WHY ELECRICITY IS IMPORTANT ? Electricity is an essential part of modern life. People use electricity for lighting, heating, cooling, and refrigeration and for operating appliances, computers, electronics, machinery, and public transportation systems. Electrical energy is one of the most commonly used forms of energy in the world. It can be easily converted into any other energy form and can be safely and efficiently transported over long distances. As a result, it is used in our daily lives more than any other energy source.

1. ELECTRICITY
PRESENTED BY
MOHAMMED ZAID RAYYAN
X STANDARD
MARICA HIGH SCHOOL

2. WHY ELECRICITY IS IMPORTANT ?
Electricity is an essential part of modern life.
People use electricity for lighting, heating,
cooling, and refrigeration and for operating
appliances, computers, electronics,
machinery, and public transportation
systems.
Electrical energy is one of the most commonly
used forms of energy in the world. It can be
easily converted into any other energy form
and can be safely and efficiently transported
over long distances. As a result, it is used in
our daily lives more than any other energy
source.

3. ELECTRIC CURRENT AND CIRCUIT
electric circuit, path of transmitting
electric current . An electric circuit
includes a device that gives energy to
the charged particles constituting the
current, such as a battery or a
generator; devices that use current,
such as lamps, electric motors, or
computers; and the connecting wires
or transmission lines.
Two of the basic laws that
mathematically describe the
performance of electric circuits are
ohm’s law and Kirchhoff's law.

4. ELECTRIC POTENTIAL AND POTENTIAL
DIFFERENCE
The electric potential at a place in
an electric field equals the
amount of work required to bring
a unit positive charge from
infinity to that point. While the
work involved in transporting a
unit positive charge from one
spot to another while maintaining
charge equilibrium is known as
potential difference.

5. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
A circuit diagram is a
graphical representation
of an electrical circuit. A
pictorial circuit diagram
uses simple images of
components, while a
schematic diagram shows
the components and
interconnections of the
circuit using standardized
symbolic representations

6. # OHM’S LAW
Ohm’s law states the relationship between
electric current and potential difference. The
current that flows through most conductors is
directly proportional to the voltage applied to
it. Georg Simon Ohm, a German physicist was
the first to verify Ohm’s law experimentally.
Ohm’s law states that the voltage across a
conductor is directly proportional to the
current flowing through it, provided all
physical conditions and temperatures remain
constant.

7. FACTORS ON WHICH THE RESISTANCE OF A
CONDUCTOR DEPENDS
There are four factors that influence the
resistance in a conductor. Thickness (cross
sectional area of the wire), length, and
temperature. The fourth factor is the
conductivity of the material that is used
What are the 4 factors affecting the
resistance of a conductor ?
There are four factors that affect the resistance of a
wire:
Resistance is proportional to length. ...
Resistance is inversely proportional to cross-sectional-
area. ...
Resistance depends on the material the wire is made
of. ...
Resistance increases with the temperature of the wire

8. ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF SOME SUBSTANCES AT 20
DEGREE CELSIUS

9. RESISTANCE OF A SYSTEM OF RESISTORS
Resistors are combined in two types of
combination. series combination and
parallel combination. The following
figure shows the series combination of
resistors. In this circuit, R1, R2 and R3
are the three resistors which are in
series combination. When resistors are
connected end to end, i.e. one terminal
of one resistor is connected to the
terminal of the next resistor and so on,
this is called series combination.

10. RESISTOR IN SERIES
When resistors are connected in
series, the total voltage or potential
difference across all the resistors is
equal to the sum of the voltages across
each resistor. In other words, the
voltages around the circuit add up to
the voltage of the supply.
The total resistance of a number
of resistors in series is equal to
the sum of all the individual
resistances.

11. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
RESISTOR IN SERIES
Advantages :
1. Series circuits do not overheat easily. This makes
them very useful in the case of something that might be
around a potentially flammable source, like dry plants
or cloth.
2. Series circuits are easy to learn and to make. Their
simple design is easy to understand, and this means
that it’s simple to conduct repairs.
3. we can add more power devices, they have a higher
output in terms of voltage.
4. The current that flows in a series circuit has to flow
through every component in the circuit. Therefore, all
of the components in a series connection carry the
same current.
Disadvantages:
1. If one component in a series circuit fails, then all the
components in the circuit fail because the circuit has
been broken.
2. The more components there are in a series circuit,
the greater the circuit’s resistance.

