Spain had a long history as an imperial power from 1498-1898 but experienced delayed modernization compared to other European nations. Various ideologies like liberalism, anarchism, and socialism emerged in response. The Second Republic from 1931-1936 attempted to establish a representative democracy but economic crisis and political extremism led to popular discontent. A civil war from 1936-1939 deeply divided Spain along social, political, and economic lines, as well as ideological lines of internationalism versus conservatism. Francisco Franco then rose to power and consolidated his dictatorship through 1940s repression of regional cultures and political opponents.

1. Spain´s Historical Roots

2. A Dream of Empire The sun that never set- 1498-1898

3. -XIXth Century- Spain is different! Delayed Modern development -Enlightenment´s weak penetration -Industrialization: Bilbao & Barcelona - Nationalisms and Regional forces Ideologies: Liberalism, Anarchism, Socialism, and Communism Spainsh-American War 1898: Regeneration

4. Miguel Primo de Rivera 1920-30 National Unity and Regeneration from above Main Features: Paternalism Populism Machismo Political Amateurism

6. The Second Republic 1931-36 ¨ La niña bonita ¨ 1st real attempt at representative democracy Counters European trends Economic crisis and political extremism High expectations cause popular disenchantment.

7. Spanish Civil War: 1936-39 A Civil Conflict Deep social, political, and economic divisions existed in Spain. An Ideological Conflict Internationalism vs. Conservativism An International Conflict Involvement of USSR, Fascist Italy & Germany

8. NATIONALISTS Church Military Landowning classes Commercial classes Monarchists

9. REPUBLICANS Socialists Communists Anarchists Regionalists Left Republicans

11. Francisco Franco´s Dictatorship Rise to Power and Consolidation Modernist / Traditional Repression of Regional Cultures & Political Oponents Cult of leadership Autarky- Years of Hunger 40´s Pact of Madrid 1953- USA and Spain Economic Miracle 1961-73: Opus Dei- Technocrats

12. Francisco Franco´s Legacy Myths of Franco -Saviour of Spain -World War II Spanish political culture -Authoritarian past -Political Passivity -Attempted elimination of radicalisation/polarisation