The document provides historical context on the establishment of the Second Spanish Republic from 1931-1939. It discusses key events like the proclamation of the republic, the 1931 constitution that established Spain as a secular state, and symbols of the new republic like the flag and national anthem. It also summarizes the Republican-Azañista biennium from 1931-1933 when important reforms were passed regarding agrarian reform, labor laws, the military, religion, and autonomy for Catalonia. Overall, the document outlines the major political, economic, and social developments during the Second Spanish Republic.
The document summarizes key events in Spain from 1931 to 1936 that led to the Spanish Civil War. A provisional government was established in 1931 after republican parties united. Reforms were implemented under progressive governments from 1931-1933 including work, agrarian, and regional autonomy reforms. However, conservative forces opposed the reforms and there were failed coup attempts. From 1933-1936, a more conservative government rolled back some reforms. Tensions increased with events like the Asturias Revolution in 1934 and revolt in Barcelona in 1934. By 1936, political radicalization and confrontation in the streets increased polarization between left and right, setting the stage for the civil war.
The document summarizes the history of the Spanish Second Republic from 1931 to 1936. Key events include the overthrow of the monarchy in 1931 and establishment of the democratic republic, the progressive constitution of 1931, a period of leftist reform from 1931-1933 followed by a conservative backlash from 1933-1936 under the Radical-CEDA government, and rising tensions that led to the Popular Front election victory in 1936 and military coup planned shortly thereafter that plunged Spain into civil war.
1. In the late 19th century, Spain experienced political instability and unrest due to authoritarian governments that did not enact democratic reforms. This led to a revolution in 1868 and the establishment of a short-lived republic in 1873.
2. Political stability returned under King Alfonso XII in 1874, beginning the Restoration period. However, this was still not a true democracy, and elections were manipulated. Industrialization began in this time.
3. Unrest continued in the early 20th century under King Alfonso XIII, culminating in the establishment of Primo de Rivera's dictatorship in 1923 after national disasters. This ended in 1930 and led to the formation of the Second Republic in 1931 and democratic reforms
The Second Spanish Republic from 1931-1936 saw Spain's first attempt at representative democracy. However, economic crisis and political extremism led to popular discontent. Elections in 1933 saw the right-wing CEDA party become the largest, reversing earlier reforms and sowing division between left and right. A general strike and uprising in 1934 was violently suppressed by Franco's army. Final elections in 1936 saw a left-wing Popular Front coalition win, but increasing political violence indicated the country was polarizing into two hostile camps, setting the stage for civil war.
Manuel Azaña was a Spanish politician born in 1880 who became an important figure during the Second Spanish Republic from 1931 to 1939. He helped establish Republican political parties and was twice elected President of the Republic, during which time he pursued progressive reforms like secularizing education and the military. However, increasing political divisions led to the Spanish Civil War in 1936, with Azaña unable to maintain unity among Republican forces. After the Republic lost the war in 1939, Azaña went into exile in France where he died in 1940, though his efforts to establish democracy in Spain left a lasting mark on the country's history.
Spain is a parliamentary monarchy and democratic state based on the rule of law. The Spanish constitution established in 1978 says Spain's central government is in Madrid but its 17 autonomous communities and 2 cities have regional governments. Spain holds national elections every 4 years as well as regional and local elections where all adult citizens can vote.
Dennison Hist a390 spanish civil war 1936 1939ejdennison
This document provides an overview of Spanish anarchism from the 19th century to the Spanish Civil War in the 1930s-1940s. It discusses the origins and spread of anarchist ideas in Spain, influenced by thinkers like Bakunin. Important figures and organizations discussed include Francisco Ferrer, the CNT labor union, and the FAI anarchist militia. During the Spanish Civil War, anarchists played a major role in defending the Republican government against Franco's fascist forces, and attempted to implement libertarian socialist policies through collective farms and workers' self-management. However, growing tensions with the Communist party and the priorities of war ultimately undermined the anarchist revolutionary experiment.
