The water cycle
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The document discusses key components of the water cycle including evaporation, transpiration, interception, and depression storage. Evaporation occurs when water is converted from a liquid to gas due to solar energy, and transpiration is the process by which plants release water vapor into the air through their leaves. Interception refers to precipitation caught by vegetation before reaching the ground, while depression storage involves water temporarily held in puddles, ditches or other low points on the land surface.
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How does water move through the drainage basin lesson 3
Water moves through a drainage basin via inputs, transfers, storage, and outputs. Precipitation is the main input and can be rain, snow, or hail. As precipitation falls, some is intercepted by plant canopies, some flows through canopies as throughfall, and some flows down stems as stemflow. Additional water may infiltrate into the ground, percolate through soils, or become overland flow. Water is stored as interception, in soils, groundwater, and surface water bodies. Stored water is later output from the system via evapotranspiration or groundwater and surface water flows.
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The water cycle
- 2. EVAPORATION • IS THE TYPE OF VAPORAZATION THAT OCCURS ON THE SURFACE OF A LIQUID AS IT CHANGES INTO THE GAS PHASE.
- 4. • EVAPORATION IS AN ESSENTIAL PART OF THE WATER CYCLE. • THE SUN (SOLAR ENERGY) DRIVES EVAPORATION OF WATER FROM OCEANS, LAKES, MOISTURE IN THE SOIL, AND OTHER SOURCES OF WATER. • EVAPORATION OF WATER OCCURS WHEN THE SURFACE OF THE LIQUID IS EXPOSED, ALLOWING MOLECULES TO ESCAPE AND FORM WATER VAPOR; THIS VAPOR CAN THEN RISE UP AND FORM CLOUDS. WITH SUFFICIENT ENERGY, THE LIQUID
- 5. TRANSPIRATION • TRANSPIRATION IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH MOISTURE IS CARRIED THROUGH PLANTS FROM ROOTS TO SMALL PORES ON THE UNDERSIDE OF LEAVES, WHERE IT CHANGES TO VAPOR AND IS RELEASED TO THE ATMOSPHERE.
- 7. • TRANSPIRATION IS ESSENTIALLY EVAPORATION OF WATER FROM PLANT LEAVES. TRANSPIRATION ALSO INCLUDES A PROCESS CALLED GUTTATION, WHICH IS THE LOSS OF WATER IN LIQUID FORM FROM THE UNINJURED LEAF OR STEM OF THE PLANT, PRINCIPALLY THROUGH WATER STOMATA. • IN HYDROLOGY, EVAPORATION AND TRANSPIRATION (WHICH INVOLVES EVAPORATION WITHIN PLANT STOMATA) ARE COLLECTIVELY TERMED EVAPOTRANSPIRATION.
- 8. ATMOSPHERIC FACTOR AFFECTING TRANSPIRATION THE AMOUNT OF WATER THAT PLANTS TRANSPIRE VARIES GREATLY GEOGRAPHICALLY AND OVER TIME. THERE ARE A NUMBER OF FACTORS THAT DETERMINE TRANSPIRATION RATES: • TEMPERATURE • RELATIVE HUMIDITY • WIND AND AIR MOVEMENT • SOIL-MOISTURE AVAILABILITY • TYPE OF PLANT
- 9. INTERCEPTION • INTERCEPTION REFERS TO PRECIPITATION THAT DOES NOT REACH THE SOIL, BUT IS INSTEAD INTERCEPTED BY THE LEAVES, BRANCHES OF PLANTS AND THE FOREST FLOOR.
- 11. CONCEPT OF INTERCEPTION: • INTERCEPTION DEALS WITH THE AMOUNT OF WATER THAT IS CAUGHT AND STORED ON THE LEAVES AND STEMS OF VEGETATION. • THE TERM VEGETATION INCLUDES FOREST TREE COVER, CROPS AND LOW LEVEL VEGETATION LIKE UNDER-BUSH, GRASS ETC. • PART OF THE PRECIPITATION WHICH FALLS EITHER AS RAINFALL OR SNOWFALL IS CAUGHT BY VEGETATION COVER BEFORE IT REACHES THE GROUND.
- 12. FACTORS AFFECTING INTERCEPTION: THE AMOUNT OF WATER INTECEPTED IS GREATLY VARIABLE AND DEPENDS ON MANY THINGS. SINCE THE INTERCEPTION AFFECTS THE DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL OR SNOWFALL AND SUBSEQUENT RUN-OFF, IT IS NECESSARY TO UNDERSTAND THE FACTORS WHICH AFFECT INTERCEPTION. • TYPE OF VEGETATION • WIND VELOCITY • DURATION AND INTENSITY OF THE STORM • CLIMATE OF THE AREA
- 13. DEPRESSION STORAGE • THE VOLUME OF WATER CONTAINED IN NATURAL DEPRESSIONS IN THE LAND SURFACE, SUCH AS PUDDLES. WATER TEMPORARILY RETAINED IN PUDDLES, DITCHES, AND OTHER DEPRESSIONS IN THE SURFACE OF THE GROUND, AND EVENTUALLY EVAPORATED OR INFILTRATED; THE SMALL-SCALE COUNTERPART OF CLOSED DRAINAGE.
- 15. • DEPRESSION STORAGE REFERS TO SMALL LOW POINTS IN UNDULATING TERRAIN THAT CAN STORE PRECIPITATION THAT OTHERWISE WOULD BECOME RUNOFF. THE PRECIPITATION STORED IN THESE DEPRESSIONS IS THEN EITHER REMOVED THROUGH INFILTRATION INTO THE GROUND OR BY EVAPORATION.