The Synapse
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The document discusses synaptic transmission between neurons. There are two types of synapses: electrical synapses allow direct ion flow between neurons, transmitting signals fast. Chemical synapses use neurotransmitters released into a gap and binding to receptors on the post-synaptic neuron, transmitting signals more slowly but with more complexity through different neurotransmitters. The chemical synapse process involves vesicles releasing neurotransmitters in response to an action potential, the neurotransmitters binding to receptors and opening ion channels to potentially trigger another action potential.
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Synapse
This document provides information about synapses and synaptic transmission in the central nervous system (CNS). It defines a synapse as the junction between two neurons and discusses the key anatomical structures involved, including the presynaptic terminal, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic membrane. It describes how an action potential in the presynaptic neuron leads to calcium ion influx and neurotransmitter release into the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitters then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, which can result in excitation via EPSPs or inhibition via IPSPs depending on the specific neurotransmitter and receptor type involved. Higher-level functions such as learning and memory emerge from the complex integration of signals at numerous synapses throughout the CNS neural circuits.
Synaptic transmission
this ppt shares what synapses are and how information of one neuron is transmitted to other through the synapses. it also includes the properties and plasticity of synaptic transmission
Synaptic transmission in CNS
The document discusses synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. It describes the cellular organization of the brain including neurons and support cells. It then focuses on synapses, explaining that they allow chemical communication between neurons through neurotransmitters. There are two main types of synapses - electrical synapses which allow direct electrical coupling, and chemical synapses which use chemical messengers. Chemical synapses are more numerous and involve neurotransmitters being released into the synaptic cleft, binding to receptors and causing excitation or inhibition of the postsynaptic neuron. The properties of synaptic transmission include one-way conduction, synaptic delay, fatigue, convergence and divergence, summation, and facilitation.
Physiological properties of nerve fibers
Nerve fibers have low thresholds for excitation compared to other cells. When stimulated above the threshold, nerve fibers conduct all-or-none action potentials that propagate along the fiber. Below threshold, only local electrotonic potentials occur. Myelinated fibers conduct action potentials rapidly through saltatory conduction, where the impulse jumps between nodes of Ranvier. Nerve fibers are refractory immediately after an action potential and cannot conduct another for a period.
Impulse conduction
Myelin sheaths around axons allow saltatory conduction, where action potentials "jump" from one node of Ranvier to the next. This increases conduction velocity and is more energy efficient than action potentials propagating along the entire length of the axon. At synapses, the gap between neurons is bridged by neurotransmitters releasing from the presynaptic axon and signaling to the postsynaptic dendrite of the next neuron.
Synapse
Here are the key types of mechanoreceptors and their properties:
- Cutaneous mechanoreceptors:
- Meissner's corpuscles - detect light touch and pressure on fingertips and lips. Found in dermal papillae.
- Merkel's discs - detect sustained light touch. Found just below the epidermis.
- Pacinian corpuscles - detect deep pressure and vibration. Found in dermis and connective tissue.
- Ruffini endings - detect skin stretch and joint movement. Found in dermis and connective tissue.
- Free nerve endings - detect pain. Found throughout the dermis and epidermis.
- Proprioceptors:
- Muscle spind
Nerve Impulse Conduction & Synapses
Nerve Impulse is defined as a wave of electrical chemical changes across the neuron that helps in the generation of the action potential in response to the stimulus. This transmission of a nerve impulse across the neuron membrane as a result of a change in membrane potential is known as Nerve impulse conduction.
Mechanism of Nerve Impulse Conduction
Nerve impulse conduction is a major process occurring in the body responsible for organized functions of the body. So, for conduction of nerve impulse there are two mechanisms:
Continuous conduction
Saltatory conduction
EPSP and IPSP
EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic potential that occurs when a neurotransmitter like glutamate binds to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, making its membrane permeable to sodium ions and depolarizing the neuron. IPSP is an inhibitory postsynaptic potential that occurs when GABA binds to receptors, making the membrane permeable to chloride ions and hyperpolarizing the neuron. EPSPs can summate and cause the neuron to generate an action potential, while IPSPs make action potential generation less likely. Together, the balance of EPSPs and IPSPs control whether a neuron will fire an action potential.
Recommended
Synapse
This document provides information about synapses and synaptic transmission in the central nervous system (CNS). It defines a synapse as the junction between two neurons and discusses the key anatomical structures involved, including the presynaptic terminal, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic membrane. It describes how an action potential in the presynaptic neuron leads to calcium ion influx and neurotransmitter release into the synaptic cleft. The neurotransmitters then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, which can result in excitation via EPSPs or inhibition via IPSPs depending on the specific neurotransmitter and receptor type involved. Higher-level functions such as learning and memory emerge from the complex integration of signals at numerous synapses throughout the CNS neural circuits.
Synaptic transmission
this ppt shares what synapses are and how information of one neuron is transmitted to other through the synapses. it also includes the properties and plasticity of synaptic transmission
Synaptic transmission in CNS
The document discusses synaptic transmission in the central nervous system. It describes the cellular organization of the brain including neurons and support cells. It then focuses on synapses, explaining that they allow chemical communication between neurons through neurotransmitters. There are two main types of synapses - electrical synapses which allow direct electrical coupling, and chemical synapses which use chemical messengers. Chemical synapses are more numerous and involve neurotransmitters being released into the synaptic cleft, binding to receptors and causing excitation or inhibition of the postsynaptic neuron. The properties of synaptic transmission include one-way conduction, synaptic delay, fatigue, convergence and divergence, summation, and facilitation.