The document summarizes key events in Spain from 1931 to 1936 that led to the Spanish Civil War. A provisional government was established in 1931 after republican parties united. Reforms were implemented under progressive governments from 1931-1933 including work, agrarian, and regional autonomy reforms. However, conservative forces opposed the reforms and there were failed coup attempts. From 1933-1936, a more conservative government rolled back some reforms. Tensions increased with events like the Asturias Revolution in 1934 and revolt in Barcelona in 1934. By 1936, political radicalization and confrontation in the streets increased polarization between left and right, setting the stage for the civil war.
The document summarizes the history of the Spanish Second Republic from 1931 to 1936. Key events include the overthrow of the monarchy in 1931 and establishment of the democratic republic, the progressive constitution of 1931, a period of leftist reform from 1931-1933 followed by a conservative backlash from 1933-1936 under the Radical-CEDA government, and rising tensions that led to the Popular Front election victory in 1936 and military coup planned shortly thereafter that plunged Spain into civil war.
1. In the late 19th century, Spain experienced political instability and unrest due to authoritarian governments that did not enact democratic reforms. This led to a revolution in 1868 and the establishment of a short-lived republic in 1873.
2. Political stability returned under King Alfonso XII in 1874, beginning the Restoration period. However, this was still not a true democracy, and elections were manipulated. Industrialization began in this time.
3. Unrest continued in the early 20th century under King Alfonso XIII, culminating in the establishment of Primo de Rivera's dictatorship in 1923 after national disasters. This ended in 1930 and led to the formation of the Second Republic in 1931 and democratic reforms
The Second Spanish Republic from 1931-1936 saw Spain's first attempt at representative democracy. However, economic crisis and political extremism led to popular discontent. Elections in 1933 saw the right-wing CEDA party become the largest, reversing earlier reforms and sowing division between left and right. A general strike and uprising in 1934 was violently suppressed by Franco's army. Final elections in 1936 saw a left-wing Popular Front coalition win, but increasing political violence indicated the country was polarizing into two hostile camps, setting the stage for civil war.
Manuel Azaña was a Spanish politician born in 1880 who became an important figure during the Second Spanish Republic from 1931 to 1939. He helped establish Republican political parties and was twice elected President of the Republic, during which time he pursued progressive reforms like secularizing education and the military. However, increasing political divisions led to the Spanish Civil War in 1936, with Azaña unable to maintain unity among Republican forces. After the Republic lost the war in 1939, Azaña went into exile in France where he died in 1940, though his efforts to establish democracy in Spain left a lasting mark on the country's history.
Spain is a parliamentary monarchy and democratic state based on the rule of law. The Spanish constitution established in 1978 says Spain's central government is in Madrid but its 17 autonomous communities and 2 cities have regional governments. Spain holds national elections every 4 years as well as regional and local elections where all adult citizens can vote.
Dennison Hist a390 spanish civil war 1936 1939ejdennison
This document provides an overview of Spanish anarchism from the 19th century to the Spanish Civil War in the 1930s-1940s. It discusses the origins and spread of anarchist ideas in Spain, influenced by thinkers like Bakunin. Important figures and organizations discussed include Francisco Ferrer, the CNT labor union, and the FAI anarchist militia. During the Spanish Civil War, anarchists played a major role in defending the Republican government against Franco's fascist forces, and attempted to implement libertarian socialist policies through collective farms and workers' self-management. However, growing tensions with the Communist party and the priorities of war ultimately undermined the anarchist revolutionary experiment.
Spain in the first decades of the 20th century (1902-1931)papefons Fons
- In the early 20th century, Spain faced increasing difficulties under the Restoration political system due to industrialization, urbanization, and the rise of opposition parties.
