Inspired by Grey Anatomy

1. ENDOSCOPES
Flavian
Glaina
Jikhil
I MHA

2. INTRODUCTION
During an endoscopy, the doctor inserts a tool called an endoscope into a person’s body.
Most endoscopes are thin tubes with a powerful light and tiny camera at the end.
The endoscope’s length and flexibility depend on the part of the body the doctor needs to
see.
For example, a straight endoscope helps a doctor look at joints. Meanwhile, a flexible one
helps a doctor view the inside of the colon.

3. ENDOSCOPY
Endoscopy is a procedure that allows a doctor to view the inside of a person’s body. Doctors use it to
diagnose diseases in the following parts of the body:
 Esophagus
 Stomach
 Colon
 Ears
 Nose
 Throat
 Heart
 Urinary tract
 Joints
 Abdomen

4. FUNCTIONS
Endoscopes were first developed to look at parts of the body that couldn’t be seen any
other way.
1. To prevent and screen for cancer
2. To find cancer early
3. Looking for causes of symptoms
4. Looking at problems found on imaging tests
5. Destroying or removing cancer cell.

5. TYPES OF ENDOSCOPES
Name of
procedure Name of tool Area or organ viewed
How endoscope reaches
target area
Anoscopy
Anoscope Anus and/or rectum Inserted through the anus
Arthroscopy
Arthroscope Joints Inserted through a small
incision over the joint
Bronchoscopy
Bronchoscope Trachea, or windpipe, and
the lungs
Inserted through the mouth
Colonoscopy
Colonoscope Entire length of the colon
and large intestine
Inserted through the anus
Colposcopy
Colposcope Vagina and cervix Placed at the vagina’s
opening after a tool called a
speculum dilates the
vagina. It is not inserted in
the body.

6. Bronchoscope

9. Cystoscopy
Cystoscope Inside of the
bladder
Inserted through
the urethra
Esophagoscopy
Esophagoscope Esophagus Inserted through
the mouth
Gastroscopy
Gastroscope Stomach and
duodenum, which
is the beginning of
the small intestine
Inserted through
the mouth
Laparoscopy
Laparoscope Stomach, liver, or
other abdominal
organs, including
female
reproductive
organs, including
the uterus, ovaries,
and fallopian tubes
Inserted through a
small, surgical
opening in the
abdomen
Laryngoscopy
Laryngoscope Larynx, or voice
box
Inserted through
the mouth

10. Neuroendoscopy
Neuroendoscope Areas of the brain Inserted through
a small incision in
the skull
Proctoscopy
Proctoscope Rectum and
sigmoid colon,
which is the
bottom part of the
colon
Inserted through
the anus
Sigmoidoscopy
Sigmoidoscope Sigmoid colon Inserted through
the anus
Thoracoscopy
Thoracoscope Pleura, which are
the 2 membranes
covering the lungs
and lining the chest
cavity, and
structures covering
the heart
Inserted through a
small surgical
opening in chest

11. OTHER TOOLS USED DURING AN
ENDOSCOPY
Typically, an endoscope has a channel through which the doctor can insert tools. These
tools collect tissue or provide treatment.
Types of tools include:
1.Flexible forceps: These tong-like tools take a tissue sample.
2.Biopsy forceps: These remove a tissue sample or a suspicious growth.
3.Cytology brushes: These take cell samples.
4.Suture removal forceps: These remove stitches inside the body

14. ENDOSCOPE CONSIST OF:
An endoscope consists of the following:
• A lighting system (to illuminate inner cavities);
• An image transmission system (to send an image outside of the body by means of an
objective lens which focuses it on aligned image guide fibers or a CCD)
• Channels for air (to inflate the body cavity and for suction to remove fluids) and water (to
wash the objective lens and to introduce biopsy forceps)
• A bending mechanism to deflect the endoscope tip.
• An Endoscopy monitor to display the examinations, surgical procedures.

