The document discusses synaptic transmission between neurons. There are two types of synapses: electrical synapses allow direct ion flow between neurons, transmitting signals fast. Chemical synapses use neurotransmitters released into a gap and binding to receptors on the post-synaptic neuron, transmitting signals more slowly but with more complexity through different neurotransmitters. The chemical synapse process involves vesicles releasing neurotransmitters in response to an action potential, the neurotransmitters binding to receptors and opening ion channels to potentially trigger another action potential.

1. THE SYNAPSE
Where the electrical
signal becomes
chemical

2. Nervous System Divisions
 We discussed the nervous system as
an input-output device both on the
cellular level and system level
 Remember that there are three types
of neural cells:
sensory neurons take in signals
interneurons process signals
motor neurons send out signals

3. Synaptic transmission: communication between neurons

4.  The synapse is the meeting
point between two neurons.
 The outgoing signal from the
presynaptic neuron is
passed to the postsynaptic
neuron.
 The signal comes from the
presynaptic (axon / dendrite)
and goes into the postsynaptic
(axon / dendrite)

5.  There are two kinds of synapses that
connect neurons.
 Electrical synapses are direct connections
between neurons.
 Chemical synapses are small gaps
between neurons where chemicals are
triggered to diffuse.
Electrical vs. Chemical Synapses

6. Electrical vs. Chemical Synapses

7. Electrical Synapses
 Pores connect the
two cells.
 Ions from the
presynaptic action
potential diffuse
directly into the
postsynaptic neuron.
 These signals are
transmitted fast!

8. Chemical Synapse
 When the action potential reaches the synapse,
it triggers the release of little bubbles called
vesicles.
 The vesicles contain chemical signals called
neurotransmitters. They are bigger, and
diffuse slower, than ions.
 Neurotransmitters must be received by specific
receptors in the post-synaptic neuron.

9. Chemical Synapse
1. Action potential in presynaptic neuron.
2. Vesicle release is triggered.
3. Neurotransmitters release into synapse.
4. Neurotransmitters bind to receptors.
5. Ion channels are triggered to open.

10. 1. Action potential arrives at
terminal button
Membrane receptor
for neurotransmitter
Vesicle storing
neurotransmitter
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

11. Ca2+
Ca2+
Ca2+
Ca2+
2. Vesicles fuse
with membrane
3. Neurotransmitter is
released; diffuses across
gap.
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

12. 5. Ion channels are
triggered to open
4. Neurotransmitter
binds to receptors on
the postsynaptic neuron
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

13. 7. Neurotransmitter
destroyed by
enzymes in the cleft.
Stops signal being
perpetuated.
6. Action potential
generated which
travels down the
postsynaptic cell.
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

15. Why Chemical Synapses?
 Chemical synapses are slower than
electrical synapses, so why does our
body rely on them?
 Check out your handout on
neurotransmitters to see some ideas.