- Between 1902-1923 there were 32 different governments as the traditional parties divided. Reform efforts by Antonio Maura and José Canalejas met resistance. The 1909 "Tragic Week" uprising in Barcelona in response to the Moroccan war undermined the monarchy.
- Political instability, social unrest among workers and farmers, and military discontent over losses in Morocco weakened the monarchy further. This culminated in Primo de Rivera's 1923 coup establishing a military dictatorship that aimed to restore order but failed to address the system's
This document provides an overview of anarchism and its role in Spain from the 19th century up until the Spanish Civil War in the late 1930s. It discusses the origins and spread of anarchist ideas in Spain led by figures like Giuseppe Fanelli and Francisco Ferrer. It describes the growth of anarchist organizations like the CNT and FAI and their increasing influence. It outlines anarchist activities and resistance, as well as repression under dictatorships. The document then focuses on the Spanish Civil War, the revolutionary period under anarchist influence in Barcelona, and the eventual Communist suppression of anarchism. It concludes by reflecting on the legacy of Spanish anarchism and its ultimate defeat.
1) The Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed in 1931 after municipal elections gave victory to Republican candidates, ending the monarchy of Alfonso XIII.
2) The early years of the Republic saw hopes for reform but also social tensions as the Catholic Church and wealthy opposed changes. A new constitution in 1931 established democratic rights.
3) After right-wing electoral victories in 1933, conservative rule from 1933-1936 halted earlier reforms and clashed with Catalan nationalism, fueling leftist opposition.
4) A general strike in 1934 and right-wing support for the CEDA party led to a failed leftist revolt, crushed by a brutal military repression under Franco.
5) Elections in 1936 brought
This document provides an overview of Spain's history from the early 20th century through the transition to democracy in the late 1970s. It discusses the reign of King Alfonso XIII and the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera in the 1920s. It then covers the Second Spanish Republic from 1931 to 1936, the Spanish Civil War from 1936 to 1939, and the dictatorship of Francisco Franco from 1939 to 1975. The transition to democracy after Franco's death is also summarized, including the writing of the 1978 constitution and Spain joining the European Union in 1986. Society and culture are briefly discussed as changing significantly after the end of Franco's dictatorship.
The Spanish Civil War began in July 1936 as a military coup against the democratic republican government. It pitted nationalist rebels including monarchists, Catholics, and conservatives against republican loyalists consisting of left-wing parties, socialists, communists, and anarchists. The rebels were supported by Nazi Germany and fascist Italy while the republicans only received aid from the Soviet Union. After over two years of fighting and phases of rebel advances across the country, Franco declared victory on April 1, 1939, establishing a long dictatorship. The war caused massive humanitarian and economic devastation for Spain and ended hopes for its modernization and democracy.
Presentation: Spain in the 19th centuryrafakarmona
The document provides information about Spain during the 19th century. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
The Industrial Revolution transformed Spain's economy and society in the 19th century as factories replaced workshops. There was social unrest during this time as the lower classes faced difficult working conditions. Culturally, Romanticism emerged in art and literature while new architectural styles like Modernism developed in a growing urban landscape.
Alphonse XIII's reign from 1902 to 1931 saw the crisis of Spain's Restoration political system and the establishment of Primo de Rivera's dictatorship. Attempts at political regeneration within the system by Antonio Maura and Jose Canalejas failed due to growing opposition and events like the Tragic Week of 1909. The crisis intensified after World War I with increased unrest. Primo de Rivera's 1923 coup established a military dictatorship that aimed to restore order but lost popularity. This led to the Pact of San Sebastian and the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic in 1931, ending the monarchy.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of media and pop culture in Spain from the 17th century to present day. It discusses the origins of Spain's newspaper tradition in the 17th century gazettes from France. It then outlines the growth of the newspaper industry in Spain throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, followed by the political effects on media during the 20th century including censorship under Franco's dictatorship. The document also briefly profiles some of Spain's major newspapers and news agencies.