Physiological properties of nerve fibers
Nerve fibers have low thresholds for excitation compared to other cells. When stimulated above the threshold, nerve fibers conduct all-or-none action potentials that propagate along the fiber. Below threshold, only local electrotonic potentials occur. Myelinated fibers conduct action potentials rapidly through saltatory conduction, where the impulse jumps between nodes of Ranvier. Nerve fibers are refractory immediately after an action potential and cannot conduct another for a period.
Impulse conduction
Myelin sheaths around axons allow saltatory conduction, where action potentials "jump" from one node of Ranvier to the next. This increases conduction velocity and is more energy efficient than action potentials propagating along the entire length of the axon. At synapses, the gap between neurons is bridged by neurotransmitters releasing from the presynaptic axon and signaling to the postsynaptic dendrite of the next neuron.
Synapse
Here are the key types of mechanoreceptors and their properties:
- Cutaneous mechanoreceptors:
- Meissner's corpuscles - detect light touch and pressure on fingertips and lips. Found in dermal papillae.
- Merkel's discs - detect sustained light touch. Found just below the epidermis.
- Pacinian corpuscles - detect deep pressure and vibration. Found in dermis and connective tissue.
- Ruffini endings - detect skin stretch and joint movement. Found in dermis and connective tissue.
- Free nerve endings - detect pain. Found throughout the dermis and epidermis.
- Proprioceptors:
- Muscle spind
Nerve Impulse Conduction & Synapses
Nerve Impulse is defined as a wave of electrical chemical changes across the neuron that helps in the generation of the action potential in response to the stimulus. This transmission of a nerve impulse across the neuron membrane as a result of a change in membrane potential is known as Nerve impulse conduction.
Mechanism of Nerve Impulse Conduction
Nerve impulse conduction is a major process occurring in the body responsible for organized functions of the body. So, for conduction of nerve impulse there are two mechanisms:
Continuous conduction
Saltatory conduction
EPSP and IPSP
EPSP is an excitatory postsynaptic potential that occurs when a neurotransmitter like glutamate binds to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, making its membrane permeable to sodium ions and depolarizing the neuron. IPSP is an inhibitory postsynaptic potential that occurs when GABA binds to receptors, making the membrane permeable to chloride ions and hyperpolarizing the neuron. EPSPs can summate and cause the neuron to generate an action potential, while IPSPs make action potential generation less likely. Together, the balance of EPSPs and IPSPs control whether a neuron will fire an action potential.
Classification and structure of synapses
Synapses can be classified by the type of cellular structures serving as the pre- and post-synaptic components. ... The axon can synapse onto a dendrite, onto a cell body, or onto another axon or axon terminal, as well as into the bloodstream or diffusely into the adjacent nervous tissue.
Nerve impulse
Nerve impulses propagate along nerve fibers via changes in electrical potential and ion flow. In non-myelinated fibers, the impulse propagates continuously as sodium ions flow into the fiber, reversing the potential and allowing potassium ions to repolarize the fiber back to resting potential. In myelinated fibers, ion channels are only present at the nodes of Ranvier, allowing the impulse to jump between nodes via saltatory conduction. Nerve impulses are transmitted unidirectionally and obey the all-or-none principle of firing only when a threshold is reached.
Action potential
1. An action potential occurs when there is a rapid change in the membrane potential of a neuron from a negative resting potential to a positive potential and then back to a negative potential. This is driven by the movement of ions across the cell membrane through voltage-gated ion channels.
2. For an action potential to be initiated, the membrane potential must be depolarized beyond the threshold potential of around -65mV. This opens voltage-gated sodium channels, allowing sodium ions to enter the cell.
3. The influx of sodium ions causes further depolarization, followed by the opening of voltage-gated potassium channels which causes repolarization back to the resting potential and then hyperpolarization below the resting potential.
The Resting Potential And The Action Potential
An action potential occurs when a neuron is stimulated enough to reach its threshold of excitation. This causes sodium channels to open, allowing sodium to rush into the neuron and depolarize it. The neuron then repolarizes as potassium leaves and the sodium-potassium pump restores the ion gradients. After an action potential, the neuron enters an absolute refractory period where it cannot fire again, followed by a relative refractory period where a stronger stimulus is needed to trigger another action potential. This process allows neurons to rapidly transmit signals down axons to synapse with other neurons.
Lecture 5 (membrane potential and action potential)
This document discusses membrane potentials and action potentials in excitable cells like neurons and muscles. It covers:
1. The resting membrane potential of -70mV that is maintained by selective permeability of potassium ions and active transport by the sodium-potassium pump.
2. How an action potential is generated when the membrane reaches its threshold voltage due to an influx of sodium ions, causing rapid depolarization. It then repolarizes as potassium ions efflux.
3. The propagation of action potentials along neurons or muscle fibers to transmit electrical signals and cause effects like muscle contraction or neurotransmitter release.
