The study of crystal geometry helps to understand the behaviour of solids and their
mechanical,
electrical,
magnetic
optical and
Metallurgical properties
The study of crystal geometry helps to understand the behaviour of solids and their
mechanical,
electrical,
magnetic
optical and
Metallurgical properties
How do we describe the bonding between transition metal (ions) and their ligands (like water, ammonia, CO etc) ?
The Crystal Field Model gives a simple theory to explain electronic spectra.
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How do we describe the bonding between transition metal (ions) and their ligands (like water, ammonia, CO etc) ?
The Crystal Field Model gives a simple theory to explain electronic spectra.
FellowBuddy.com is a platform which has been setup with a simple vision, keeping in mind the dynamic requirements of students.
Our Vision & Mission - Simplifying Students Life
Our Belief - “The great breakthrough in your life comes when you realize it, that you can learn anything you need to learn; to accomplish any goal that you have set for yourself. This means there are no limits on what you can be, have or do.”
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Hückel Theory This theory was originally introduc.pdfnipuns1983
Hückel Theory This theory was originally introduced to permit qualitative study of
the p-electron systems in planar, conjugated hydrocarbon molecules (i.e. in \"flat\" hydrocarbon
molecules which possess a mirror plane of symmetry containing all the carbon atoms, and in
which the atoms of the carbon skeleton are linked by alternating double and single carbon-carbon
bonds when the bonding is represented in a localised fashion). It is thus most appropriate for
molecules such as benzene or butadiene, but the approach and concepts have wider applicability.
Basic Assumptions 1. the atomic orbitals contributing to the p-bonding in a planar molecule (e.g.
the so-called pp orbitals in a molecule such as benzene) are antisymmetric with respect to
reflection in the molecular plane; they are therefore of a different symmetry to the atomic
orbitals contributing to the s-bonding and may be treated independently. 2. the Coulomb
integrals for all the carbon atoms are assumed to be identical. i.e. small differences in a-values
due to the different chemical environment of C atoms in a molecule such as are neglected. 3. all
resonance integrals between directly-bonded atoms are assumed to be the same; whilst those
between atoms that are not directly bonded are neglected. i.e. ?f Hf dt i j . ˆ = ß : if atoms i and j
are directly s-bonded. = 0 : if atoms i and j are non-bonded. 4. all overlap integrals representing
the overlap of atomic orbitals centred on different atoms are neglected. i.e. ?f f dt i j . = 0 : if i ? j
(note - if i = j then ?f f dt i j . = 1 since it is assumed that the atomic orbitals are normalized)
Mirror plane (of molecule) pp orbital s or ps orbital6.2 A Closer Look at the Secular Determinant
The basic form of the secular determinant for the bonding arising from the overlap of two
orbitals (from 4.9) is reproduced below. 12 2 1 12 E E - - ß a a ß For three overlapping orbitals
the approach outlined in Chapter 4 leads to a secular determinant of the form: E E E - - - 13 23 3
12 2 23 1 12 13 ß ß a ß a ß a ß ß From a comparison of the two secular determinants given
above, it is becoming clear that all such secular determinants have a characteristic structure: 1.
each row and column may be associated with one of the atomic orbitals; thus the first row and
first column contain information about the nature of orbital 1 and its interactions with the other
orbitals, the second row and second column contain information about the nature of orbital 2 and
its interactions with the other orbitals. 2. The diagonal set of elements (comprised of those
elements where row 1 intersects column 1, row 2 intersects column 2, ….. and so on) include the
values of the relevant Coulomb integrals (a1 , a2 etc.). 3. The off-diagonal elements (comprised
of those elements having different row numbers and column numbers) are equal to the relevant
resonance integrals (e.g. ß12 at the intersection of row 1 and column 2) This structure is
summarised below, where the rows an.
An introduction to the fundamental physics of transparent conducting oxides including a review of the electrical and optical properties of common materials.
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Dear Sirs!