The Spanish Civil War began in 1936 as a military rebellion led by Francisco Franco against the Spanish Republic. Franco and the Nationalists were supported by fascist governments in Germany and Italy and sought to restore traditional Spanish values and the powerful role of the Catholic Church. The war resulted in over 500,000 deaths as both sides received foreign support and weapons. After three years, Franco emerged victorious in 1939 and established a repressive dictatorship, banning opposition and severely restricting civil liberties. Franco ruled until his death in 1975, when King Juan Carlos began democratic reforms and transitioned Spain to a constitutional monarchy with autonomous regional governments.
Spain had a long history as an imperial power from 1498-1898 but experienced delayed modernization compared to other European nations. Various ideologies like liberalism, anarchism, and socialism emerged in response. The Second Republic from 1931-1936 attempted to establish a representative democracy but economic crisis and political extremism led to popular discontent. A civil war from 1936-1939 deeply divided Spain along social, political, and economic lines, as well as ideological lines of internationalism versus conservatism. Francisco Franco then rose to power and consolidated his dictatorship through 1940s repression of regional cultures and political opponents.
The Spanish Civil War lasted from 1936 to 1939 and pitted the Nationalists led by Francisco Franco against the Republicans. It involved many factions including Carlists, Catholics, Falangists, Monarchists, Anarchists, Basques, Catalans, Communists, Marxists, Republicans, and Socialists fighting on both sides. Hitler backed the Fascist Nationalists with troops and air support while Stalin supported the Republican government, making the war a testing ground for new military tactics and weapons as well as strengthening the Axis alliance between Germany and Italy.
The crisis of the Restoration system and Primo de Rivera's dictatorship (1902...papefons Fons
The political system of Restoration in Spain showed its limits during the reign of King Alphonse XIII from 1902-1931. There were some attempted reforms by conservative and liberal politicians to regenerate the system, but they faced opposition from republicans, nationalists, workers' movements, and faced difficulties incorporating the people into politics. Major crises included the Tragic Week of 1909 in Barcelona which began as protests against sending troops to Morocco but escalated into anti-clerical violence across Spain. Another crisis came in 1912 with the assassination of reformist Prime Minister José Canalejas. Ultimately, the monarchy and political system broke down, leading to the establishment of Primo de Rivera's dictatorship in 1923 and the
The document discusses the rise of totalitarianism in 1930s Europe in response to the Great Depression. It describes how both communist and fascist governments in Germany, Italy, Russia, and Spain exercised total control over peoples' lives, restricting freedoms. Specifically, it outlines how the Spanish Civil War became a proxy war, with Hitler, Mussolini, and Stalin supporting opposing sides for military testing. The brutal 1937 bombing of Guernica by Hitler's forces inspired Picasso's famous anti-war painting.
PowerPoint presentation about the spanish civil waresandrag
The Spanish Civil War began in 1936 when the Spanish army rebelled and removed the Republican government from power. Spain was deeply divided between right-wing Nationalists and left-wing Republicans. If the Nationalists won, it would strengthen fascist powers like Germany and Italy by giving them an ally and strategic naval bases in the Mediterranean and Atlantic. Both Germany and Italy sent troops and weapons to aid the Nationalists, hoping to spread fascism and fight communism. While France and Britain did not want either side to win, their non-intervention policy allowed Germany and Italy to intervene while limiting aid to the Republicans. The better equipped Nationalists ultimately won the war in 1939, strengthening Hitler's position in Europe.
Spain in the 20th century, from dictatorship to democracycastillosekel
The Spanish Civil War began in 1936 when General Francisco Franco led a military coup against the Spanish Republic. Spain was divided between Franco's Nationalists and the Republicans who supported the Republic. The Nationalists were victorious in 1939 and Franco established a dictatorship that lasted until his death in 1975. Under Franco there was repression of political opposition and regional cultures. After Franco's death in 1975, King Juan Carlos I oversaw the transition to democracy, appointing Adolfo Suárez to begin political reforms including free elections, legalizing political parties and unions. Spain established a new democratic constitution in 1978.