Synaptic transmission
Electrical and chemical synapses differ in their mechanisms of signal transmission between neurons. Electrical synapses allow rapid direct transmission of electrical signals through gap junction protein channels, while chemical synapses are slower but transmit signals unidirectionally via the release of neurotransmitter vesicles into the synaptic cleft. Calcium ions play a critical role in the release of neurotransmitters at chemical synapses through their interaction with proteins like synaptotagmin and the SNARE complex that facilitate vesicle fusion with the presynaptic membrane.
action potential presentation
This document provides an overview of action potentials. It defines an action potential as a change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along a muscle or nerve cell membrane. It describes how action potentials are generated by voltage-gated ion channels in the cell membrane that allow ions like sodium and potassium to flow in and out. The stages of an action potential are then outlined, including resting, depolarization, repolarization, and afterpotential stages. Examples of action potentials in neurons transmitting signals along nerves to muscles are also provided.
The synapse
1. This document summarizes the structure and function of synapses in the central nervous system. It describes the basic anatomy of neurons and synapses, different types of synapses, and classification of synapses based on anatomy and physiology.
2. Key electrical events that occur at synapses are discussed, including the release and removal of neurotransmitters and the generation of postsynaptic potentials. Different types of synaptic inhibition are also outlined.
3. The document concludes by reviewing various properties of synapses, such as convergence, divergence, synaptic plasticity and their significance for neural integration and modulation in the nervous system.
Reflex action
Reflex action provides a rapid, involuntary response to stimuli. A reflex arc consists of a sensory organ, sensory nerve, spinal cord, motor nerve, and effector organ. Reflexes can be classified as clinical, anatomical, based on number of synapses, or functional. Clinical reflexes include superficial, deep, visceral, and pathological reflexes. Anatomical reflexes are segmental, intersegmental, or suprasegmental. Reflexes also differ based on having one, two, or multiple synapses. Functional reflexes include flexor/withdrawal and extensor reflexes. Reflexes can also be unconditional or conditional.
Resting membrane potential
The resting membrane potential (RMP) refers to the stable voltage difference between the inside and outside of a cell membrane when the cell is not actively transmitting signals. The RMP results from selective permeability of ions like potassium and sodium across the membrane. At rest, the neuron's RMP is approximately -70mV due to higher intracellular potassium concentration creating a diffusion potential of -94mV, and lower intracellular sodium contributing +61mV. Additional contribution from the sodium-potassium pump, which actively transports ions against their gradients, results in the overall RMP of -90mV in neurons.
Lec 4. neuromuscular junction
The neuromuscular junction is where a motor neuron connects to a muscle fiber. When an action potential reaches the junction, calcium ions enter the neuron and cause vesicles containing acetylcholine to fuse with the membrane and release the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. Acetylcholine then binds to nicotinic receptors on the muscle fiber, causing ion channels to open and generating an endplate potential large enough to trigger an action potential in the fiber. Acetylcholinesterase quickly breaks down acetylcholine to terminate the signal. Contraction occurs when the action potential causes calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Synaptic Transmission
Synaptic transmission involves the transfer of information from the axon terminal of one neuron to the next neuron across the synaptic cleft via the release of neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are contained in vesicles and are released into the synaptic cleft upon the arrival of an action potential, where they bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, causing ion channels to open and generate postsynaptic potentials. The integration of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials determines whether the postsynaptic neuron reaches its firing threshold. Chemical synaptic transmission allows for flexibility, plasticity, and amplification of neuronal signals compared to electrical transmission.
Synapse by sunita tiwale
Synapse – Greek word –synaptein. Syn –together; aptein –clasp.
Synapse – Clasping of hands (as in hand shaking between two friends).
Site of functional continuity (transneuronal junctional complex) between two neurons.
Why need of synapse?
SYNAPSE
The document discusses the structure and function of chemical synapses. It begins by defining a synapse as the junction between two nerve cells. It then describes the key anatomical components of a chemical synapse, including the presynaptic knob, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic membrane. It explains the process of neurotransmission, including the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft, their binding to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, and the resulting postsynaptic potentials. The document also discusses inhibition at synapses, the properties of synaptic transmission, and examples of neurotransmitters.
Nerve impulse conduction
Nerve impulse conduction involves the generation and propagation of action potentials along neurons. At rest, neurons maintain a negative resting potential due to an unequal distribution of ions across the cell membrane. When stimulated, the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels causes rapid depolarization and the generation of an action potential. This potential then propagates along the axon as adjacent regions are depolarized, triggering their own action potentials. At synapses, the action potential is converted to a chemical signal via neurotransmitter release, which can then trigger a new action potential in the post-synaptic cell. Myelination and large axon diameters increase conduction velocity.
3. synapse 08-09
A synapse is the junction between neurons that allows electrical or chemical signals to pass from one cell to another. At a chemical synapse, an action potential in the presynaptic neuron causes neurotransmitters to be released into the synaptic cleft. These neurotransmitters then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, causing ion channels to open and potentially triggering an action potential in that cell. Precise transmission of signals across synapses is crucial for normal nervous system function.
Synapses by Dr Pandian M .
Synapse is the junction between two neurons. It
is not an anatomical continuation.
But, it is only a physiological continuity between two nerve cells.
ACTION POTENTIAL - IONIC BASIS AND RECORDING
The document discusses the ionic basis and recording of action potentials. It begins with an introduction to excitable tissues and how they generate electrical signals. It then covers the history of discoveries in this area including Galvani's work in the 18th century and seminal contributions from Hodgkin, Huxley, Eccles and Neher and Sakmann who won the Nobel Prize. The document discusses the resting membrane potential and how it is maintained, as well as graded and action potentials. It details the ionic basis of the action potential involving sodium, potassium and other ion channels. Finally, it addresses recording techniques, types of action potentials, and some applied aspects and clinical correlates.