I give some explanations to my work. The atomic nucleus model was developed in order to clarify the adjusted table of elements. Between lutetium and hafnium, the difference in atomic masses does not reach four units, while new elements with atomic numbers 72-75 are placed there. How can nucleons be packed in a nucleus so that it is drip and shell and with the necessary number of neutrons? Such a nucleus is obtained if alpha particles are placed in the surface layer, and only neutrons are inside the nucleus. In this case, in new chemical elements with numbers 72-75 inside the nucleus, the neutron can be replaced by a proton, and therefore the atomic mass of the elements between lutetium and hafnium will vary slightly. The model was obtained by considering the structure of the nuclei of atoms from heavy to light.
Sir Chadwick probably made a mistake after all, measuring the charge of the platinum core, which is obviously 82, according to the constructed table of elements.
The main achievement of my work is the fact that the present first coordination number for atoms in single crystals of pure metals (fcc and HEC crystal lattices) was determined to be 9. This number is derived from the physical and chemical properties of crystals and is not related to beautiful symmetrical pictures.
What do I think of the valency of metal atoms in their ideal single crystals consisting of only identical atoms?
it turns out that ... the valency in metals is different, for example, for cesium-8, for potassium-8, and for magnesium and aluminum-9, for iron and chromium-14, for copper, gold and platinum-15 ...
Special thanks to such scientists as Ganzhorn and Delinger, Ashcroft and Mermin, as well as to Professor Boris Filippovich Ormont, from whom I studied crystal chemistry.
Sincerely Henadzi Filipenka
Углублено понятие металлической связи, определены факторы способствующие образованию определенного типа кристаллических решеток, построена модель ядра атома, обьясняющая количества нейтронов для ядер химических элементов, скорректирована таблица элементов. Элементарная ячейка ГЦК решетки предположительно образована 9 атомами в первом координационном числе и наверное 6 атомами во втором координационном числе в отличие от современно принятого: 12 в первом и 6 во втором.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...
to the question of the nature of solids
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УДК 54
FILIPENKA HENADZI
Pensioner, Grodno branch of the Kazan Research Radio Technology Institute 1986-1992
NATURE OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS
Abstract: The main problem is that using X-rays, we have determined the crystal lattices of different
materials, and why they are so, and not others are not yet known. For example, copper crystallizes in the
fcc lattice, and iron in the bcc, which becomes fcc on heating, this is used for heat treatment of
steels. Copper does not change the crystal lattice when heated. There are many factors affecting the
crystallization in the literature, so they decided to remove them as much as possible, and the metal model
in the article, say so, is ideal, i.e. all atoms are the same (pure metal) without inclusions, without
implants, without defects, etc. using the Hall effect and other data on properties, as well as the
calculations of Ashcroft and Mermin, my main determining factor for the type of lattice was the core of
the atom or ion, which resulted from the transfer of some electrons to the conduction band. It turned out
that the metal bond is due not only to the socialization of electrons, but also to external electrons of
atomic cores, which determine the direction or type of the crystal lattice. The change in the type of metal
lattice can be connected with the transition of an electron to the conduction band or its return from this
zone. Phase transition. It is shown that in the general case, the metal bond in the closest packages (hec
and fcc) between the centrally chosen atom and its neighbors is presumably carried out by means of nine
(9) directional bonds, in contrast to the number of neighbors equal to 12 (twelve) (coordination number).
Probably the "alien" 3 (three) atoms are present in the coordination number 12 stereometrically, and not
because of the connection. The answer is to give an experimental test.
Key words: atom, neutron, proton, electron, metals, elements, table.
ФИЛИПЕНКО ГЕННАДИЙ ГРИГОРЬЕВИЧ
Пенсионер, Гродненский филиал Казанского научно-исследовательского
радиотехнологического института 1986-1992
ПРИРОДА МЕТАЛЛИЧЕСКОЙСВЯЗИ
Аннотация: Обычно в литературе металлическая связь описывается, как осуществленная
посредством обобществления внешних электронов атомов и не обладающая свойством
направленности.Хотя встречаются попытки (см. ниже)объяснения направленной металлической
связи т.к. элементы кристализуются в определенный тип решетки.