This document deals with the Spanish Civil War and is written by the American historian John F. Coverdale. It reproduces three chapters of his book Uncommon Faith, published by Scepter Publishers, New York. Uncommon Faith tells how Opus Dei's founder, Blessed Josemaria Escrivá, vigorously carried out its development and growth from its very beginning in 1928.
The document summarizes key events in 19th century Spain, beginning with the Napoleonic invasion in 1808. This led to a war of independence against French occupation from 1808-1814. During this time, liberals drafted Spain's first constitution in 1812 in Cadiz. After the war, King Ferdinand VII abolished the constitution and restored absolutism, leading to conflict between liberals and conservatives. Liberal revolts in 1820 and 1868 briefly restored the 1812 constitution. The document also discusses the independence movements in Spanish America from 1808-1826 and political instability in Spain between moderate and progressive factions during the reign of Isabella II from 1833-1868.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: SPANISH CIVIL WAR. Contains: polarization, widespread conflict, military uprising, nationalists and republicans, general Franco, revolutionary struggle, help from abroad, Madrid, victims and significance of Spanish Civil War.
Tema 8.3 el bienio radical cedista y el frente popular-desirée y mª carmenjjsg23
El documento resume el período de la Segunda República Española conocido como el Bienio Radical-Cedista entre 1933 y 1936. Hubo inestabilidad política con gobiernos radicales apoyados por CEDA que intentaron suspender reformas anteriores. Esto llevó a la radicalización de sindicatos y la izquierda, resultando en insurrecciones como la Revolución de Asturias en 1934. En las elecciones de 1936 ganó el Frente Popular, formando un gobierno de izquierda que implementó reformas hasta que estalló la Guerra Civil
La revolución de octubre de 1934 en España fue un levantamiento revolucionario y huelguístico que ocurrió entre el 5 y 19 de octubre de 1934 contra el gobierno del bienio radical-cedista durante la Segunda República. Los principales focos fueron en Cataluña y Asturias. En Barcelona, el gobierno catalán de Lluís Companys se proclamó el Estado Catalán dentro de una república federal española, lo que llevó a la intervención militar. En Asturias hubo un intento de derrocar al estado a través de
Spain in the first decades of the 20th century (1902-1931)papefons Fons
- In the early 20th century, Spain faced increasing difficulties under the Restoration political system due to industrialization, urbanization, and the rise of opposition parties.
- Between 1902-1923 there were 32 different governments as the traditional parties divided. Reform efforts by Antonio Maura and José Canalejas met resistance. The 1909 "Tragic Week" uprising in Barcelona in response to the Moroccan war undermined the monarchy.
- Political instability, social unrest among workers and farmers, and military discontent over losses in Morocco weakened the monarchy further. This culminated in Primo de Rivera's 1923 coup establishing a military dictatorship that aimed to restore order but failed to address the system's
This document provides an overview of anarchism and its role in Spain from the 19th century up until the Spanish Civil War in the late 1930s. It discusses the origins and spread of anarchist ideas in Spain led by figures like Giuseppe Fanelli and Francisco Ferrer. It describes the growth of anarchist organizations like the CNT and FAI and their increasing influence. It outlines anarchist activities and resistance, as well as repression under dictatorships. The document then focuses on the Spanish Civil War, the revolutionary period under anarchist influence in Barcelona, and the eventual Communist suppression of anarchism. It concludes by reflecting on the legacy of Spanish anarchism and its ultimate defeat.
1) The Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed in 1931 after municipal elections gave victory to Republican candidates, ending the monarchy of Alfonso XIII.
2) The early years of the Republic saw hopes for reform but also social tensions as the Catholic Church and wealthy opposed changes. A new constitution in 1931 established democratic rights.
