Here are the key points about Merton's concepts of manifest and latent functions and dysfunctions: - Manifest functions are the obvious and intended consequences of social institutions, norms, or behaviors. They are the reasons why a social pattern exists. - Latent functions are the unintended and unseen consequences of social patterns. They are not the explicit reasons for a social institution or norm but emerge from them. - Functions contribute to social stability and integration if they help fulfill social needs. Dysfunctions undermine social stability. - The same social phenomenon can have both functional and dysfunctional consequences. For example, crime fulfills needs for social solidarity but also undermines order. - Education has the manifest function of teaching skills and

1. STRUCTURAL
FUNCTIONALSIM
MR. DANILO F. MARIBAO
Paliparan III Senior High School
Dasmarinas City, Cavite

2. REVIEW

3. 1. Study of ancient societies
and their cultural traditions.

4. 2. Also called as biological
anthropology – studies the
biological evolution of
man.

5. 3. The branch of anthropology
concerned with the study of
human societies and cultures
and their development.

6. 4. Which deals with the place
of language in its wider social
and cultural context, and its
role in making and maintaining
cultural practices and societal
structures.

7. 5. The study of the
characteristics of various
people and the differences
and relationships between
them.

8. ANSWERS:
1. Anthropology
2. Physical anthropology
3. Cultural anthropology
4. Anthropological Linguistics
5. Ethnology

9. ACTIVITY
In groups, you are tasked to organize a
community .
On a piece of cartolina or manila paper,
draw a community comprised of different
institutions.
Be ready to explain your answer why you
choose the institutions and how do they
function in the community

10. ANALYSIS
How did you find the activity?
How did you feel while doing the activity?
How did you structure your community?
What did you prioritize in your choice of
institution?
How did the structures “function” in the society?
Have you heard of the Structural Functionalism
Theory?

11. ABSTRACTION
Focus: The organization of society and the relationships
between broad social units, such as Institutions. The group
is the unit of analysis.
A group could be a
crowd of people in a
movie theater, or the
members of a
family sitting around
the dinner
table, what some call
“small groups”

12. Structural -Functionalism
Corporations, factories, university
systems, and even communities are
groups too. Structural Functional
Theory (SFT) allows for major
institutions, such as
economy, religion, polity,
education and family to
be considered groups

13. Structural- Functionalism
Background and History
The early functionalists were
anthropologists (i.e., Levi
Strauss, Radcliff-Brown,
Malinowski, and others).
Levi Strauss
Radcliff-Brown
Bronisław Malinowski

14. They were seminal thinkers
of the middle 1800s who
made direct observations
of primitive cultures, theorizing
about the organization of these
folk in relation to Western society.
Their theories were often quite
simple and required only a few assumptions. The
point they were making was this: Individual and
group behaviour, more often than not, serves a
FUNCTION for the larger society.

15. Claude Levi-Strauss (1908 to 2009) is widely
regarded as the father of structural
anthropology. In the 1940s, he proposed that
the proper focus of anthropological
investigations was on the underlying
patterns of human
thought that produce the cultural categories
that organize worldviews hitherto studied
(McGee and Warms, 2004: 345). He believed
these processes were not deterministic of
culture, but instead, operated within
culture.

16. . His work was heavily influenced by Emile
Durkheim and Marcel Mauss as well as the
Prague School of structural linguistics
(organized in 1926) which include Roman
Jakobson (1896 to 1982), and Nikolai
Troubetzkoy (1890 to 1938). From the latter, he
derived the concept of binary contrasts, later
referred to in his work as binary oppositions,
which became fundamental in his theory.

17. Structural-Functionalism Claude Lévi-Strauss:
(1908 to 2009)
“Father of Structuralism;” born in Brussels in
1908. Obtained a law degree from the University
of Paris. He became a professor of sociology at
the University of Sao Paulo in Brazil in 1934. It
was at this time that he began to think about
human thought cross-culturally and alterity,
when he was exposed to various cultures in
Brazil. His first publication in anthropology
appeared in 1936 and covered the social
organization of the Bororo (Bohannan and Glazer
1988:423).

18. After WWII, he taught at the New
School for Social Research in New
York. There he met Roman Jakobson,
from whom he took the structural
linguistics model and applied its
framework to culture (Bohannan and
Glazer 1988:423). Lévi-Strauss has
been noted as singly associated for
the elaboration of the structuralist
paradigm in anthropology (Winthrop
1991).

19. Structural-Functionalism
Bronislaw Malinowski and A.R.
Radcliffe-Brown had the greatest
influence on the development of
functionalism from their posts in Great
Britain. Functionalism was a reaction to
the excesses of the evolutionary and
diffusionist theories of the nineteenth
century and the historicism of the early
twentieth (Goldschmidt 1996:510).