12. RESISTOR IN PARALLEL
Resistors are in parallel when their two
terminals connect to the same nodes.
Figuring out parallel resistors is a little
trickier than series resistors. Here is a
circuit with resistors in parallel. When
resistors are connected in
parallel, more current flows from the
source than would flow for any of them
individually, so the total resistance is
lower.

13. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGE OF
RESISTOR IN PARALLEL
Advantages :
1. Every unit that is connected in a parallel circuit gets
equal amount of voltage.
2. It becomes easy to connect or disconnect a new
element without affecting the working of other
elements.
3. If any fault happened to the circuit, then also the
current is able to pass through the circuit through
different paths.
Disadvantages :
1. It requires the use of lot of wires.
2. We cannot increase or multiply the voltage in a
parallel circuit.
3. Parallel connection fails at the time when it is
required to pass exactly same amount of current

14. HEATING EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
When an electric current is allowed to flow
through a high resistance wire, such as
nichrome wire, the conductor heats up and
produces heat. Such a heating action of a
conductor is known as the Heating effect of
Current. When we use some electrical
appliances, the chemical reactions which
occur in the cells on which they run generate
some potential difference between its
terminals which sets the electrons in motion.
To maintain the flow of current the source
needs to expand some energy

15. HEATING EFFECTS OF ELECTRIC CURRENT
A part of the energy is used in doing
some sort of useful work like moving
the fan blades in case of electricity-
generated fans, etc. The remaining
energy is exploited or expanded in the
form of heat which raises the
temperature of the appliance. If we are
using a circuit in an appliance that is
purely resistive then a lot of energy is
dissipated entirely in the form of what
we call heat. This is called or known as
the heating effect of electric current.

16. EFFECTS OF HEAT ON THE CONDUCTOR
The heating effect may cause an increase in the
temperature of the wire of the conductor.
This may also cause an increase in the volume
of the material.
More simply, when an electrical current is
passed through a conductor, it generates excess
heat due to the resistance caused by the
electrons in the conductor to the flowing
current. The work done in overcoming this
resistance to the current generates what we call
heat in that conductor. The electrical heating
effect of the electrical current is most
commonly and widely applied and used in our
daily life. For example, electrical irons, kettles,
toasters, electrical heaters, etc. are used widely
as alternatives to conventional methods of
cooking and also laundry. This same effect is
used widely in electrical bulbs which are
alternatives to conventional incandescent
lamps. These devices have modernized and
revolutionized the new sustainable world over

17. HEATINGEFFECT OF ELECTRICCURRENT
FORMULA
Current I that is flowing through a resistor that has a resistance of R
as shown in the circuit. Let the potential difference across ends of the
terminals of the battery be V. Let us assume to be the time during
which a charge of Q amount flows across the circuit. The work which
is done in moving that charge Q through a potential difference V is V ×
I.
Hence, the source has to supply energy equal to V × I in time t.
Therefore, the power input to the electrical circuit by the source is
P = V × Q/t
= V × I
Or the energy that is being supplied to the circuit by the source in
time t is P × t, that is, V × I × t. This extra energy generated gets
dissipated in the resistor in the form of heat. Therefore, for a steady
and fixed current I, the amount of heat denoted by H that is produced
in time t is
H = V × I × t

18. JOULES LAW OF HEATING
The very famous physicist James Prescott found that the amount of
heat generated per second that develops in a conductor having a
current is directly proportional to the electrical resistance of the wire
and also with the square of the current given. This heat which is
liberated or generated because of the electrical current that flows in
an electrical wire is expressed in Joules.
By applying the ohms law to the equation H = V × I × t. We can
deduce the Joules law or joules first law which gives the relationship
between the heat that is produced by flowing charges of electric
current through a conductor. It is directly proportional to the square
of the supplied current, the electrical resistance exerted by the
appliance, and the time for which we used it. This is known or called
joule’s law of heating. The following is its expression:
H = I2 × R × t

19. [ H = I2 × R × t ]
where,
H gives or indicates the amount of heat.
I shows the amount of the electrical current
supplied.
R is the value or amount of electric
resistance exerted in the conductor.
t denotes the time for which the appliance
is operated.