3) After right-wing electoral victories in 1933, conservative rule from 1933-1936 halted earlier reforms and clashed with Catalan nationalism, fueling leftist opposition.
4) A general strike in 1934 and right-wing support for the CEDA party led to a failed leftist revolt, crushed by a brutal military repression under Franco.
5) Elections in 1936 brought
This document provides an overview of Spain's history from the early 20th century through the transition to democracy in the late 1970s. It discusses the reign of King Alfonso XIII and the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera in the 1920s. It then covers the Second Spanish Republic from 1931 to 1936, the Spanish Civil War from 1936 to 1939, and the dictatorship of Francisco Franco from 1939 to 1975. The transition to democracy after Franco's death is also summarized, including the writing of the 1978 constitution and Spain joining the European Union in 1986. Society and culture are briefly discussed as changing significantly after the end of Franco's dictatorship.
The Spanish Civil War began in July 1936 as a military coup against the democratic republican government. It pitted nationalist rebels including monarchists, Catholics, and conservatives against republican loyalists consisting of left-wing parties, socialists, communists, and anarchists. The rebels were supported by Nazi Germany and fascist Italy while the republicans only received aid from the Soviet Union. After over two years of fighting and phases of rebel advances across the country, Franco declared victory on April 1, 1939, establishing a long dictatorship. The war caused massive humanitarian and economic devastation for Spain and ended hopes for its modernization and democracy.
Presentation: Spain in the 19th centuryrafakarmona
The document provides information about Spain during the 19th century. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
The Industrial Revolution transformed Spain's economy and society in the 19th century as factories replaced workshops. There was social unrest during this time as the lower classes faced difficult working conditions. Culturally, Romanticism emerged in art and literature while new architectural styles like Modernism developed in a growing urban landscape.
Alphonse XIII's reign from 1902 to 1931 saw the crisis of Spain's Restoration political system and the establishment of Primo de Rivera's dictatorship. Attempts at political regeneration within the system by Antonio Maura and Jose Canalejas failed due to growing opposition and events like the Tragic Week of 1909. The crisis intensified after World War I with increased unrest. Primo de Rivera's 1923 coup established a military dictatorship that aimed to restore order but lost popularity. This led to the Pact of San Sebastian and the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic in 1931, ending the monarchy.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of media and pop culture in Spain from the 17th century to present day. It discusses the origins of Spain's newspaper tradition in the 17th century gazettes from France. It then outlines the growth of the newspaper industry in Spain throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, followed by the political effects on media during the 20th century including censorship under Franco's dictatorship. The document also briefly profiles some of Spain's major newspapers and news agencies.
The Spanish Civil War began in 1936 as a military rebellion led by Francisco Franco against the Spanish Republic. Franco and the Nationalists were supported by fascist governments in Germany and Italy and sought to restore traditional Spanish values and the powerful role of the Catholic Church. The war resulted in over 500,000 deaths as both sides received foreign support and weapons. After three years, Franco emerged victorious in 1939 and established a repressive dictatorship, banning opposition and severely restricting civil liberties. Franco ruled until his death in 1975, when King Juan Carlos began democratic reforms and transitioned Spain to a constitutional monarchy with autonomous regional governments.
Spain had a long history as an imperial power from 1498-1898 but experienced delayed modernization compared to other European nations. Various ideologies like liberalism, anarchism, and socialism emerged in response. The Second Republic from 1931-1936 attempted to establish a representative democracy but economic crisis and political extremism led to popular discontent. A civil war from 1936-1939 deeply divided Spain along social, political, and economic lines, as well as ideological lines of internationalism versus conservatism. Francisco Franco then rose to power and consolidated his dictatorship through 1940s repression of regional cultures and political opponents.