В работе "К вопросу о металлической связи в плотнейших упаковках химических элементов"
показано, что металлическая связь в плотнейших упаковках (ГЕК и ГЦК) между
центральноизбранным атомом и его соседями в общем случае, предположительно,
осуществляется посредством 9 (девяти) направленныхсвязей, в отличиеот числа соседей равного
12 (двенадцати) (координационное число).
Наверное "чужие" 3 (три) атома присутствуют в координационном числе 12 стереометрически,
а не по причине связи. Ответ должна дать экспериментальная проверка.
Ключевые слова: металлическая связь.
Introduction
While it is not possible in general to derive from the quantum mechanical
calculations the crystal structure of the metal over the electronic structure of the atom,
although, for example, Gantshorn and Delinger pointed out a possible relationship
between the presence of a cubic body-centered lattice in the subgroups of titanium,
vanadium, chromium and the presence of valence d - orbitals. It is easy to see that four
hybrid orbitals are directed along four solid cube diagonals and are well suited for
coupling each atom to its 8 neighbors in a cubic body-centered lattice. In this case, the
2. Наука среди нас 3 (7) 2018 nauka-sn.ru
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remaining orbitals are directed to the centers of the faces of the unit cell and, possibly,
can participate in the connection of the atom with its six second neighbors / 3 /.
The first coordination number (K.Ch.1) "8" plus the second coordination number
(K.C.2) "6" is equal to "14".
In simple examples, we show that one bond for a diamond at a packing density of
34% and a coordination number of 4 is 34%: 4 = 8.5%.
In a cubic primitive lattice, the packing density is 52% and the coordination number
6 is 52%: b = 8.66%.
In a cubic body-centered lattice, the packing density of 68% and the coordination
number 8 are 68%: 8 = 8.5%.
In a face-centered cubic lattice, the packing density is 74% and the coordination
number 12 is 74%: 12 = 6.16%, and if 74%: 9 = 8.22%.
In a hexagonal lattice, the packing density is 74% and the coordination number 12
is 74%: 12 = 6.16%, and if 74%: 9 = 8.22%.
Obviously, these 8.66-8.22% carry a certain physical meaning. The remaining 26%
is a multiple of 8.66 and 100% hypothetical packing density is possiblewith 12 links. But
is this possibility real?
The outer electrons of the last shell or subshells of the metal atom form a
conduction band. The number of electrons in the conduction band affects the Hall
constant, the coefficient of all-round compression, and so on.
Let us construct the model of the metal element so that the remaining electrons,
after filling the conductionband, the external electrons ofthe last shell or subshells of the
atomic core somehow influenced the structure of the crystal structure (for example: for
bcc lattice-8 valence electrons, and for HEC and FCC -12 or 9).
Obviously, to confirm our model it is necessary to compare the experimental and
theoretical data on Hall, the coefficient of all-round compression, and so on.
GROSS, QUALITATIVEDETERMINATION OF QUANTITY ELECTRONS IN
THE CONDUCTIVITY METAL - ELEMENT. EXPLANATION OF FACTORS
INFLUENCING THE EDUCATION OF TYPE GRANTS OF THE MONOCRYSTAL
AND ON THE SIGN OF THE CONSTANT HALL. (Algorithm for constructing a
model)
Let us try to relate the external electrons of the atom of a given element to the
structure of its crystal lattice, taking into account the need for directed bonds (chemistry)
and the presence of socialized electrons (physics) responsible for galvanomagnetic
properties.
Measurements of the Hall field make it possible to determine the sign of the charge
carriers in the conduction band. One of the remarkable features of the Hall effect is,
however, that in some metals the Hall coefficient is positive, and therefore the carriers in
them must apparently have a charge opposite to the electron charge / 1 /. At room
temperature, this refers to the following metals: vanadium, chromium, manganese, iron,
cobalt, zinc, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, ruthenium, rhodium, cadmium, cerium,
praseodymium, neodymium, ytterbium, hafnium, tantalum, tungsten, rhenium, iridium ,
3. Наука среди нас 3 (7) 2018 nauka-sn.ru
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thallium, lead / 2 /. The solution of this puzzle should be given by a complete quantum
mechanical theory of a solid.