Properties of nerve fiber by Pandian M, Dept Physiology DYPMCKOP, this ppt fo...
Describe the types, functions & properties of nerve fibres
3.2.1 Classify nerve fibres
3.2.2 Classify nerve fibres based on the diameter & conduction velocity
3.2.3 Describe the salient features of Erlanger & Gasser
classification of nerve fibres
3.2.4 State the functions of type A, B & C nerve fibres
3.2.5 Compare & contrast the numerical classification with the
Erlanger & Gasser classification in the sensory nerve fibres
General Physiology - Action potential
The document summarizes membrane potentials and action potentials in nerve cells. It discusses:
1) The concentration gradients that give rise to resting membrane potentials via the Nernst equation and Goldman equation. Key ions like sodium, potassium and chloride contribute to a resting potential of around -90mV.
2) How action potentials are initiated when the membrane reaches a threshold potential, causing voltage-gated sodium channels to open and depolarize the membrane. Potassium channels then open to repolarize the membrane.
3) The roles of other ions like calcium and various ion pumps and channels in maintaining resting potentials and propagating action potentials down nerve fibers via saltatory conduction. Action potentials rely on precise ion concentration gradients maintained
Synapse
A synapse is a junction between two neurons that allows nerve impulses to be transmitted chemically or electrically. In a chemical synapse, an action potential causes calcium ions to enter the presynaptic neuron, triggering vesicles filled with neurotransmitters like acetylcholine to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release their contents into the synaptic cleft. These neurotransmitters then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, causing ion channels to open and generating a postsynaptic potential that may be excitatory or inhibitory. Acetylcholine is removed from the synaptic cleft by diffusion and enzymatic breakdown to terminate its effect and allow subsequent impulses to be transmitted.
Synapses
Synapses are junctions between neurons that allow for communication through either electrical or chemical transmission. Anatomically, synapses can be classified based on where the axon of one neuron connects to the other neuron, such as onto the cell body, dendrite, or axon. Functionally, synapses are either electrical, using gap junctions, or chemical, using neurotransmitters. Chemically, synapses can be excitatory or inhibitory based on the neurotransmitters released, with excitatory synapses transmitting impulses and inhibitory synapses inhibiting transmission. Key properties of synapses include one-way conduction, synaptic delay, fatigue due to depletion of neurotransmitters, summation effects from multiple stimulations, and the generation of
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Classification and structure of synapses
Synapses can be classified by the type of cellular structures serving as the pre- and post-synaptic components. ... The axon can synapse onto a dendrite, onto a cell body, or onto another axon or axon terminal, as well as into the bloodstream or diffusely into the adjacent nervous tissue.
Nerve impulse
Nerve impulses propagate along nerve fibers via changes in electrical potential and ion flow. In non-myelinated fibers, the impulse propagates continuously as sodium ions flow into the fiber, reversing the potential and allowing potassium ions to repolarize the fiber back to resting potential. In myelinated fibers, ion channels are only present at the nodes of Ranvier, allowing the impulse to jump between nodes via saltatory conduction. Nerve impulses are transmitted unidirectionally and obey the all-or-none principle of firing only when a threshold is reached.
Action potential
1. An action potential occurs when there is a rapid change in the membrane potential of a neuron from a negative resting potential to a positive potential and then back to a negative potential. This is driven by the movement of ions across the cell membrane through voltage-gated ion channels.
2. For an action potential to be initiated, the membrane potential must be depolarized beyond the threshold potential of around -65mV. This opens voltage-gated sodium channels, allowing sodium ions to enter the cell.
3. The influx of sodium ions causes further depolarization, followed by the opening of voltage-gated potassium channels which causes repolarization back to the resting potential and then hyperpolarization below the resting potential.
The Resting Potential And The Action Potential
An action potential occurs when a neuron is stimulated enough to reach its threshold of excitation. This causes sodium channels to open, allowing sodium to rush into the neuron and depolarize it. The neuron then repolarizes as potassium leaves and the sodium-potassium pump restores the ion gradients. After an action potential, the neuron enters an absolute refractory period where it cannot fire again, followed by a relative refractory period where a stronger stimulus is needed to trigger another action potential. This process allows neurons to rapidly transmit signals down axons to synapse with other neurons.
Lecture 5 (membrane potential and action potential)
This document discusses membrane potentials and action potentials in excitable cells like neurons and muscles. It covers:
1. The resting membrane potential of -70mV that is maintained by selective permeability of potassium ions and active transport by the sodium-potassium pump.
2. How an action potential is generated when the membrane reaches its threshold voltage due to an influx of sodium ions, causing rapid depolarization. It then repolarizes as potassium ions efflux.
3. The propagation of action potentials along neurons or muscle fibers to transmit electrical signals and cause effects like muscle contraction or neurotransmitter release.
