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The unintended consequences
of rangeland
water-conservation structures
Mary Nichols
USDA – ARS
Southwest Watershed Research Center
AZ Historical Society AHS no.1826
United States
Mexico
Tucson
~72 km Altar Valley
Rainfall ~415 mm/yr
Photo by Brent Sigafus, USGS
~47,000 ha
~44,500 ha grassland Entrenched
Altar Wash
Upland erosion
Incised channels
Gullying
are all concerns of
Refuge managers
and valley ranchers
research to understand
erosion in the valley
Stock Tanks: 117
It turns out that runoff manipulation was extensive
Bottomland earthen berms: 218
(water spreaders)
Long Earthen Berms: 27
mean length: 755m
Water control
structures: 29
Inventory:
Earthen berms
Stock tanks / dams
Water spreaders
Water control structures
394 structures
Inventory:
Earthen berms
Stock tanks / dams
Water spreaders
Water control structures
Breached / Flanked
Length (m) Structural Condition (n, (%))
Structure (n) Mean (Min/Max) breached flanked intact
Long Earthen Berm (27)* 755 (190/2437) 13 (48%) 4 (15%) 14 (52%)
Water Spreader Berm (218) 120 (14/981) 40 (18%) 37 (17%) 141 (65%)
Water Control Structures (29)** 5 (17%) 2 (7%) 22 (76%)
Stock Tanks (117) 7 (6%) 110 (94%)
Rock Gabions Dam (3)*** 1 (33%) 3 (100%) 0
Summary of structure types, size, and condition base on 2015 aerial lidar data
and visual assessment of 2016 aerial imagery, and site visits.
* two are breached and flanked, **one of these structures is a drop spillway, ***one is breached and flanked
Flow Direction
Flow Direction
breach
flank
flank
Problems with unmaintained berms
152 m, 500 ft
Gullying and erosion
152 m, 500 ft
Problems with legacy structures
Hydrologic connectivity
Ecosystem response/potential
Flow Direction
Problems with legacy structures
152 m, 500 ft
Hydrologic connectivity
Ecosystem response/potential
Flow Direction
breach
flank
flank
152 m, 500 ft
Problems with legacy structures
Hydrologic connectivity
Ecosystem response/potential
Flow Direction
This situation is not unique to the BANWR
Safford, AZ
Freeman Flat
Indian Gardens
Ft. Thomas Wash
This situation is not unique to the BANWR
Safford, AZ
Typical rock contour berms at a) Indian Gardens and b) Ft. Thomas Wash
contour berm
a b
Connected concentrated flow paths at Indian Gardens
Rock contour berms
Concentrated flow paths
General direction of flow
Ft. Thomas Wash rock contour berm with flow lines (blue)
General direction of flow
Profile through contour berm
(yellow line) showing ~0.1m offset
Red line indicates a break in the berm
and associated concentrated flow path
Rock contour berm
Indian Gardens rock contour berm with concentrated flow paths through the berm indicated
deposition
Breached contour berm
Confined, concentrated flow
Rock contour berm
Incised channel aligned with water spreader berm ends at Freeman Flat
and typical channel cross section geometry.
spreader berm
Channel controlled
by spreader berm
Flow direction
A few final thoughts
Very high resolution topographic data are needed to accurately model
runoff and sediment to accurately reflect the dominant hydrologic
and geomorphic process controls on the landscape
These landscape scale patterns are ubiquitous and pose a substantial challenge
to rangeland management
Consider fixing, maintaining, and/or possibly removing some structures
However, there are many constraints:
Funding
The Historic Preservation Act
Legacy construction history
Changes in land use
Thank you
Thanks to the BANWR, BLM, the Altar Conservation Alliance, Chris Magirl, Nathan Sayre, and Jeremy Shaw

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The unintended consequences of rangeleand water conservation structures

  • 1. The unintended consequences of rangeland water-conservation structures Mary Nichols USDA – ARS Southwest Watershed Research Center AZ Historical Society AHS no.1826
  • 2.
  • 3. United States Mexico Tucson ~72 km Altar Valley Rainfall ~415 mm/yr
  • 4. Photo by Brent Sigafus, USGS
  • 5. ~47,000 ha ~44,500 ha grassland Entrenched Altar Wash
  • 6. Upland erosion Incised channels Gullying are all concerns of Refuge managers and valley ranchers research to understand erosion in the valley
  • 7. Stock Tanks: 117 It turns out that runoff manipulation was extensive Bottomland earthen berms: 218 (water spreaders)
  • 8. Long Earthen Berms: 27 mean length: 755m Water control structures: 29
  • 9. Inventory: Earthen berms Stock tanks / dams Water spreaders Water control structures 394 structures
  • 10. Inventory: Earthen berms Stock tanks / dams Water spreaders Water control structures Breached / Flanked
  • 11. Length (m) Structural Condition (n, (%)) Structure (n) Mean (Min/Max) breached flanked intact Long Earthen Berm (27)* 755 (190/2437) 13 (48%) 4 (15%) 14 (52%) Water Spreader Berm (218) 120 (14/981) 40 (18%) 37 (17%) 141 (65%) Water Control Structures (29)** 5 (17%) 2 (7%) 22 (76%) Stock Tanks (117) 7 (6%) 110 (94%) Rock Gabions Dam (3)*** 1 (33%) 3 (100%) 0 Summary of structure types, size, and condition base on 2015 aerial lidar data and visual assessment of 2016 aerial imagery, and site visits. * two are breached and flanked, **one of these structures is a drop spillway, ***one is breached and flanked
  • 13. breach flank flank Problems with unmaintained berms 152 m, 500 ft Gullying and erosion
  • 14. 152 m, 500 ft Problems with legacy structures Hydrologic connectivity Ecosystem response/potential Flow Direction
  • 15. Problems with legacy structures 152 m, 500 ft Hydrologic connectivity Ecosystem response/potential Flow Direction
  • 16. breach flank flank 152 m, 500 ft Problems with legacy structures Hydrologic connectivity Ecosystem response/potential Flow Direction
  • 17. This situation is not unique to the BANWR Safford, AZ
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20. Freeman Flat Indian Gardens Ft. Thomas Wash This situation is not unique to the BANWR Safford, AZ
  • 21.
  • 22. Typical rock contour berms at a) Indian Gardens and b) Ft. Thomas Wash contour berm a b
  • 23. Connected concentrated flow paths at Indian Gardens Rock contour berms Concentrated flow paths General direction of flow
  • 24. Ft. Thomas Wash rock contour berm with flow lines (blue) General direction of flow Profile through contour berm (yellow line) showing ~0.1m offset Red line indicates a break in the berm and associated concentrated flow path Rock contour berm
  • 25. Indian Gardens rock contour berm with concentrated flow paths through the berm indicated deposition Breached contour berm Confined, concentrated flow Rock contour berm
  • 26. Incised channel aligned with water spreader berm ends at Freeman Flat and typical channel cross section geometry. spreader berm Channel controlled by spreader berm Flow direction
  • 27. A few final thoughts Very high resolution topographic data are needed to accurately model runoff and sediment to accurately reflect the dominant hydrologic and geomorphic process controls on the landscape These landscape scale patterns are ubiquitous and pose a substantial challenge to rangeland management Consider fixing, maintaining, and/or possibly removing some structures However, there are many constraints: Funding The Historic Preservation Act Legacy construction history Changes in land use
  • 28. Thank you Thanks to the BANWR, BLM, the Altar Conservation Alliance, Chris Magirl, Nathan Sayre, and Jeremy Shaw