized body of
knowledge, the subject matter of philosophy is questions, which have three
major characteristics;
1. Philosophical questions have answers but the answers remain in dispute.
2. Philosophical questions cannot be settled by science, common sense, or faith.
3. Philosophical questions are of perennial intellectual interest to human beings.

34. Critical Thinking is the careful, reflective, rational and
systematic approach to questions of very general
interest. Critical thinking means understanding
philosophy and refraining from merely giving claims but
through careful thought, one reasons through to
argumentation.
Philosophers use to address philosophical
question is critical thinking.

35. The scientific method also leads to
wisdom and truth because it uses an
evidence- based approach to come up
with its conclusion. In this method, all
truthsare supported by facts that can
easily be tested or proven again
through experiments,logical
reasoning, or observation.

36. How will you determine the truth
from opinion?
An understanding of opinions and facts and the mean
to distinguish one from the other can further improve
our understanding and appreciation of varied views
and ideas.
The ability to determine truth goes hand in hand with
the holistic perspective and enables us to make wiser
decisions, especially in choosing the ideas and views
which we find acceptable.

37. A critical mind aided by Philosophy
can help us from our own personal
point of view that can guide us in
making decisions and actions when
we are faced with a problem.

39. Looks for evidence to support
assumption and beliefs
 Adjusts opinion
 Looks for proof
 Examines the problem
 Rejects irrelevant and
innocent information
The attributes of a critical thinker include;

40. Philosophers questioned
what they knew and even
analyzed their methods of
knowing in order to have
a better understanding of
themselves and of the
world.
A method of philosophizing
is a process of determining
the truth or drawing
conclusions from a
statement using various
philosophical methods, such
as: Socratic, dialectic,
scientific, and historical.
Both the Socratic and
dialectic method are based
on a discussion between two
or more people who may
carry differing views but
wish to pursue the truth by
seeking
an agreement with one
another.

41. The scientific method, also
called empirical method, is
a process of determining
truth or knowledge
through experimentation,
inductive and deductive
reasoning, and
hypothesis or theory
testing.
Meanwhile, the scientific
method is a process of
determining truth or
knowledge through
experimentation,
inductive and deductive
reasoning, and hypothesis
or theory testing.
Logic is the truth based
on reasoning and critical
thinking. It includes
analysis and construction
of arguments. It serves
as a path to freedom
from half-truths and
deception.

43. In this type of reasoning,
conclusion comes first, followed
by main points, and
the last will be the supporting
data, facts, examples, and
evidences. General idea
comes first before the specific
or particular idea.
In this type of reasoning, supporting
data, facts, examples, and evidences
come first followed by the main
points and conclusion will be the last
part. This is the opposite of deductive
reasoning because a particular idea
comes first before the general idea.

44. Copy an article from any available
newspaper or magazine. Identify the
facts and opinions presented in the
article by underlining the facts and
encircling the opinions. Determine
how you will verify the facts and
opinions stated. Write your
answers in your notebook.
Task 1:

45. Are there any
questions?

46. Do you have any questions
for me before we go?
Thank you!