Approximately, as for some cases of application of the Born-Karman boundary
conditions, we consider a strongly simplified one-dimensional case of the conduction
band. Option one: a thin closed tube, completely filled with electrons except one. The
diameter of the electron is approximately equal to the diameter of the tube. With such a
filling ofthe zone, with the localmovement ofthe electron, there is an oppositemovement
of the "place" of the non-filled tube, the electron, that is, the motion of a non-negative
charge. Option two: in the tube of one electron - it is possible to move only one charge -
a negatively charged electron. From these two extreme variants it is seen that the sign of
carriers, determined from the Hall coefficient, to someextent, should depend onthe filling
of the conductionband by electrons. Picture 1.
Fig. 1. Schematic representation of the conductionband of two different metals (Scales
not observed).
a)- the first option;
b)- the second option.
The motion of the electrons will also be imposed by an order of magnitude on the
structure of the conduction band, temperature, impurities, and defects, and magnons for
magnetic materials and scattering by magnetic quasiparticles.
In the table below it is not difficult to see that almost all the superconductormetals
in the conduction band contain two or more electrons from the atom. They are metals:
zirconium, zinc, tungsten, vanadium, thallium, titanium, tantalum, ruthenium, rhenium,
lead, osmium, niobium, lanthanum, iridium, hafnium, cadmium, aluminum.
Since our arguments are crude, we take into account in the sequel so far only the
filling of the conductionband by electrons. We fill the conductionband with electrons so
that the outer electrons of the atomic cores exert influence on the formation of the type of
crystallization lattice. Suppose that the number of external electrons on the last shell of
the atomic core, after filling the conduction band, is equal to the number of neighbors
atoms (coordination number) / 5 /. Coordination numbers of HEC, fcc (hexagonal and
face-centered) densest packages 12 and 18, and body-centered lattice (bcc)8 and 14/3 /.
Let's constructthe table taking into account the above. The room temperature.
Element RH 1010 (m3 / K) Z. (pcs.)Z frame (pcs.)Grid type
The below table is filled in compliance with the above judgements.
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Element RH . 1010
(м3/K)
Z.
(number)
Z kernel
(number)
Lattice type
Na -2,30 1 8 body-centered
Mg -0,90 1 9 volume-centered
Al -0,38 2 9 face-centered
Al -0,38 1 12 face-centered
K -4,20 1 8 body-centered
Ca -1,78 1 9 face-centered
Ca T=737K 2 8 body-centered
Sc -0,67 2 9 volume-centered
Sc -0,67 1 18 volume-centered
Ti -2,40 1 9 volume-centered
Ti -2,40 3 9 volume-centered
Ti T=1158K 4 8 body-centered
V +0,76 5 8 body-centered
Cr +3,63 6 8 body-centered
Fe +8,00 8 8 body-centered
Fe +8,00 2 14 body-centered
Fe Т=1189K 7 9 face-centered
Fe Т=1189K 4 12 face-centered
Co +3,60 8 9 volume-centered
Co +3,60 5 12 volume-centered
Ni -0,60 1 9 face-centered
Cu -0,52 1 18 face-centered
Cu -0,52 2 9 face-centered
Zn +0,90 2 18 volume-centered
Zn +0,90 3 9 volume-centered
Rb -5,90 1 8 body-centered
Y -1,25 2 9 volume-centered
Zr +0,21 3 9 volume-centered
Zr Т=1135К 4 8 body-centered
Nb +0,72 5 8 body-centered
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Mo +1,91 6 8 body-centered
Ru +22 7 9 volume-centered
Rh +0,48 5 12 face-centered
Rh +0,48 8 9 face-centered
Pd -6,80 1 9 face-centered
Ag -0,90 1 18 face-centered
Ag -0,90 2 9 face-centered
Cd +0,67 2 18 volume-centered
Cd +0,67 3 9 volume-centered
Cs -7,80 1 8 body-centered
La -0,80 2 9 volume-centered
Ce +1,92 3 9 face-centered
Ce +1,92 1 9 face-centered
Pr +0,71 4 9 volume-centered
Pr +0,71 1 9 volume-centered
Nd +0,97 5 9 volume-centered
Nd +0,97 1 9 volume-centered
Gd -0,95 2 9 volume-centered
Gd T=1533K 3 8 body-centered
Tb -4,30 1 9 volume-centered
Tb Т=1560К 2 8 body-centered
Dy -2,70 1 9 volume-centered
Dy Т=1657К 2 8 body-centered
Er -0,341 1 9 volume-centered
Tu -1,80 1 9 volume-centered
Yb +3,77 3 9 face-centered
Yb +3,77 1 9 face-centered
Lu -0,535 2 9 volume-centered
Hf +0,43 3 9 volume-centered
Hf Т=2050К 4 8 body-centered
Ta +0,98 5 8 body-centered
W +0,856 6 8 body-centered
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Re +3,15 6 9 volume-centered
Os <0 4 12 volume-centered
Ir +3,18 5 12 face-centered
Pt -0,194 1 9 face-centered
Au -0,69 1 18 face-centered
Au -0,69 2 9 face-centered
Tl +0,24 3 18 volume-centered
Tl +0,24 4 9 volume-centered
Pb +0,09 4 18 face-centered
Pb +0,09 5 9 face-centered
Where: RH - Hall constant (Hall coefficient)
Z is the assumed number of electrons, given by one atom to the conduction band
Z skeleton. - number of outer electrons of the atomic core on the last shell.