Synaptic transmission
Electrical and chemical synapses differ in their mechanisms of signal transmission between neurons. Electrical synapses allow rapid direct transmission of electrical signals through gap junction protein channels, while chemical synapses are slower but transmit signals unidirectionally via the release of neurotransmitter vesicles into the synaptic cleft. Calcium ions play a critical role in the release of neurotransmitters at chemical synapses through their interaction with proteins like synaptotagmin and the SNARE complex that facilitate vesicle fusion with the presynaptic membrane.
action potential presentation
This document provides an overview of action potentials. It defines an action potential as a change in electrical potential associated with the passage of an impulse along a muscle or nerve cell membrane. It describes how action potentials are generated by voltage-gated ion channels in the cell membrane that allow ions like sodium and potassium to flow in and out. The stages of an action potential are then outlined, including resting, depolarization, repolarization, and afterpotential stages. Examples of action potentials in neurons transmitting signals along nerves to muscles are also provided.
The synapse
1. This document summarizes the structure and function of synapses in the central nervous system. It describes the basic anatomy of neurons and synapses, different types of synapses, and classification of synapses based on anatomy and physiology.
2. Key electrical events that occur at synapses are discussed, including the release and removal of neurotransmitters and the generation of postsynaptic potentials. Different types of synaptic inhibition are also outlined.
3. The document concludes by reviewing various properties of synapses, such as convergence, divergence, synaptic plasticity and their significance for neural integration and modulation in the nervous system.
Reflex action
Reflex action provides a rapid, involuntary response to stimuli. A reflex arc consists of a sensory organ, sensory nerve, spinal cord, motor nerve, and effector organ. Reflexes can be classified as clinical, anatomical, based on number of synapses, or functional. Clinical reflexes include superficial, deep, visceral, and pathological reflexes. Anatomical reflexes are segmental, intersegmental, or suprasegmental. Reflexes also differ based on having one, two, or multiple synapses. Functional reflexes include flexor/withdrawal and extensor reflexes. Reflexes can also be unconditional or conditional.
Resting membrane potential
The resting membrane potential (RMP) refers to the stable voltage difference between the inside and outside of a cell membrane when the cell is not actively transmitting signals. The RMP results from selective permeability of ions like potassium and sodium across the membrane. At rest, the neuron's RMP is approximately -70mV due to higher intracellular potassium concentration creating a diffusion potential of -94mV, and lower intracellular sodium contributing +61mV. Additional contribution from the sodium-potassium pump, which actively transports ions against their gradients, results in the overall RMP of -90mV in neurons.
Lec 4. neuromuscular junction
The neuromuscular junction is where a motor neuron connects to a muscle fiber. When an action potential reaches the junction, calcium ions enter the neuron and cause vesicles containing acetylcholine to fuse with the membrane and release the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. Acetylcholine then binds to nicotinic receptors on the muscle fiber, causing ion channels to open and generating an endplate potential large enough to trigger an action potential in the fiber. Acetylcholinesterase quickly breaks down acetylcholine to terminate the signal. Contraction occurs when the action potential causes calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Synaptic Transmission
Synaptic transmission involves the transfer of information from the axon terminal of one neuron to the next neuron across the synaptic cleft via the release of neurotransmitters. Neurotransmitters are contained in vesicles and are released into the synaptic cleft upon the arrival of an action potential, where they bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, causing ion channels to open and generate postsynaptic potentials. The integration of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials determines whether the postsynaptic neuron reaches its firing threshold. Chemical synaptic transmission allows for flexibility, plasticity, and amplification of neuronal signals compared to electrical transmission.
Synapse by sunita tiwale
Synapse – Greek word –synaptein. Syn –together; aptein –clasp.
Synapse – Clasping of hands (as in hand shaking between two friends).
Site of functional continuity (transneuronal junctional complex) between two neurons.
Why need of synapse?
SYNAPSE
The document discusses the structure and function of chemical synapses. It begins by defining a synapse as the junction between two nerve cells. It then describes the key anatomical components of a chemical synapse, including the presynaptic knob, synaptic cleft, and postsynaptic membrane. It explains the process of neurotransmission, including the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft, their binding to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, and the resulting postsynaptic potentials. The document also discusses inhibition at synapses, the properties of synaptic transmission, and examples of neurotransmitters.
Nerve impulse conduction
Nerve impulse conduction involves the generation and propagation of action potentials along neurons. At rest, neurons maintain a negative resting potential due to an unequal distribution of ions across the cell membrane. When stimulated, the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels causes rapid depolarization and the generation of an action potential. This potential then propagates along the axon as adjacent regions are depolarized, triggering their own action potentials. At synapses, the action potential is converted to a chemical signal via neurotransmitter release, which can then trigger a new action potential in the post-synaptic cell. Myelination and large axon diameters increase conduction velocity.
3. synapse 08-09
A synapse is the junction between neurons that allows electrical or chemical signals to pass from one cell to another. At a chemical synapse, an action potential in the presynaptic neuron causes neurotransmitters to be released into the synaptic cleft. These neurotransmitters then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, causing ion channels to open and potentially triggering an action potential in that cell. Precise transmission of signals across synapses is crucial for normal nervous system function.
Synapses by Dr Pandian M .
Synapse is the junction between two neurons. It
is not an anatomical continuation.
But, it is only a physiological continuity between two nerve cells.
ACTION POTENTIAL - IONIC BASIS AND RECORDING
The document discusses the ionic basis and recording of action potentials. It begins with an introduction to excitable tissues and how they generate electrical signals. It then covers the history of discoveries in this area including Galvani's work in the 18th century and seminal contributions from Hodgkin, Huxley, Eccles and Neher and Sakmann who won the Nobel Prize. The document discusses the resting membrane potential and how it is maintained, as well as graded and action potentials. It details the ionic basis of the action potential involving sodium, potassium and other ion channels. Finally, it addresses recording techniques, types of action potentials, and some applied aspects and clinical correlates.