17. SAFETY CONCERNS RELATED TO THE
EQUIPMENT
• Bite guard for the endoscopes
• For the patient safety
• The concerned endoscopes are Sterilized before insertion
• Reprocessing

18. Reprocessing
To ensure flexible endoscopes are safe for patient use, all staff involved in
reprocessing this equipment must understand and consistently follow a number of
steps which have been distilled down to seven essential steps. Ensuring
adherence to these steps requires a complete and effective reprocessing
program. These recommendations apply to all settings where endoscopic
procedures are performed and where endoscopes are reprocessed.

19. Pre-Cleaning
a. Pre-Clean flexible endoscopes and reusable accessories by following the device
manufacturer’s instructions for use (IFU).
Perform pre-cleaning immediately following completion of the endoscope procedure to help
prevent the formation of biofilm.
Leak-Testing
a. For endoscopes that require leak testing, perform the leak test using manufacturer’s IFU
after each use and prior to manual cleaning. Leak testing detects damage to the external
surfaces and internal channels of the endoscope that can lead to inadequate disinfection
and further damage of the endoscope.
Manual Cleaning
a. Perform meticulous manual cleaning including brushing and flushing channels and ports
consistent with the manufacturer’s IFU before performing high-level disinfection (HLD) or
sterilization. Perform manual cleaning within the timeframe specified in the manufacturer’s
IFU. Manual cleaning is the most critical step in the disinfection process since residual
organic material can reduce the effectiveness of HLD and sterilization.

20. Visual Inspection
a. After manual cleaning, visually inspect the endoscope and its accessories. Visual
inspection provides additional assurance that the endoscope and its accessories are clean
and free of defects. Complex devices such as flexible endoscopes may require the use of
lighted magnification or additional methods to assist with the inspection process.
Disinfection or Sterilization
a. Following cleaning and visual inspection perform HLD or sterilization in accordance with
the manufacturer’s IFU. Carefully review and adhere to the endoscope manufacturer’s
reprocessing instructions and to the IFU for chemicals or sterilants and any equipment
(e.g., automated endoscope reprocessors) used for reprocessing to help ensure that
effective disinfection occurs.

21. Storage
a. After reprocessing is complete, store endoscopes and accessories in a manner that
prevents recontamination, protects the equipment from damage, and promotes drying.
Store processed flexible endoscopes in a cabinet that is either:
i. of sufficient height, width, and depth to allow flexible endoscopes to hang vertically
without coiling and without touching the bottom of the cabinet OR
ii. designed and intended by the manufacturer for horizontal storage of flexible
endoscopes.
Documentation
a. Maintain documentation of adherence to these essential steps each time an endoscope
is reprocessed. Documentation is essential for quality assurance purposes and for patient
tracing in the event a look back is necessary.

22. NEED OF THE EQUIPMENT TO THE SPECIFIC
DEPARTMENT IN HOSPITAL
Surgical gastroenterology
Respiratory Medicine
Gastroenterology
Surgical
Orthopedics

23. COST COMPARISON AND COMPANIES OUR HOSPITAL
PURCHASES FROM
• Olympus (40 lakh)
• Stryker (35 lakh)
• Karl Storz (35 lakh)
• Smith & Nephew – Ortho (35-55 lakh)

24. ENDOSCOPE EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE
Proper Handling of Endoscope
• Avoid touching the eyepiece lens or the objective lens to prevent contamination. Even the
smallest dust or dirt or fingerprint may cause an undesirable image.
Light Source and Monitor Maintenance
• Light Source and Monitor Maintenance
• Check the image quality on the display to ensure the camera is 100% dust or dirt free. The
image or display should be clear, with no blurring, distortion or discoloration.
• Perform a white balance test to ensure the clearest display.

25. SAFETY AND PRECAUTION
• Calibration of the equipment
• Leakage test
• Bite guard is used to prevent any gag reflex by the patients to make sure there is no
damage to the equipment.
• Sterilizer- machine is put on the sterilizer for 60 minutes.