The lattice type is the type ofcrystal structure of the metal at roomtemperature and
in some cases for phase transition temperatures (T).
Conclusions.
Despite the crude assumptions, it can be seen from the table that the larger the
element atom gives electrons to the conductionband, the more positive the Hall constant,
and conversely the Hall constant is negative for the elements that gave one or two
electrons to the conduction band, which does not contradict the conclusions of Peierls ,
as well as the connection between the conduction electrons (Z) and valence electrons
(Zost), which cause the crystal structure.
Using the method ofcounting downfrom the experimental values ofthe coefficient
ofall-round compressionto theoretical values using the formulas ofAshcroftand Mermin
[1], determining the number Z, one can be sure of its close coincidence with that given in
Table 1.
The metallic bond appears to be conditioned by both the socialized electrons and
the "valence" electrons-the outer electrons of the atomic core.
The phase transitions of an element from one lattice to another can be explained by
transferring one of the outer electrons of the atomic core to the conduction band of the
metal or by returning it from the conduction band to the outer shell of the core under the
influence of external factors (pressure, temperature).
We tried to give a clue, but we got a new, physicochemical properties of the
elements, which are pretty well explained, the riddle is a "coordination number" - 9 (nine)
for HCC and HEC. Such a frequent occurrence of the number-9 in the table above
suggests that the densest packages are not sufficiently investigated.
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Appendix 1
Metal bond in the closestpackages (HEC, HCC)
From the arguments about the number of directed bonds (or pseudo-connections,
since there is a conduction band between the neighboring metal atoms), equal to nine in
the number of outer electrons of the atomic core for the densestpackages, it follows that,
by analogy with the bcc lattice (eight neighbor atoms in the first coordination sphere) for
HEK and fcc lattices in the first coordination sphere, there should be nine, and we have
12 atoms. But 9 atoms of neighbors bound by any centrally chosen atom are indirectly
confirmed by experimental data on the Hall and the modulus of all-round compression
(and in the experiments on the de Haas-van Alfene effect, the number of oscillations is a
multiple of nine).
Hence, for the three atoms out of 12, we must seek differences from the remaining
atoms of the coordination sphere.
Fig.1.1, d, e shows the coordination spheres in the densest hexagonal and cubic
packs.
Fig.1.1. Dense Packing.
It should be noted that in the hexagonal packing, the triangles of upper and lower
bases are unindirectional, whereas in the hexagonal packing they are not unindirectional.
Let's pay attention, that in a hexagonal packing triangles of the top and bottom
bases are turned in one and the same party, and in cubic - in different.
Literature: BF Ormont "Introduction to physical chemistry and crystal chemistry
of semiconductors", Moscow, 1968
Appendix 2
Theoretical calculation of the uniform compressionmodulus (B).