Properties of nerve fiber by Pandian M, Dept Physiology DYPMCKOP, this ppt fo...
Describe the types, functions & properties of nerve fibres
3.2.1 Classify nerve fibres
3.2.2 Classify nerve fibres based on the diameter & conduction velocity
3.2.3 Describe the salient features of Erlanger & Gasser
classification of nerve fibres
3.2.4 State the functions of type A, B & C nerve fibres
3.2.5 Compare & contrast the numerical classification with the
Erlanger & Gasser classification in the sensory nerve fibres
General Physiology - Action potential
The document summarizes membrane potentials and action potentials in nerve cells. It discusses:
1) The concentration gradients that give rise to resting membrane potentials via the Nernst equation and Goldman equation. Key ions like sodium, potassium and chloride contribute to a resting potential of around -90mV.
2) How action potentials are initiated when the membrane reaches a threshold potential, causing voltage-gated sodium channels to open and depolarize the membrane. Potassium channels then open to repolarize the membrane.
3) The roles of other ions like calcium and various ion pumps and channels in maintaining resting potentials and propagating action potentials down nerve fibers via saltatory conduction. Action potentials rely on precise ion concentration gradients maintained
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Lecture 5 (membrane potential and action potential)
Lecture 5 (membrane potential and action potential)
Properties of nerve fiber by Pandian M, Dept Physiology DYPMCKOP, this ppt fo...
Properties of nerve fiber by Pandian M, Dept Physiology DYPMCKOP, this ppt fo...
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Synapse
A synapse is a junction between two neurons that allows nerve impulses to be transmitted chemically or electrically. In a chemical synapse, an action potential causes calcium ions to enter the presynaptic neuron, triggering vesicles filled with neurotransmitters like acetylcholine to fuse with the presynaptic membrane and release their contents into the synaptic cleft. These neurotransmitters then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, causing ion channels to open and generating a postsynaptic potential that may be excitatory or inhibitory. Acetylcholine is removed from the synaptic cleft by diffusion and enzymatic breakdown to terminate its effect and allow subsequent impulses to be transmitted.
Synapses
Synapses are junctions between neurons that allow for communication through either electrical or chemical transmission. Anatomically, synapses can be classified based on where the axon of one neuron connects to the other neuron, such as onto the cell body, dendrite, or axon. Functionally, synapses are either electrical, using gap junctions, or chemical, using neurotransmitters. Chemically, synapses can be excitatory or inhibitory based on the neurotransmitters released, with excitatory synapses transmitting impulses and inhibitory synapses inhibiting transmission. Key properties of synapses include one-way conduction, synaptic delay, fatigue due to depletion of neurotransmitters, summation effects from multiple stimulations, and the generation of
Action potential
This document provides an overview of the nervous system, including classifications of neurons, their properties, and how nerve impulses are transmitted. Neurons are classified as myelinated or unmyelinated. Their key properties include excitability, conduction, transmission, integration and plasticity. The resting membrane potential is established by ion gradients maintaining different electrical charges on either side of the neuronal membrane. An action potential is initiated by the movement of ions across the membrane when it is stimulated. Neurotransmitters are released at synapses to transmit signals between neurons and elicit excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials.
The synapse
This document provides an overview of synapses, including their definition, structure, function, types of transmission (electrical vs. chemical), neurotransmitters, and various properties like synaptic delay, fatigue, summation, and more. It discusses excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters and how convergence and divergence allow signals to be dispersed or combined. Clinical implications are that problems with synaptic transmission can cause diseases like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.
Action potential
An action potential occurs when a neuron fires, sending an electrical signal down its axon. It is triggered when the membrane potential reaches a threshold of around -55 mV due to sodium ions rushing into the cell. This depolarizes the neuron to 0 mV. Then, potassium ions exit the cell, repolarizing it back below the resting potential of -70 mV. The influx and efflux of ions is due to the specific opening and closing of sodium and potassium channels. This process results in a consistent action potential amplitude regardless of the strength of the stimulus, following the all-or-none principle.
Action potential
1. An action potential, or nerve impulse, occurs when a neuron reaches its threshold level and is stimulated to send a message along its axon.
2. The action potential involves two steps - depolarization, where sodium ions rush into the neuron, reversing the charge; and repolarization, where potassium ions rush out, restoring the charge.
3. After repolarization, the sodium-potassium pump restores the ion concentrations to prepare the neuron to fire again if stimulated. Myelin insulation allows the impulse to jump from node to node, speeding up conduction.
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This document discusses neurophysiology and summarizes key aspects of nerve cells and signal transmission. It describes the basic anatomy of neurons including the cell body, dendrites, axon, and synaptic terminals. It explains how myelin sheaths insulate neurons and how synapses facilitate chemical transmission between neurons. It also summarizes how nerve impulses are generated through changes in ion permeability and the roles of sodium-potassium pumps in restoring polarization.
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The document summarizes how an action potential is passed from one neuron to another cell at a synapse. When an action potential reaches the end of a neuron, it is converted to a chemical signal using neurotransmitters that cross the synaptic cleft and can generate a new action potential in the receiving cell. Chemical synapses are the most common type and allow complex information processing as neurons can secrete different neurotransmitters that are received by other neurons.
components of the xray machine- xray tube
They are produced when high-velocity electrons collide with the metal plates, thereby giving the energy as the X-Rays and themselves absorbed by the metal plate.
