Kinship refers to the social relationships between family members that form an important part of human societies. Kinship can be determined by blood, marriage, or ritual. Marriage is a socially recognized union that establishes rights and obligations between spouses and in-laws. Different cultures have various rules regarding descent and inheritance that are determined by lineage through the mother's side (matrilineal) or the father's side (patrilineal). Family structures can include nuclear families, extended families, and blended families formed through marriage or cohabitation between partners who have children from previous relationships.

1. KINSHIP
BY BLOOD, MARRIAGE AND RITUAL

2. KINSHIP
• In anthropology, KINSHIP is the web of social
relationships that form an important part of
the lives of most humans in most societies,
although its exact meanings even within this
discipline are often debated.
• "the study of kinship is the study of what man
does with these basic facts of life – mating,
gestation, parenthood, socialization,
siblingship etc." -Anthropologist Robin Fox

3. • Human kinship relations through MARRIAGE
are commonly called "affinity" in contrast to
the relationships that arise in one's group of
origin, which may be called one's descent
group.
• Marriage is a socially or ritually recognized
union or legal contract between spouses that
establishes rights and obligations between
them, between them and their children, and
between them and their in-laws.

4. • When defined broadly, marriage is considered
a cultural universal. A broad definition of
marriage includes those that are
monogamous, polygamous, same-sex and
temporary.
• The act of marriage usually creates normative
or legal obligations between the individuals
involved, and any offspring they may produce.

5. • COMPADRAZGO is best described as a system
of fictive kinship OR KINSHIP BY RITUAL, with
its origins in the medieval Catholic church in
Europe. It can be loosely translated as
‘godparenthood’.
• The biological and spiritual parents refer to
each other as ‘co-parents’ and this
relationship is normally accompanied by a
degree of behavioural and linguistic formality.

6. FAMILY
• FAMILY is a group of people affiliated by
consanguinity (by recognized birth), affinity
(by marriage), or co-residence/shared
consumption.
• In most societies it is the principal institution
for the socialization of children.
• As the basic unit for raising children,
Anthropologists most generally classify family
organization as matrifocal (a mother and her
children)

7. FAMILY
• a husband, his wife, and children; also called
nuclear family
• extended family in which parents and children
co-reside with other members of one parent's
family.
• A RECONSTITUTED FAMILY (also known as a
blended family) is the sociological term for the
joining of two adults via marriage,
cohabitation or civil partnership, who have
children from previous relationships.

8. DESCENT(SUCCESSION)
• In many societies where kinship connections
are important, there are rules, though they
may be expressed or be taken for granted.
There are four main headings that
anthropologists use to categorize rules of
descent. They are bilateral, unilineal,
ambilineal and double descent.

9. DESCENT
• Bilateral descent or two-sided descent
affiliates an individual more or less equally
with relatives on his father's and mother's
sides.
• Unilineal rules affiliates an individual through
the descent of one sex only, that is, either
through males or through females. They are
subdivided into two: patrilineal (male) and
matrilineal (female). Most societies are
patrilineal.

10. DESCENT
• Ambilineal (or Cognatic) rule affiliates an
individual with kinsmen through the father's
or mother's line. Some people in societies that
practice this system affiliate with a group of
relatives through their fathers and others
through their mothers.
• The individual can choose which side he wants
to affiliate to.

11. DESCENT
• Double descent refers to societies in which
both the patrilineal and matrilineal descent
group are recognized.
• In these societies an individual affiliates for
some purposes with a group of patrilineal
kinsmen and for other purposes with a group
of matrilineal kinsmen.