B = (6,13/(rs/ao))5* (10)10 dyne/cm2
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Where B is the uniform compression modulus ao is the Bohr radius rs - the radius
of the sphere with the volume being equal to the volume falling at one conductivity
electron.
rs=(3/4pn)1/3, p=3,14
Where n is the density of conductivity electrons.
Table 1. Calculation according to Ashcroft and Mermine Element Z rs/ao
theoretical calculated
Z rs/a0 B theoretical B calculated
Cs 1 5.62 1.54 1.43
Cu 1 2.67 63.8 134.3
Ag 1 3.02 34.5 99.9
Al 3 2.07 228 76.0
Table 2. Calculation according to the models considered in this paper
Z rs/a0 B theoretical B calculated
Cs 1 5.62 1.54 1.43
Cu 2 2.12 202.3 134.3
Ag 2 2.39 111.0 99.9
Al 2 2.40 108.6 76.0
According to / 1 /, the number of Z-electrons in the conductionband was obtained
by the authors, presumably based on the valency of the metal over oxygen and hydrogen,
and must be questioned, since the experimental data on Hall and the modulus ofall-round
compressionare close to theoretical only for alkali metals. Bcc grating.
Of course, the pressure of free-electron gases alone does not completely determine
the resistance of the metal to compression, nevertheless in the second case of calculation
the theoretical modulus of all-round compressionlies closer to the experimental one, on
the one hand. Obviously, it is necessary to take into account the second factor-the effect
on the module of the "valence" or outer electrons of the atomic core, which determine the
crystal lattice.
While still studying at the institute, I tried to explain the phasetransitions in barium
titanate. Since then I have been working on the nature of crystal lattices and different
properties of chemical elements. It turned out that when heated, the crystal lattices of
lithium and beryllium behave approximately like scandium and titanium lattices.
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Therefore I doubted the absolute correctness of the table of elements and developed
amendments.
About table of elements. New atomic numbers.
This article sets out the views onthe classification ofall known chemical elements,
those fundamental components of which the Earth and the entire Universe consists.
The innovation of this work is that in the table of elements constructed according
to the Mendeleyev’s law and Van-den- Broek’s rule, new chemical elements with atomic
numbers 72-75 and 108-111 are supposedly revealed, and also it is shown that for heavy
elements starting with hafnium, the nuclei of atoms contain a larger number of protons
than is generally accepted. Perhaps the mathematical apparatus of quantum mechanics
missed some solutions because the atomic nucleus in calculations is taken as a point.
All cells in the table are full. If this table takes place, I would like to name groups
of elements with the numbers 72-75 and 108-111, the islets of Filipenka Henadzi.
The rule of van den Broeck, a lover of nuclear physics, turned out to be more
general than Mendeleyev's periodicity and calculations of quantum mechanics. The table
must be filled in all cells according to the law or rule, and if somebody does not fill in,
there should be an explanation of this by this law or rule. Therefore, the cells of the
physical table were filled in both at http://tableelements.blogspot.com and unknown
items with numbers 72-75 and 108-111 appeared. Which required explanation. When
considering the results of measuring the charges of nuclei or atomic numbers by James
Chadwick, I noticed that the charge of the core of platinum is rather equal not to 78, but
to 82, which corresponds to the developed table. For almost 30 years I have raised the
question of the repetition ofmeasurements of the charges of atomic nuclei, since uranium
is probably more charged than accepted, and it is used at nuclear power plants.
таблица элементов
H
1
He
2
Li
3
Be
4
B
5
C
6
N
7
O
8
F
9
Ne
10
Na
11
Mg
12
Al
13
Si
14
P1
5
S
16
Cl
17
A
1
K
19
Ca
20
Sc
21
Ti
22
V
23
Cr
24
Mn
25
Fe
26
Co
27
Ni 28 Cu
29
Zn
30
Ga
31
Ge
32
As
33
Se
34
Br
35
Kr
36
Rb
37
Sr
38
Y
39
Zr
40
Nb
41
Mo
42
Tc
43
Ru
44
Rh
45
Pd
46
Ag
47
Cd
48
In
49
Sn
50
Sb
51
Te
52
I
53
Xe
54
Cs
55
Ba
56
La
57
Ce
58
Pr
59
Nd
60
Pm
61
Sm
62
Eu
63
Gd
64
Tb
65
Dy
66
Ho
67
Er
68
Tu
69
Yb
70
Lu
71
?
