The document discusses two reference models in TOGAF - the Technical Reference Model (TRM) and the Integrated Information Infrastructure Reference Model (III-RM). The TRM defines a common taxonomy for application platforms and their interfaces. It aims to standardize platforms and enable communication. The III-RM focuses on enabling "boundaryless information flow" by providing common applications like Information Provider Applications, Brokerage Applications, and Information Consumer Applications that can extract, aggregate, and present data across organizational silos. Both models are intended to provide common frameworks that organizations can extend and adapt to develop their own integrated architectures and enable better access to and sharing of information across departments.

1. TOGAF – A SummaryReference Models

2. Where Reference Models fits into TOGAF?

3. There are two reference modelsTRMTechnical Reference ModelIII-RMIntegrated Information Infrastructure

4. What is the TRM- Technical Reference Model?The TOGAF’s TRM is a reference model and a foundational architectureA reference model has a taxonomy that’s describes components and the conceptual structure of the model and a graphic which provides a visual representation of the taxonomy as to aid understandingA foundation architecture is an architecture of generic services and functions that provides a foundation on which more specific architectures can be built

5. Uses of TRMObjective of TRM is to enable structured definition of the standardized application platform and its associated interfaces.Provides a starting point or reference for organisation to develop their own reference models by extending or adapting the TRMProvides a consistent taxonomy to aid a means of communication between stakeholdersCan be used as a taxonomy to develop a standards information base within an organisation.

6. Overview of TRMApplication PortabilityHow applications call or use the services available in the platform.Done through the application platform interfaceInteroperabilityHow the application platforms can communicate with each otherDone through the communication infrastructure interfaceDiversity should be minimised between the application platform and the communications infrastructure

7. TRM in detailApplication SoftwareContains two categories of software , business applications and infrastructure applications. The standards for the application platform will be strongly influenced by this application software.Business ApplicationsSpecific to a particular enterprise or vertical industry, model elements of an enterprise domain of activity or business processInfrastructure ApplicationsProvide General purpose business functionality, uneconomic to customise but instead develop extensions, Interoperability and user interface are key attributesApplication Platform InterfaceA complete interface between Application Software and the Application Platform. Needs to consist of the programming interface, protocols and data structures. Platforms provides and API that the application must comply with. An Application could call different APIs in order to conform with different platformsApplication PlatformA conceptual platform that contains all the platform services required to exist in order for the application software to work. e.g. A union of all operating systems services, security services, user interface services etc.Communications Infrastructure InterfaceEffectively becoming a standard of IP based communications that the application platform uses to talk to the communications infrastructure.Communications InfrastructureBasic mechanism of the transfer of data. Hardware and software elements that allow for the networking and physical links ( switches, routers) used by a system to interact with the networkQualitiesAttributes that are applicable across all the components. Qualities need to defined in detail when developing the target architecture e.g. Security, Locale, performance

8. What is III-RM ?The TRM focuses on the Application Platform space, III-RM main focus is the Applications space particularly the “Common Systems Architecture” Like the TRM it is a reference model with a taxonomy and a graphic however it is a subset of the scope of TRM but expands on certain partsHelps provide a solution to the common problem called the Boundaryless information flow Foundation Architecture that can be adapted be organisations as architecture building blocks

9. What is the Boundaryless Information Flow?Getting the right information to the right people in the right time in a secure, reliable manner, in order to support the operations that are core to the extended enterpriseThe problem is that departments are siloed with their own processes, their own systems, their own data. The trends in business now requires faster and better integration between these silos in to be responsive to changing markets, which requires access to systems and data across these silos.Cross functional teams help but how do they get access to the information to help them solve a business problem or to exploit a business opportunity

10. Boundaryless Information Flow – the problem it solvesImagine a simple organisation with multiple departments, each with systems and dataProcure SpaceInternal SpaceSell SpaceSystemsSystemsSystemsSystemsSystemsdatadatadatadatadataCustomer SupportAssemblingManufacturingProcurementFinance and Legal

11. Issues with implementing a cross functional groupHow does it understand the big picture?Cross functional GroupCannot be trained on all the systems!

12. All the systems are propriety and have different means of access

13. Time spent co-ordinating with teams, slows down groupSystemsSystemsSystemsSystemsSystemsdatadatadatadatadataCustomer SupportAssemblingManufacturingProcurementFinance and LegalInternal SpaceProcure SpaceSell Space

14. Overview of III-RMFocus of III-RMSubset of TRMNo focussed on O/S, Network or communicationsExpands the Applications and API areas

15. Overview of III-RMInfrastructure applications

16. Information Provider Applications (IPA)Solves: All the systems are propriety and have different means of accessLiberate Data by providing a open interface to a system via its propriety interface, make it the data more accessible.These applications tend to work on a request, response architecture where an open interface is called, which in turn calls a propriety interface at run-time, a response is returned which is converted into the open interface response.Abstracts the caller function from the system’s propriety interface calls. Also if the propriety system is replaced the IPA will need to change but the caller function may not.

17. Liberating the data using IPAIntroducing information provider applications(IPA)Cross functional GroupHowever still too many interfaces Open interfacesIPAIPAIPAIPAIPAPropriety interfacesSystemsSystemsSystemsSystemsSystemsdatadatadatadatadataCustomer SupportAssemblingManufacturingProcurementFinance and LegalInternal SpaceProcure SpaceSell Space

18. Brokerage ApplicationsIf the number of IPA interfaces is too many and the information requirements are broad it is likely that many interfaces may be called to satisfy one type of information request. Brokerage Applications serve up a single request that has many information sources. It does this by breaking up a request into multiple dispatches and collates all the responsesBrokerage Applications can also be used to allow external partners access to information

19. Orchestrating the data using BAIntroducing brokerage applications(BA)Cross functional GroupExternal PartnerWhere is the user interface, as Brokerage applications does not have one?Open interfacesBABABAOpen interfacesIPAIPAIPAIPAIPAPropriety interfacesSystemsSystemsSystemsSystemsSystemsdatadatadatadatadataCustomer SupportAssemblingManufacturingProcurementFinance and LegalProcure SpaceInternal SpaceSell Space

20. Information Consumer Applications (ICA) Provides the information to the end user in the format that they need it, in a secure mannerCommunicates with the BA or IPA via open interfaces, in some cases via a firewall.An example of a ICA is an UI components of an Enterprise Portal

21. Presenting the data using ICAIntroducing Information Consumer ApplicationsCross functional GroupExternal PartnerICAICAICAHow do we develop these interfaces? How to be management these applications?Open interfacesfirewallBABABAOpen interfacesIPAIPAIPAIPAIPAPropriety interfacesSystemsSystemsSystemsSystemsSystemsdatadatadatadatadataCustomer SupportAssemblingManufacturingProcurementFinance and LegalProcure SpaceInternal SpaceSell Space

22. Infrastructure ApplicationsThere are two infrastructure applications:-Development ToolsProvides all the necessary modelling, design and construction capabilities to develop and deploy applications that require access to the integrated information infrastructure in a manner that is consistent with the environmentManagement utilitiesTune and manage the run-time environment in order to meet the demands of the ever changing business environment

23. Application PlatformThere are a number of platform services required to make the III-RM workSoftware Engineering Services Programming Languages, Libraries etcSecurity ServicesSingle Sign on, firewalls etcLocation and Directory ServicesNaming, Discovery, registeringData Exchange ServicesApplication-to-Application messagingUI ServicesBrowserData Management ServicesSearch, file, queryWorkflow and event services