The Spanish Civil War lasted from 1936 to 1939 and pitted the Nationalists led by Francisco Franco against the Republicans. It involved many factions including Carlists, Catholics, Falangists, Monarchists, Anarchists, Basques, Catalans, Communists, Marxists, Republicans, and Socialists fighting on both sides. Hitler backed the Fascist Nationalists with troops and air support while Stalin supported the Republican government, making the war a testing ground for new military tactics and weapons as well as strengthening the Axis alliance between Germany and Italy.
The crisis of the Restoration system and Primo de Rivera's dictatorship (1902...papefons Fons
The political system of Restoration in Spain showed its limits during the reign of King Alphonse XIII from 1902-1931. There were some attempted reforms by conservative and liberal politicians to regenerate the system, but they faced opposition from republicans, nationalists, workers' movements, and faced difficulties incorporating the people into politics. Major crises included the Tragic Week of 1909 in Barcelona which began as protests against sending troops to Morocco but escalated into anti-clerical violence across Spain. Another crisis came in 1912 with the assassination of reformist Prime Minister José Canalejas. Ultimately, the monarchy and political system broke down, leading to the establishment of Primo de Rivera's dictatorship in 1923 and the
The document discusses the rise of totalitarianism in 1930s Europe in response to the Great Depression. It describes how both communist and fascist governments in Germany, Italy, Russia, and Spain exercised total control over peoples' lives, restricting freedoms. Specifically, it outlines how the Spanish Civil War became a proxy war, with Hitler, Mussolini, and Stalin supporting opposing sides for military testing. The brutal 1937 bombing of Guernica by Hitler's forces inspired Picasso's famous anti-war painting.
PowerPoint presentation about the spanish civil waresandrag
The Spanish Civil War began in 1936 when the Spanish army rebelled and removed the Republican government from power. Spain was deeply divided between right-wing Nationalists and left-wing Republicans. If the Nationalists won, it would strengthen fascist powers like Germany and Italy by giving them an ally and strategic naval bases in the Mediterranean and Atlantic. Both Germany and Italy sent troops and weapons to aid the Nationalists, hoping to spread fascism and fight communism. While France and Britain did not want either side to win, their non-intervention policy allowed Germany and Italy to intervene while limiting aid to the Republicans. The better equipped Nationalists ultimately won the war in 1939, strengthening Hitler's position in Europe.
Spain in the 20th century, from dictatorship to democracycastillosekel
The Spanish Civil War began in 1936 when General Francisco Franco led a military coup against the Spanish Republic. Spain was divided between Franco's Nationalists and the Republicans who supported the Republic. The Nationalists were victorious in 1939 and Franco established a dictatorship that lasted until his death in 1975. Under Franco there was repression of political opposition and regional cultures. After Franco's death in 1975, King Juan Carlos I oversaw the transition to democracy, appointing Adolfo Suárez to begin political reforms including free elections, legalizing political parties and unions. Spain established a new democratic constitution in 1978.
This document deals with the Spanish Civil War and is written by the American historian John F. Coverdale. It reproduces three chapters of his book Uncommon Faith, published by Scepter Publishers, New York. Uncommon Faith tells how Opus Dei's founder, Blessed Josemaria Escrivá, vigorously carried out its development and growth from its very beginning in 1928.
The document summarizes key events in 19th century Spain, beginning with the Napoleonic invasion in 1808. This led to a war of independence against French occupation from 1808-1814. During this time, liberals drafted Spain's first constitution in 1812 in Cadiz. After the war, King Ferdinand VII abolished the constitution and restored absolutism, leading to conflict between liberals and conservatives. Liberal revolts in 1820 and 1868 briefly restored the 1812 constitution. The document also discusses the independence movements in Spanish America from 1808-1826 and political instability in Spain between moderate and progressive factions during the reign of Isabella II from 1833-1868.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: SPANISH CIVIL WAR. Contains: polarization, widespread conflict, military uprising, nationalists and republicans, general Franco, revolutionary struggle, help from abroad, Madrid, victims and significance of Spanish Civil War.
