Tetralogy of Fallot is a congenital heart defect involving four abnormalities - pulmonary stenosis, an overriding aorta, a ventricular septal defect, and right ventricular hypertrophy. It was first described in 1888 and is the most common cyanotic heart defect. Symptoms include blue skin and lips, clubbing of fingers, difficulty feeding, and spells where oxygen levels suddenly drop. Treatment involves surgery such as a Blalock-Taussig shunt to improve oxygen levels.
Some babies with tricuspid atresia have other conditions, such as pulmonary stenosis or transposition of the great arteries, that also affect blood flow through their heart. These conditions require treatment, too.
Some babies with tricuspid atresia have other conditions, such as pulmonary stenosis or transposition of the great arteries, that also affect blood flow through their heart. These conditions require treatment, too.
most common congenital cyanotic heart disease.one of the conotruncal family of heart lesions.. It accounts for 7 to 10% of all congenital heart abnormalities.
commonly used for medical students, and helpful to use this ppt to study for them, and also a common man can understand very easily what is coarctation of aorta.
Pulmonary stenosis (also called pulmonic stenosis) is when the pulmonary valve (the valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery) is too small, narrow, or stiff. Symptoms of pulmonary stenosis depend on how small the narrowing of the pulmonary valve is
Transposition of the great arteries is a serious but rare heart defect present at birth (congenital), in which the two main arteries leaving the heart are reversed (transposed). The condition is also called dextro-transposition of the great arteries.
Rheumatic heart disease is a condition in which the heart valves have been permanently damaged by rheumatic fever. The heart valve damage may start shortly after untreated or under-treated streptococcal infection such as strep throat or scarlet fever.
These are cardiac anomalies arising as a result of a defect in the structure or function of the heart and great vessels which is present at birth
These lesions either obstruct blood flow in the heart or vessels near it, or alter the pathway of blood circulating through the heart
most common congenital cyanotic heart disease.one of the conotruncal family of heart lesions.. It accounts for 7 to 10% of all congenital heart abnormalities.
commonly used for medical students, and helpful to use this ppt to study for them, and also a common man can understand very easily what is coarctation of aorta.
Pulmonary stenosis (also called pulmonic stenosis) is when the pulmonary valve (the valve between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery) is too small, narrow, or stiff. Symptoms of pulmonary stenosis depend on how small the narrowing of the pulmonary valve is
Transposition of the great arteries is a serious but rare heart defect present at birth (congenital), in which the two main arteries leaving the heart are reversed (transposed). The condition is also called dextro-transposition of the great arteries.
Rheumatic heart disease is a condition in which the heart valves have been permanently damaged by rheumatic fever. The heart valve damage may start shortly after untreated or under-treated streptococcal infection such as strep throat or scarlet fever.
These are cardiac anomalies arising as a result of a defect in the structure or function of the heart and great vessels which is present at birth
These lesions either obstruct blood flow in the heart or vessels near it, or alter the pathway of blood circulating through the heart
Congenital heart disease is one or more problems with the heart's structure that exist since birth. Congenital means that you're born with the defect. Congenital heart disease, also called congenital heart defect, can change the way blood flows through your heart. IF YOU LIKE GIVE YOUR LIKES AND FOLLOW THIS LINK
This file was made while my course of studying pediatrics at college,intednded to make the cardiology lessons more organized and easier to study and memorize. And I do hope it will be useful to the other medical students who read it.
Kindly leave your comment if you found this helpful ;)
Some of the slides, i hide it from my real presentations for my own reference. Download to see all of them.
Heart failure, sometimes known as congestive heart failure, occurs when your heart muscle doesn't pump blood as well as it should. Certain conditions, such as narrowed arteries in your heart (coronary artery disease) or high blood pressure, gradually leave your heart too weak or stiff to fill and pump efficiently.
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How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
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1.
2.
3. Tetralogy Of Fallot is a congenital heart defect which
is classicaly understood to involve four anatomical
abnormalitiesof the heart (although only three of
them are always present) it is the most common
cyanotic heart defect,and its also known as blue baby
syndrome
it was described in 1888 by the french physician
etienne-louis arthur fallot, after whom it is named.
4. INVOLVES FOUR HEART DEFECTS
PULMONARY STENOSIS
AN OVERRIDING AORTA
A LARGE VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT(VSD)
RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY
5.
6.
7. GERMAN MEASLES(Rubella)& Some other
VIRAL ILLNESS.
POOR NUTRITION
ALCOHOL USE
AGE(being older than 40)
DIABETES
HERIDITY
CHILDREN WITH GENETIC DISORDERS (Down
syndrome, DiGeorge Syndrome)
8. BLUE COLOUR TO THE SKIN(CYANOSIS)
CLUBBING OF FINGERS
DIFFICULTY FEEDING(POOR FEEDING HABIT)
DYSPNEA ON EXERTION
POLYCYTHEMIA
HEART MURMUR
9.
10.
11. A TET spell occurs when the
oxygen level in the blood suddenly drops.
This causes the baby to become very blue.
He or she also may have trouble
breathing, become very tired and limp,not
respond to a parents voice or
touch,become very fussy,or pass out.
12. It occurs while baby awakening from sleep
after crying or during
During or after defecation
or during or immediately following feeding
13.
14.