20. FACTORS ON WHICH HEAT DEPENDS
The amount of liberated or generated heat is directly
proportional to the given wire’s electrical resistance
when the electrical current in the given circuit and the
flow of supplied current is not altered or changed.
The amount of liberated or generated heat in the
conductor carrying current is directly proportional to
the square of the electrical current that flows through
the given circuit when the electrical resistance and
current supply is kept constant.
The amount of heat generated or produced because of
the electrical current flow is directly proportional to
the time of usage of flow when the electrical resistance
and the current flow is constant.

21. APPLICATIONS OF HEATING EFFECT OF
ELECTRIC CURRENT
#Electric Fuse
#Electric Bulb
#Electric Heater
Now we will go in detail about how
this application works
#Electric Iron

22. #ELECTRIC FUSE
In any electrical instrument which we sometimes
use due to a sudden rise in the amount of current,
the instrument or appliance gets overheated or
burnt down which sometimes may result in a
severe fire. A conducting wire with a very low
melting point is joined or connected in a series
connection with the device or appliance circuit to
avoid any mishap or this type of accident.
Whenever the current value somehow
accidentally rises, the wire inside the fuse melts
due to the excessive heating and thus results in
breaking the electrical circuit saving the device as
well as our lives. We choose or select the fuse
according to the appliance used. A device or an
appliance that works on a higher current needs a
greater value of fuse and vice versa.

23. #ELECTRIC BULB
Electrical bulb contains a very thick metallic
wire which is in turn made up of highly
resistive tungsten metal. This metal is always
kept in an inert environment so that it doesn’t
react with a neutral gas or vacuum. When the
electrical current flows through the used
tungsten wire, it becomes warm or heated,
and then it emits light. Most of the electrical
power which is drawn in the electrical circuit
from the electrical source is liberated or
dissipated in the form of heat and the rest is
given or emitted in the form of light energy.
The tungsten filament used also has a high
resistivity and a very high melting point so
that it doesn’t get heated easily when used.

24. #ELECTRIC HEATER
In an electrical heater, a very high
resistance nichrome wire is mostly and
commonly used as a coil. The coil is
rotated or wound on grooves which are
made up of the ceramic material of the
iron plate or china clay plate. Whenever
the electrical current flows in the coil, it
quickly becomes warm or heated, which
is then widely used to heat our cooking
vessels. In mountain areas, electrical
room heaters are used to keep their
rooms warm and heated to save
themselves from the exhaustive cold
outside.

25. #ELECTRIC IRON
Between the metal part and the
electrical coil in an iron, Mica is placed
which is by nature an insulator. The
coil of the iron becomes warm or
heated with the continuous passage of
current which is then passed on or
transferred to the metallic part through
the mica used. Finally, after a while, the
metallic part becomes very heated or
whatever temperature we have set,
which is then used for ironing different
material clothes according to our wish.

26. #ELECTRIC POWER
Electric power is the rate at which electrical energy is transferred by
an electric circuit. The SI unit of power is the watt, one joule per
second. Standard prefixes apply to watts as with other SI units:
thousands, millions and billions of watts are called kilowatts,
megawatts and gigawatts respectively.
A common misconception is that electric power is bought and sold,
but actually electrical energy is bought and sold. For example,
electricity is sold to consumers in kilowatt-hours (kilowatts
multiplied by hours), because energy is power multiplied by time.
Electric power is usually produced by electric generators, but can
also be supplied by sources such as electric batteries. It is usually
supplied to businesses and homes (as domestic mains electricity) by
the electric power industry through an electrical grid.
Electric power can be delivered over long distances by transmission
lines and used for applications such as motion, light or heat with
high efficiency

27. # All the formulas of electricity

28. *THANK YOU*
*Presented by zaid rayyan*
*X standard*
*Marica high school*
Hyderabad.