72
?
73
?
74
?
75
Hf
76
Ta
77
W
78
Re
79
Os
80
Ir
81
Pt
82
Au
83
Hg
84
Tl
85
Pb
86
Bi
87
Po
88
At
89
Rn
90
Fr
91
Ra
92
Ac
93
Th
94
Pa
95
U
96
Np
97
Pu
98
Am
99
Cm
100
Bk
101
Cf
102
Es
103
Fm
104
Md
105
No
106
Lr
107
Our philosophy that it is impossible to describe nature mathematically by one
hundred percent was confirmed. But it strives, of course, to such a description is
necessary.
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Each subsequent chemical element is different from the previous one in that in its
core the number of protons increases by one, and the number of neutrons increases, in
general, several. In the literature this strange ratio ofthe number ofneutrons to the number
of protons for any the kernel is not explained. The article proposes a model nucleus,
explaining this phenomenon.
For the construction of the atomic nucleus model, we note that with alpha-
radioactivity of the helium nucleus is approximately equal to the energy.
Therefore, on the outer layer of the core shell, we place all the protons with such
the same number of neutrons. At the same time, on one energy Only bosons canbe in the
outer shell of the alpha-particle nucleus and are. Inside the Kernel We will arrange the
remaining neutrons, whose task will be weakening of electrostatic fields of repulsion of
protons.
Assuming the core to be spherical, and the radii of the proton and neutron
approximately the same, for any element we get the kernel model, explaining the ratio of
the number of neutrons to the number of protons, which follows from the packing of the
nucleus of the atom by nucleons. Low accuracy for light elements.
We construct the table so that to observe the law of Mendeleyev periodicity, the
VanDen-Brook rule and to fill all the cells ofthe table. In quantum mechanics, bydefault,
in each successive element, the charge of the nucleus increases at its center by one, and
the electrons fill with spdf configurations. Our nuclear charge is located on the surface,
since the number of protons and the number of neutrons in the nucleus are such that
protons and neutrons should be in the outer layer ofthe nucleus, and only neutrons inside,
that is, a shell forms on the surface of the nucleus. In addition, protons must be repelled,
and also attracted by an electronic fur coat. The question is whether the kernel can be
considered a point in the calculations and up to what times? And the question is whether
and when the proton will be inside the nucleus. There is also an apparatus of quantum
mechanics, which confirmed the law of Mendeleyev. In his calculations, the nucleus and
electrons are taken as points.
But if a proton gets into the nucleus for some reason, then the corresponding
electron will be on the very "low" orbit. Quantum mechanics still does not notice such
electrons. Or in other words, in elements 72-75 and 108-111, some protons begin to be
placed inside the nucleus and the charge of the nucleus is screened, in calculations it can
not be taken as a point.
I understood this when I thought of Chadwick's experiments on the determination
ofnuclear charges in particular platinum. If we plot the results from copperthroughsilver
to platinum, we see a clear trend on the charge of platinum not 78, but more. I have 82.
This is the correct and real table, not the pieces. Beginning with Hafnium, the
number of protons and, correspondingly, neutrons in the nuclei of the elements changes
in comparison with what is generally accepted today.
Literature:
1) Solid state physics. N.W. Ashcroft, N.D. Mermin. Cornell University, 1975
2) Characteristics of elements. G.V. Samsonov. Moscow, 1976
11. Наука среди нас 3 (7) 2018 nauka-sn.ru
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3) Grundzuge der Anorganischen Kristallchemie. Von. Dr. Heinz Krebs.
Universitat Stuttgart, 1968
4) Physics of metals. Y.G. Dorfman, I.K. Kikoin. Leningrad, 1933
5) What affects crystals characteristics. G.G.Skidelsky. Engineer N 8, 1989
6. Г. Г. Филипенко. «Подозрительные» области в периодической системе,
"Техника и наука", №4, Москва, 1990.
7. Г. Г. Филипенко. Предлагается модель ядра атома, "Инженер", №4,
Москва, 1991.