The X-Ray beam travels through the air and comes in contact with the body tissues, and produces an image on a metal film.
Soft tissue like organs and skin, cannot absorb the high-energy rays, and the beam passes through them.
Dense materials inside our bodies, like bones, absorb the radiation.he X-Rays properties are given below:
They have a shorter wavelength of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Requires high voltage to produce X-Rays.
They are used to capture the human skeleton defects.
They travel in a straight line and do not carry an electric charge with them.
They are capable of travelling in a vacuum.Medical science recognizes different types of X-Rays. A few important types of X-Rays are given in the points below.
Standard Computed Tomography
Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder X-ray
Teeth and bones X-rays
Chest X-rays
Lungs X-rays
Abdomen X-rays
Chap_9_Control__Coordination_(2).pptx
- Nervous systems have evolved from simple nerve nets in early multicellular organisms like Hydra to more complex ganglionated and centralized systems in organisms like Planaria and humans.
- The basic unit of the nervous system is the neuron, which contains a cell body and extensions called dendrites and axons. Neurons communicate via synapses using electrical or chemical signals.
- Nervous systems allow for rapid coordinated responses in animals through electrical signaling. Over time, nervous systems have become more centralized and specialized to control increasingly complex organismal functions.
synapse.pdf
This document provides an overview of synapses, including their definition, structure, function, types of transmission (electrical vs. chemical), neurotransmitters, and various properties like synaptic delay, fatigue, summation, and more. It discusses excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters and how convergence and divergence allow signals to be dispersed or combined. Clinical implications are that problems with synaptic transmission can cause diseases like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's.
Lect 4-synapse-8-
1) A synapse is a junction that transmits signals between neurons. It contains a presynaptic terminal that releases neurotransmitters and a postsynaptic membrane with receptors.
2) When an action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal, calcium ions enter and cause neurotransmitter vesicles to fuse and release their contents across the synaptic cleft.
3) Neurotransmitters bind to and open ion channels on the postsynaptic membrane, producing an electrical effect that may trigger another action potential.
The+Nervous+System
This document provides an overview of the main components and functions of the nervous system, including neurons, action potentials, and synaptic transmission. It discusses the central nervous system and brain anatomy, as well as some common neurological disorders. Key topics covered include the structure and roles of dendrites, axons, myelin sheaths, and nodes of Ranvier in neurons. It also explains concepts such as the resting potential, depolarization, and how action potentials are generated and propagated. Synaptic transmission and summation are summarized. The main parts and functions of the brain are outlined.
The+ Nervous+ System
This document provides an overview of the main components and functions of the nervous system, including neurons, action potentials, and synaptic transmission. It discusses the central nervous system and brain anatomy, as well as some common neurological disorders. Key topics covered include the structure and roles of dendrites, axons, myelin sheaths, and nodes of Ranvier in neurons. It also explains concepts such as the resting potential, depolarization, and how action potentials are generated and propagated. Synaptic transmission and summation are summarized. The main parts and functions of the brain are outlined.
Nerve impulse transmission
The transmission of nerve impulses occurs via electrical or chemical synapses. At an electrical synapse, there is direct continuity between neurons via gap junctions that allow the free movement of ions, allowing for very fast impulse transmission. At a chemical synapse, neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron into the synaptic cleft upon an action potential arrival. The neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, causing ion channels to open and potentially triggering another action potential. Common neurotransmitters include acetylcholine, norepinephrine, GABA, and others.
Neurons
1) Neurons communicate with each other via electrical and chemical signals. Electrical signals allow for faster transmission than just chemical signals alone.
2) The basic parts of a neuron include dendrites that receive signals, an axon that conducts signals, and axon terminals that transmit signals to other cells at synapses. Some neurons have a fatty myelin sheath that insulates the axon and speeds transmission.
3) Neurons maintain a voltage difference across their cell membranes called the membrane potential. An "action potential" is generated when the membrane potential rapidly changes, propagating a nerve impulse down the axon via voltage-gated ion channels.
Neuromuscular junction and synapses by DR.IRUM
The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the connection between a motor neuron and skeletal muscle fiber. At the NMJ, the motor neuron terminal releases acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft, which binds to acetylcholine receptors on the muscle fiber membrane. This opens ion channels and generates an endplate potential in the muscle fiber, causing it to contract. Key aspects of the NMJ include synaptic vesicles containing acetylcholine, voltage-gated calcium channels that trigger vesicle fusion and release, and densely packed acetylcholine receptors in the subneural cleft that respond to the neurotransmitter.
Presentation EXCITABLE TISSUES.pptx
This document defines excitable tissues as nerve and muscle tissues that can receive and respond to stimuli. It describes the structure and function of neurons, including their different parts like dendrites, cell body, axon, and synaptic knobs. It explains how action potentials are generated through changes in ion channel permeability, and how they propagate along axons. It also describes how neurons communicate through chemical synaptic transmission, releasing neurotransmitters that can induce excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials.
Chapter2
1. Neurons transmit information through electrical and chemical signals, while glia provide support. The neuron has an axon that transmits signals and dendrites that receive signals.
2. At rest, the neuron's membrane maintains a negative charge inside the cell. An action potential is generated when the membrane depolarizes past a threshold, causing an all-or-none signal to propagate along the axon.