15. SQUATTING
Obstruction of Femoral Arteries
Increased Peripheral vascular resistance
Increased LV After load
Increased LV Pressure
Decreased Right ventricular over Left
Ventricular pressure gradient
.
16. Decreased shunting of blood from right ventricle to left
ventricle (R to L shunt) through the VSD
Improved flow to the pulmonary artery
Better alveolar perfusion
Better oxygenation
Decreased symptoms of TOF spell
17. HAVE A HARD TIME BREATHING
BECOME VERY TIRED AND LIMP
NOT RESPONDING TO A PARENTS VOICE OR
TOUCH
BECOME VERY FUSSY
LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS
18. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY
EKG(Electro cardiogram)
CHEST X RAY
PULSE OXIMETRY
CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION
19.
20.
21. BLALOCK-TAUSSING SHUNT:-
Anastamosis between subclavian
artery and pulmonary artery.
POTT’S PROCEDURE:-
Side to side anastamosis of left
pulmonary artery to descending aorta.
WATERSON-COOLEY PROCEDURE:-
Anastamosis of right pulmonary
artery to descending aorta.
22. Pulmonary artery atresia
Major associated anomalies
Multiple previous surgeries
Absent pulmonary valve syndrome
Young or Old age
Small pulmonary arteries
Multiple VSDs
Low birth weight
Coexisting cardiac anomalies
23.
24. Closure of the ventricular septal defect in a manner
that ensures left ventricular aortic continuity by
using the VSD patches.
Infundibular muscle resection
Pulmonic valve is opened by using Hegars dilator.
25.
26. NURSING DIAGNOSIS:DECREASED CARDIAC OUTPUT
↓ BP
Tachycardia
Jugular venous distention(jvd)
Sudden stoppage of drainage from chest tubes
↓ in HB and hematocrit
Cool,clammy skin
↓ urine output
27. NURSING INTERVENSIONS RATIONALE
LOW CARDIAC OUTPUT Inflammatory response associated with
CPB, Myocardial ischemia From aortic
clamping or circulatory arrest.
Assess Peripheral and central pulses Good peripheral pulses and adequate
capillary refill are signs of good CO
Assess for mental status changes Early signs of cerebral hypoxia are
restlessness with confusion and loss of
consciousness later stages
Assess respiratory rate, rhythm,and
breath sounds
Rapid shallow respirations and
presence of wheezes are characteristic
of decreased output.
28. COMMON RISK FACTORS:
Intubation during surgery
extubation
Mechanical ventilation
Perioperative CPB time
Ease of intubation
29. NURSING INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE
Assess respiratory rate,rhythm,and
depth every hour
Rapid, shallow respirations may occur
from hypoxia or from acidosis
Assess for any increasing in work of
breathing
After extubation patients may
experience acute respiratory distress
syndrome.
Assess pulse oximetry and ABGs O2 saturation should be kept at 90%
or greater
Change position every 2 hours This facilitates movement and
drainage of secretions
30. NURSING INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE
Observe and documents serial
laboratory data: na,K+,CL,MG,CA+
Levels
Hemodilution from ECC and resultant
fluid shifts changes in fluid composition
Monitor ECG for changes Widening QRS,ST
changes,arrhythmias,and
atrioventricular blocks are seen with
electrolyte imbalance
Monitor for hyperglycemia Tight glycemic control significantly
reduces the incidence of morbidity and
mortality
31. COMMON RELATED FACTORS:
Intensive care unit environment
Unfamiliarity with postoperative care
Threat of pain related to major surgery
Threat of death
32. NURSING INTERVENTIONS RATIONALE
Recognize patients level of fear Controlling fear helps reduce
physiology reaction that can aggravate
condition and ↑ o2 consumption
Approach the child and parent in a
confident and composed manner
This approach increases the patient’s
feeling security
Avoid unnecessary conversations
between team members in front of
patients
This reduces patients misconceptions
and fear or anxiety
Editor's Notes
Nursing Care Plan for Tetralogy of Fallot
Tetralogy of FallotDefinitionTetralogy of Fallot is a congenital heart disease with cyanosis, a combination of the four main symptoms are:obstruction of the flow out of the right ventricle (pulmonary stenosis),
ventricular septal defect,
the position of the right of the aorta and
right ventricular hypertrophy together form a tetralogy of Fallot.
Clinical manifestationscyanosis
dyspnoea
dyspnoea attacks paroksimal (blue anoxia attacks)
delay in growth and development
normal rate of blood vessels
systolic murmur
Assessment - Nursing Care Plan for Tetralogy of FallotData that is commonly found in patients with tetralogy of Fallot are:thorough cyanosis of mucous membranes or lips, tongue, conjunctiva. Cyanosis also occur at the time of crying, eating, tight, soak in water, can be peripheral or central.
dyspnoea usually accompanies the activity of eating, crying or tension / stress.
weakness, commonly in the legs.
growth and development not in accordance with age.
digital clubbing
headache
epistaxis
Nursing Diagnosis for Tetralogy of FallotRisk for Decreased cardiac output related to structural abnormalities of the heart.
Activity Intolerance related to imbalance in the fulfillment of oxygen to the body's needs.
Impaired growth and development related to inadequate oxygenation, tissue nutrisis needs, social isolation.
Risk for infection related to the general conditions is inadequate.