The document outlines the programme of the Popular Front coalition in Spain which committed to granting amnesty to those convicted of political crimes after 1933, compensating victims of revolutionary events, and restoring the Constitution if elected. However, the Republican parties did not fully accept proposals from the Socialist Party to nationalize land or implement full labor control. The Popular Front programme instead focused on restoring earlier social legislation around wages, education, and other institutions if they won the 1936 elections.
The Pubbliche Assistenze, Italian Associations that provided assistance to the general public, began to form in 1860. Inspired by solidaristic ideals and acting on the belief that people should help one another as brothers and sisters, they were free, secular and democratic associations of volunteers open to anyone’s participation.
rise of nationalism in Europe Full Researched PdfClevstudy
Class 10 Social Science: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Notes
The French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation
.The measures and practices introduced by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of
collective identity amongst the French people:
.The ideas of La Patrie (the fatherland) and Le Citoyen (the citizen) emphasized the notion of a
united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
.A new French flag, the tricolor, was chosen to replace the former Royal Standard.
.The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National
Assembly.
.New hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated all in the name of the
nation.
.A centralized administrative system was introduced and it formulated uniform laws for all
citizens.
.Internal customs duties and dues were abolished and a uniform system of weights and
measures was adopted.
.Regional dialects were discouraged and French became the common language of the nation.
The impact of Napoleonic reforms was:
. Napoleon destroyed democracy in France.
.The administrative field was made rational and efficient.
.The Civil Code of 1804 (Napoleonic Code) did away with all the privileges based on birth,
established equality before the law, and secured the right to property.
.In the Dutch Republic, Switzerland, Italy, and Germany, Napoleon simplified the administrative
divisions, abolished the feudal system, and freed the peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
.In the towns, guild restrictions were removed.
.Transport and communication systems were improved.
.Napoleon’s invasions were resented in several countries due to:
.Increased taxation
.Censorship
.Forced conscription into the French armies
Political structure of Europe
.Socially and politically, a landed aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent.
.The members of this class were united by a common way of life.
.They owned estates in the countryside and also townhouses.
.They spoke French for purposes of diplomacy and in high society.
.Their families were often connected by ties of marriage.
.This powerful aristocracy was, however, numerically a small group. (the majority was the
peasantry)
The New Middle Class
.In Western and parts of Central Europe, the growth of industrial production and trade meant the
growth of towns and the emergence of commercial classes whose existence was based on
production for the market.
.In the wake of industrialization, new social groups came into being: a working-class population
and a middle class made up of industrialists, businessmen, and professionals.
.It was among the educated, liberal middle classes that ideas of national unity following the
abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity.
Liberal Nationalism
.Liberalism in the early 19th century stood for freedom for the individual and equality for all
before the law for the new middle classes.
.Politically, it emphasized the concept of government by consent.
.It stoo.... Read More in Document
he dictatorship after the civil war in Spain, between 1939-1975. Antidemocratic systems.
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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The Programme of the Popular Front
1. THE SECOND SPANISH REPUBLIC
The Programme of the Popular Front – 1936
BILINGUAL PROGRAMME
Subject: History of Spain
History teacher: Carmen Molina Povea
Language assistant: Georgina Townley
2. The Programme of the Popular Front
The parties in coalition commit themselves: to give comprehensive amnesty by law to the
sociopolitical crimes committed after November 1933.
They will pass a law that will compensate the families of victims of revolutionary events…
the appropriate reparations for the damage to these people…
They will restore the empire of the Constitution.
The Republicans do not accept the beginning of nationalization of the land and the free
surrender of the land to the peasants, as requested by the delegates of the Socialist Party…
The Republican parties do not accept labour control as requested by the Socialist
representation. They agree to: restore social legislation to the purity of it’s beginnings…
rectify the process of demolishing wages in rural areas, true hunger wages, fixing mínimum
wages…
They will encourage, with the rhythm of the first years of the Republic, the creation of
schools for primary education, the establishment of canteens, school communities and the
rest of the complementary institutions… Programme of the Popular Front, 15th of January Programme of the Popular Front, 15th of January
19361936
3. Questions:
1. Whose programme was aproved on the 15th
of January 1936?
2. Who will be compensated by the law that the Popular Front will pass if they win the
1936 elections?
3. Which parties don't agree with some of the proposed measures?
4. What measures regarding agriculture will the Popular Front politicians aprove if
they win the elections?
5. What measures will the Popular Front encourage regarding education?
6. What does the Popular Front mean when they say on their programme that ”they
will restores the empire of the Constitution?
7. When were the elections in 1936 and what were the results?
8. Could the Popular Front developed their programme?
