The document summarizes several cognitive learning theories including Bruner's theory of three stages of intellectual development (enactive, iconic, symbolic), Ausubel's meaningful learning theory which emphasizes relating new information to prior knowledge, constructivist theories which view learning as an active process of constructing new knowledge based on previous experiences including those proposed by Piaget and Vygotsky, and Dewey's progressive education which emphasizes learning through hands-on experiences. Gagne also proposed a hierarchy of skills building in complexity and nine events of instruction.

1. Reported by: Kriselle Ba ezῆ

2. Cognitive Theories
of Learning

3. emphasizes how information
processed

4. Bruner's Cognitive Learning
Theory
proposed by Jerome
Bruner
"Towards a Theory of
Instruction" (1966)

5. Three Stages of
Intellectual Development

6. Enactive
where a person learns about the
world through actions on object.

7. Iconic
where learning occurs through using
models and pictures.

8. Symbolic
which describes the capacity to think
in abstract terms

9. Discovery Learning
is an instructional approach that provides
students with data and then requires them
to process this information into meaningful
abstractions

10. Ausubel's Meaningful
Learning Theory
proposed by David
Ausubel, outspoken
advocate of
meaningful learning
as the acquisition of
new meanings.

11. meaningful learning
implies that the material to be learned is
potentially meaningful

12. the acquisition of new
meanings
refers to the process b which students turn
potentially meaningful material into actual
meaningfulness

13. Ausubel noted that meaningful learning
occurs when the material to be learned
is related to what the students
already know.

14. Advance organizer
general overview of new information to be learned
that occurs in advance of the actual reading

15. Types of Advance
organizer

16. 1. Comparative Organizers
The main goal of comparative organizers
is to activate existing schemas.

17. 2. Expository Organizers
The expository organizers provide new
knowledge that students will need to
understand the upcoming information

18. Advance organizer are effective when
they utilize the anchoring ideas
already present in the student's
cognitive structures, thus helping to
reduce the students dependence on
rote memorization

19. Gagne's Cognitive Learning
Theory
proposed by Robert
Gagne. He suggested
that a task would be
best learned by
following a specific
sequence of nine events
:

21. He also proposed that learning is like
building process which utilizes a hierarchy
of skills that increase in complexity:

23. Constructivist Learning
Theories

24. emphasizes the building
(constructing) that occurs in
people's mind when they learn

25. We can distinguish between
:

26. cognitive constructivism
which is about how the learner
understands things in terms of
developmental stages and learning styles

27. social constructivism
which emphasizes how meanings and
understandings grow out of social
encounters

28. Jean Piaget
paid more attention to
what went on "inside
the learner's head"
referred to as
cognitive
constructivism

29. Each learner interprets experiences
and information in the light of their
existing knowledge.

30. emphasis on
children's potential
for intellectual
growth rather than
intellectual
abilities at a
particular point in
time.
Lev Vygotsky

31. Zone of Proximal
Development

32. Constructivist Teaching
and Learning Principles

33. 1. Learners have their ideas

34. 2.Learners need first hand experiences

35. 3. Learners like their ideas

36. 4. Learners see what they want to see

37. 5. Learners often are not aware of
what they know

38. 6.Students need to know how to learn

39. 7. Learners may not discover expert's
conclusions

40. John Dewey
Progressive education is
essentially a view of
education that
emphasizes the need to
learn by doing.
Dewey believed that
human beings learn
through a 'hands on'
approach.

41. Dewey's approach was truly child-
centered. A child-centered approach to
education places the emphasis of
learning on the needs and interests of
the child. In Dewey's view, children
should be allowed to explore their
environments.