Aishwarya Shah completed a multi-disciplinary project on electricity for class 10. The project covered definitions of electricity, electric current, potential difference, electromotive force, electric circuits and components, measuring current and voltage, Ohm's law, factors affecting resistance, and combinations of resistors. It also discussed the heating effect of electricity and its applications. The project explained key concepts through definitions, diagrams, equations, and examples. Aishwarya thanked her teacher for the opportunity and hoped the effort was appreciated.

1. Multi Disciplinary Project
on
ELECRICITY

2. Done By
Name - Aishwarya Shah
Class – X
I am very thankful to my teacher for
allocating this wonderful project to me.
I really enjoyed doing this project and this
helped me in enhancing my creative skills
to a good extent. I hope you like my effort.

3.  Def. of Electricity
 Electric Current
 Electric Potential & Potential Difference
 Electromotive Force (emf)
 Electric Circuit and components
 Current and Voltage Measurements
 OHM’s Law
 Factors Affecting Resistance
 Combination of Resistors(Series & Parallel)
 Heating Effect of Electricity and its apps.

4. Electricity is a form of a energy that
can be easily changed to many other
forms

5.  Electric Current is the flow of electric charge
 Measured as the rate of flow of electric
charge
 Denoted by I
 I=Q/t
 SI unit -> Amperes(A)
NOTE-Direction of CONVENTIONAL Current is opposite to direction of flow of
electrons.

6. Electric Potential - Work done in moving a unit charge
from infinity to a point
.∞
A .
Potential Difference – The difference between
potential at two points
.∞
B. A.
Potential difference

7. POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE = Work Done (W)/Charge(Q)
V=W/Q
SI Unit => VOLTS

8. Electromotive force is the same as
voltage.
E.m.f refers to the amount of energy
supplied by the electric source (eg.
battery) to each unit of electric charge
E.m.f is also measured by a voltmeter

11.  To make an electrical appliance work, electricity
must flow through it.
 The path along which the electric current moves
is called the electric circuit.

12. An Electric Circuit is an electrical device that
provides a path for electricity to flow.

13. Circuit diagrams foropen and closed
circuits
Open circuit.
Bulbdoes not lightup
when the switch is open.
Close circuit.
Bulbwill lightup when
the switchis closed.

14. Symbols

15.  It must be connected in series in the circuit.
 Positive side of ammeter must be connected
nearest to the positive terminal of the battery
(electric cell), and vice versa.

16.  Voltmeters must be connected in parallel to
the circuit.
 The positive side of voltmeter is connected
to the positive terminal of the cell, and vice
versa.

17.  At constant temperature, Current flowing through a
conductor is directly proportional to potential difference
across its ends
 V∝I
 V/I = Constant
= R
 V=IR
 R -> Ressiatance(Ω or ohm)

18.  Fixed resistors have only one resistance
value
 Variable resistors can be adjusted to
change the resistance, example- Rheostat
Fixed Resistors Rheostat

19.  Length of Conductor ->> R∝l
 Cross-sectional Area of conductor ->> R ∝ 1/A
 Nature of material of conductor
 Temperature of conductor
 R∝l/A
ρ – Constant of proportionality called Resistivity
Unit of Resistivity – Ωm
Metals and Alloys have very low resistivity whereas insulators have very
high resistivity
R= ρl/A

20. Thereare 2 ways of joiningresistors together
1. Series
2. Parallel

21. Rs = R1 +R2 + R3

22. 1/Rp = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3

23.  When an electric current flows through a wire,
the wire heats up. Electrical energy has been
converted into heat energy.
 The greater the resistance of the wire, the
greater the amount of heat produced. This
heating effect is used in common electrical
appliances.
Iron Kettle

24.  The work done in moving the charge Q through a potential
difference V is VQ
 Therefore, the source must supply energy equal to VQ in
time t.
 So, power input to the circuit by the source is
P = V(Q/t)
P=VI
Energy supplied to the circuit by the source in time t is
P × t
orH= VIt H=I²Rt

25. filament wire produces
heat and light
In a light bulb, the heated filament
which is also a resistance wire,
becomes so hot that light is also
emitted.

26. A kettle uses both copper and nichrome wires.
Copper has low resistance while nichrome has high resistance.
Which material, copper or nichrome, should be used for the heating
element, and for the external wire?
Use copper wire
for the external
wire as it has low
resistance &
produces less heat
Use nichrome wire for the heating
element as it has high resistance&
produces a lot of heat

27. THANK YOU
I hope you liked it