Endoscopy refers to examining the interior of the body using an endoscope, an instrument used to look inside hollow organs and cavities. Endoscopes can be used to perform simple procedures and surgery with small incisions. Various types of endoscopes and endoscopic procedures are described for examining different parts of the body such as the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and reproductive systems. Endoscopy allows doctors to visualize the inside of organs and potentially treat any abnormalities found.

1. Endoscopy
 Endoscopy means looking inside and
typically refers to looking inside the
body
 For medical reasons using
an endoscope, an instrument used to
examine the interior of a hollow organ
or cavity of the body.
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Associate Professor. Dept./ECE 1

2. Endoscopy Cont..
 An Endoscopy is a simple procedure
which allows a doctor to look inside
human bodies using an instrument
called an endoscope.
 A cutting tool can be attached to the
end of the endoscope, and the
apparatus can then be used to
perform surgery.
 This type of surgery is called Key hole
surgery, and usually leaves only a tiny
scar externally. Prepared by A.Devasena.,
Associate Professor. Dept./ECE 2

3. Endoscopy Cont..
 Unlike most other medical imaging
devices, endoscopes are inserted
directly into the organ.
 Endoscope can also refer to using
a borescope in technical situations
where direct line of-sight observation
is not feasible.
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Associate Professor. Dept./ECE 3

4. Endoscopy Cont..
 Non-surgical endoscopes are
marketed in hardware and building
supply stores under the name snake
camera or inspection camera.
 Naturally these endoscopes are not as
well made as surgical endoscopes
and relay inspection images that are
lower quality.
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Associate Professor. Dept./ECE 4

5. Flexible Endoscope
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Associate Professor. Dept./ECE 5

6. Protoscopy
 Proctoscopy is a common medical
procedure in which an instrument called
a proctoscope (also known as a
rectoscope, although the latter may be a
bit longer) is used to examine the anal
cavity, rectum or sigmoid colon.
 A proctoscope is a short, straight, rigid,
hollow metal tube, and usually has a
small light bulb mounted at the end.
 It is approximately 5 inches or 15 cm
long, while a rectoscope is approximately
10 inches or 25 cm long.
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Associate Professor. Dept./ECE 6

7. Protoscopy Cont..
 During proctoscopy, the proctoscope
is lubricated and inserted into the
rectum and then the obturator is
removed, allowing an unobstructed
view of the interior of the rectal cavity.
 This procedure is normally done to
inspect forhemorrhoids or
rectal polyps and might be mildly
uncomfortable as the proctoscope is
inserted further into the rectum.
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Associate Professor. Dept./ECE 7

8. Protoscopy Cont..
 Modern fibre-optic proctoscopes allow
more extensive observation with less
discomfort.
 A proctoscope is a hollow, tube-
like speculum that is used for visual
inspection of the rectum.
 Both disposable and non-disposable
proctoscopes are available for use.
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Associate Professor. Dept./ECE 8

9. Protoscopy Cont..
 Disposable proctoscopes without light
are also available.
 The proctoscope also has a hollow
channel through which other instruments
may be inserted.
 For example, another instrument may be
used to take a biopsy of a small amount
of tissue for examination under a
microscope.
 Also, air may be injected through the
proctoscope to help make viewing
easier.
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Associate Professor. Dept./ECE 9

10. Anoscope, Proctoscope,
Rectoscope
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Associate Professor. Dept./ECE 10

11.  Anoscopy - rectoscopy
 Anoscopy is a simple procedure that is
useful in evaluating perianal and anal
complaints in a patient.
 The procedure may be performed in
the office or the emergency room with
a minimum of equipment and patient
preparation.
Prepared by A.Devasena.,
Associate Professor. Dept./ECE 11

12.  Anoscopy provides direct, sequential
visualization of both external perianal
and internal anal structures.
 The internal anal structures may be
visualized up to the lower valve of
Huston. Along with visualization, the
anoscope provides a working aperture
for the operator to perform swabs, do
biopsies, and manipulate intraanal
instruments .
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Associate Professor. Dept./ECE 12