3. Neurotransmission occurs at synapses, where a presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitters that may excite or inhibit the postsynaptic cell, generating graded potentials that integrate to determine whether an action potential occurs.
Nervous System
The document summarizes key aspects of the nervous system, including:
- The central nervous system (CNS) comprises the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system is outside the CNS.
- The nervous system allows for integration of functions in the body and communication between neurons through electrical and chemical signals.
- Neurons have cell bodies and long processes called dendrites and axons that receive and transmit signals via synapses between neurons.
Synapses
Synapses consist of a presynaptic ending containing neurotransmitters, a postsynaptic ending containing receptor sites, and a synaptic cleft between them. An action potential cannot cross the cleft; instead, neurotransmitters are released from vesicles in the presynaptic ending and diffuse across the cleft to bind to receptors in the postsynaptic ending. This may initiate an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron. Synapses allow neurons to communicate via chemical signaling and integrate inputs from multiple neurons.
Nervous system and sense organs
The document discusses the nervous system and sense organs. It begins by describing the basic functions and components of the nervous system, including neurons, action potentials, and synapses. It then provides details on the types of neurons, glial cells, and how the resting membrane potential and action potentials work. The document also discusses the evolution of nervous systems in invertebrates and vertebrates. It concludes by describing the peripheral nervous system and different types of sense organs.
NEURAL TRANSMISSION ppt
This document discusses the physiology of neural transmission in the nervous system. It begins by defining neurons as the basic functional units that transmit electrical and chemical signals. It describes the basic structure of neurons including the cell body, dendrites, axon and synapses. It then explains how neurons generate and propagate electrical signals called action potentials down the axon. It discusses the processes involved in synaptic transmission including the release and binding of neurotransmitters and the generation of excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. Finally, it lists some major neurotransmitters in the nervous system like acetylcholine, dopamine and GABA.
synaptictransmission-091111081952-phpapp02-Compatibility-Mode.pdf
Synaptic transmission allows neurons to communicate with each other via either electrical or chemical synapses. At chemical synapses, an action potential causes neurotransmitters to be released from the presynaptic neuron. These neurotransmitters then bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, causing ion channels to open and generate electrical signals. The integration of these signals determines whether the postsynaptic neuron fires an action potential. Neurotransmission provides flexibility that allows for complex neuronal processing and behaviors.
Communication and Homeostasis (Part two)
Sensory receptors detect changes in the environment and transmit this information as nerve impulses along neurons. At synapses, neurotransmitters are released by the presynaptic neuron and bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, generating an action potential if the threshold is reached. Myelination speeds up signal transmission along long neurons. Communication between neurons allows homeostasis to be maintained.
Introduction to the nervous system and nerve tissue[1]
The document discusses the structure and function of the nervous system. It describes three basic functions: sensory functions, integrative functions, and motor functions. Each function has a corresponding functional unit of neurons. The nervous system is organized into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) to carry out these three functions. The CNS contains gray matter with neuron cell bodies and white matter with axon tracts. A basic neuron has a cell body, dendrites that receive stimuli, and an axon that transmits signals. Communication between neurons occurs at synapses via neurotransmitters.
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Introduction to the nervous system and nerve tissue[1]
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6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
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The Synapse
- 1. THE SYNAPSE Where the electrical signal becomes chemical
- 2. Nervous System Divisions We discussed the nervous system as an input-output device both on the cellular level and system level Remember that there are three types of neural cells: sensory neurons take in signals interneurons process signals motor neurons send out signals
- 3. Synaptic transmission: communication between neurons
- 4. The synapse is the meeting point between two neurons. The outgoing signal from the presynaptic neuron is passed to the postsynaptic neuron. The signal comes from the presynaptic (axon / dendrite) and goes into the postsynaptic (axon / dendrite)
- 5. There are two kinds of synapses that connect neurons. Electrical synapses are direct connections between neurons. Chemical synapses are small gaps between neurons where chemicals are triggered to diffuse. Electrical vs. Chemical Synapses
- 6. Electrical vs. Chemical Synapses
- 7. Electrical Synapses Pores connect the two cells. Ions from the presynaptic action potential diffuse directly into the postsynaptic neuron. These signals are transmitted fast!
- 8. Chemical Synapse When the action potential reaches the synapse, it triggers the release of little bubbles called vesicles. The vesicles contain chemical signals called neurotransmitters. They are bigger, and diffuse slower, than ions. Neurotransmitters must be received by specific receptors in the post-synaptic neuron.
- 9. Chemical Synapse 1. Action potential in presynaptic neuron. 2. Vesicle release is triggered. 3. Neurotransmitters release into synapse. 4. Neurotransmitters bind to receptors. 5. Ion channels are triggered to open.
- 10. 1. Action potential arrives at terminal button Membrane receptor for neurotransmitter Vesicle storing neurotransmitter © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
- 11. Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+ Ca2+ 2. Vesicles fuse with membrane 3. Neurotransmitter is released; diffuses across gap. © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
- 12. 5. Ion channels are triggered to open 4. Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
- 13. 7. Neurotransmitter destroyed by enzymes in the cleft. Stops signal being perpetuated. 6. Action potential generated which travels down the postsynaptic cell. © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
- 15. Why Chemical Synapses? Chemical synapses are slower than electrical synapses, so why does our body rely on them? Check out your handout on neurotransmitters to see some ideas.