20. Two versions of functionalism
developed between 1910 and
1930: Malinowski’s biocultural (or
psychological) functionalism; and
structural-functionalism, the
approach advanced by Radcliffe-
Brown.

21. Malinowski suggested that
individuals
have physiological needs
(reproduction, food, shelter) and
that social Institutions exist to
meet these needs. There are also culturally
derived needs and four basic "instrumental needs"
(economics, social control, education, and political
organization), that require institutional devices. Each
institution has personnel, a charter, a set of norms or rules,
activities, material apparatus (technology), and a function.

22. Structural-Functionalism
Radcliffe-Brown focused on social structure
rather than biological needs. He suggested
that a society is a system of relationships
maintaining itself through cybernetic
feedback, while institutions are orderly
sets of relationships whose function is to
maintain the society as a system. Radcliffe-
Brown, inspired by Augustus Comte, stated
that the social constituted a separate "level"
of reality distinct from those of biological
forms and inorganic matter.

23. Structural-Functionalism
Radcliffe-Brown argued that explanations
of social phenomena had to be
constructed within the social level. Thus,
individuals were replaceable, transient
occupants of social roles. Unlike
Malinowski's emphasis on individuals,
Radcliffe Brown considered individuals
irrelevant (Goldschmidt 1996:510).

24. Structural Functionalism
The Functionalists Perspectives
A perspective is
simply
a way of looking
at the world.
A theory is a set of
interrelated propositions
or principles designed to
answer a question or
explain a particular
phenomenon; it
provides us with
a perspective

25. The Functionalists Perspectives
Sociological theories - help us to explain and
predict the social world in which we live in.
The Functionalists Perspectives is based largely on
the works of Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim,
Talcott Parsons, and Robert Merton. According to
Functionalism, society is a system of
interconnected parts that work together in
harmony to maintain a state of balance and social
equilibrium for the whole.

26. The Functionalists Perspectives
For example: Each of the social institutions contributes
important functions for society: family provides a
context for reproducing, nurturing, and socializing
children. Education offers a way to transmit a society’s
skills, knowledge, and culture to its youth. Politics
provides a means of governing members of society.
Economics provides for the production, distribution, and
consumption of goods and services. And religion provides
moral guidance and an outlet for worship of a higher
power.

27. The Functionalists perspectives
emphasizes the interconnectedness
of society by focusing on how each
part influences and is influenced by
other parts. For example: The increase
in single parent and dual-earner
families has contributed to the number
of children who are failing in school because
parents have become less available to supervise
their children’s homework.

28. The Functionalists Perspectives
For example: As a result of changes in technology,
colleges are offering more technical programs, and
many adults are returning to school to learn new skills
that are required in the workplace.
The increasing number of women in the workforce has
contributed to the formulation of policies against sexual
harassment and job discrimination.

29. Structural Functionalism The
Functionalists Perspectives Functionalists
use the terms functional and
dysfunctional to describe the effects of
social elements on society. or Elements of
society are functional if they contribute
to social stability.
o They are dysfunctional if they disrupt
social stability.

30. The Functionalists Perspectives
Some aspects of society can be both functional
and dysfunctional. For example, crime is
dysfunctional in that it is associated with physical
violence, loss of property, and fear. But according
to Durkheim and other functionalists, crime is also
functional for society because it leads to
heightened awareness of shared moral bonds and
increased social cohesion. Sociologists have
identified two types of functions: manifest and
latent (Merton 1968).

31. The Functionalists
Perspectives Sociologists
have identified two types
of functions:
a. manifest; and
b. latent (Merton 1968)
Manifest functions are consequences that
are intended and commonly recognized.
Latent functions are consequences that are
unintended and often hidden.

32. The Functionalists Perspectives
For example: The manifest function of education
is to transmit knowledge and skills to society’s
youth. But public elementary schools also serve as
babysitters for employed parents, and colleges
offer a place for young adults to meet potential
mates. The baby-sitting and mate-selection
functions are not the intended or commonly
recognized functions of education; hence they are
latent functions

33. Structural Functionalism
For sociology, many of these functional anthropological
notions were drawn together by Talcott Parsons, a young
professor at Harvard University around 1950, with
considerable input from early social philosophers Max
Weber, Herbert Spencer, and Emile Durkheim. Parsons'
work was further extended by subsequent sociologists of
the time and after. Structural-functional theory became
the paradigm theory in sociology for about twenty years
or so, because it saliently defined society as a system
with checks and balances.

34. Discuss Merton’s concept of Manifest and
Latent Functions and Dysfunctions of
sociocultural phenomena
APPLICATION