13. Indications for anoscopy
 Fissures or fistula in ano
 Initial evaluation of rectal bleeding
 Rectal pain
 Anal discharge or itching
 External or internal haemorrhoids
(diagnostic or therapeutic, i.e. for
banding or injection of haemorrhoids)
 Palpable masses or pain on digital rectal
examination
 Anal condylomata
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Associate Professor. Dept./ECE 13

14. Endoscopic ultrasound
 Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) or echo-
endoscopy is a medical procedure in
which endoscopy (insertion of a probe
into a hollow organ) is combined with
ultrasound to obtain images of
the internal organs in the chest and
abdomen.
 It can be used to visualize the walls of
these organs, or to look at adjacent
structures.
 Combined with Doppler imaging, nearby
blood vessels can also be evaluated.
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Associate Professor. Dept./ECE 14

15. Endoscopic Ultrasound
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Associate Professor. Dept./ECE 15

16. Laparoscopy
 Laparoscopy (from Ancient
Greek λαπάρα (lapara), meaning
"flank, side", and σκοπέω (skopeó),
meaning "to see") is an operation
performed in the abdomen or
Pelvis through small incisions (usually
0.5–1.5 cm) with the aid of a camera.
 It can either be used to inspect and
diagnose a condition or to perform
surgery.
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Associate Professor. Dept./ECE 16

17. Laparoscopy
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Associate Professor. Dept./ECE 17

18. Types of Laparoscope
 There are two types of laparoscope:
 (1) a telescopic rod lens system, that
is usually connected to a video
camera (single chip or three chip), or
 (2) a digital laparoscope where a
miniature digital video camera is
placed at the end of the laparoscope,
eliminating the rod lens system.
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Associate Professor. Dept./ECE 18

19. Laparoscopic surgery
 The laparoscope allows doctors to
perform both minor and complex
surgeries with a few small cuts in the
abdomen.
 There are a number of advantages to
the patient with laparoscopic surgery
versus an open procedure. These
include reduced pain due to smaller
incisions and hemorrhaging, and
shorter recovery time.Prepared by A.Devasena.,
Associate Professor. Dept./ECE 19

20. Bronchoscopy
 Bronchoscopy is an endoscopic
technique of visualizing the inside of
the airways for diagnostic and
therapeutic purposes.
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Associate Professor. Dept./ECE 20

21. Bronchoscopy Cont..
 An instrument (bronchoscope) is inserted
into the airways, usually through the nose or
mouth, or occasionally through a
tracheotomy.
 This allows the practitioner to examine the
patient's airways for abnormalities such as
foreign bodies, bleeding, tumors,
or inflammation.
 Specimens may be taken from inside the
lungs.
 The construction of bronchoscopes ranges
from rigid metal tubes with attached lighting
devices to flexible optical fiber instruments
with real time video equipment.
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Associate Professor. Dept./ECE 21

22. Applications of Endoscope
 Health care providers can use
endoscopy to review any of the
following body parts:
◦ The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract)
◦ The respiratory tract
◦ The female reproductive
system(gynoscopy)
◦ Normally closed body cavities (through a
small incision)
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Associate Professor. Dept./ECE 22

23. Uses of Endoscope
 During Pregnancy
 Panendoscopy (or triple endoscopy)
◦ (Combines laryngoscopy, esophagoscopy, and
bronchoscopy.)
 Orthopedic surgery, such as
◦ Endoscopic carpal tunnel release
◦ Epidural space (epiduroscopy)
◦ Bursae (Bursectomy)
 Endontic surgery
◦ Maxillary sinussurgery
◦ Apicoectomy
 Endoscopic endonasal surgery
Prepared by A.Devasena.,
Associate Professor. Dept./ECE 23