Tema 8.3 el bienio radical cedista y el frente popular-desirée y mª carmenjjsg23
El documento resume el período de la Segunda República Española conocido como el Bienio Radical-Cedista entre 1933 y 1936. Hubo inestabilidad política con gobiernos radicales apoyados por CEDA que intentaron suspender reformas anteriores. Esto llevó a la radicalización de sindicatos y la izquierda, resultando en insurrecciones como la Revolución de Asturias en 1934. En las elecciones de 1936 ganó el Frente Popular, formando un gobierno de izquierda que implementó reformas hasta que estalló la Guerra Civil
La revolución de octubre de 1934 en España fue un levantamiento revolucionario y huelguístico que ocurrió entre el 5 y 19 de octubre de 1934 contra el gobierno del bienio radical-cedista durante la Segunda República. Los principales focos fueron en Cataluña y Asturias. En Barcelona, el gobierno catalán de Lluís Companys se proclamó el Estado Catalán dentro de una república federal española, lo que llevó a la intervención militar. En Asturias hubo un intento de derrocar al estado a través de
La II República Española. Introducción al temaprofeshispanica
La monarquía de Alfonso XIII se encontraba en declive debido a los escándalos y la impopular guerra de Marruecos. En 1930, los partidos republicanos y nacionalistas acordaron derrocar la monarquía en el Pacto de San Sebastián. Las elecciones municipales de 1931 se presentaron como un plebiscito entre la monarquía y la república, ganando los republicanos. Esto llevó a la proclamación de la II República el 14 de abril de 1931 sin violencia.
Las primeras civilizaciones urbanas surgieron alrededor de 6000 a.C. en las orillas fértiles y predecibles de grandes ríos como el Nilo, Tigris y Éufrates. Esto permitió el desarrollo de la agricultura, la aparición de nuevas profesiones y un rápido crecimiento de la población, dando lugar a las primeras ciudades. Estas civilizaciones se caracterizaron por una organización social jerárquica y desigual basada en nuevas normas y leyes, el control de la riqueza por parte
Las primeras civilizaciones urbanas incluyeron las civilizaciones de Mesopotamia y Egipto, que surgieron hace unos 5,000 años a lo largo de los grandes ríos Tigris, Éufrates y Nilo. Estas civilizaciones compartieron características como el desarrollo de ciudades y actividades económicas como la agricultura, artesanía y comercio, lo que llevó a la aparición de jerarquías sociales y estados para regular la sociedad.
14. 3.- la constitucion del 1931 y el bienio progresista. curso 2013-14 ima...jesus ortiz
El documento describe la Constitución de 1931 y el periodo del bienio progresista en España entre 1931 y 1933. Se estableció una república democrática y se implementaron varias reformas progresistas, incluidas reformas educativas, laborales, religiosas y agrarias. Sin embargo, también hubo oposición significativa a algunas de estas reformas por parte de fuerzas conservadoras y anarquistas, lo que llevó a conflictos y crisis de gobierno.
14. 4.- el bienio radical cedista y el frente popular. curso 2013-14jesus ortiz
Este documento resume los principales acontecimientos políticos en España entre 1933 y 1936: la victoria de la derecha en las elecciones de 1933 y el inicio del bienio radical-cedista, caracterizado por contrarreformas. Esto llevó a la revolución de octubre de 1934 en Asturias, duramente reprimida. Las elecciones de 1936 dieron la victoria al Frente Popular de izquierdas, pero la inestabilidad continuó aumentando.
Tema 03 arte griego. la arquitectura curso 2014 2015jesus ortiz
Este documento resume el arte griego, incluyendo su arquitectura y escultura. Describe la arquitectura griega, sus órdenes y el templo griego como el Partenón. También analiza la evolución de la escultura griega desde el periodo arcaico hasta el periodo helenístico. Explica el contexto histórico-social del arte griego, incluyendo la geografía, evolución histórica, política y religión de Grecia.
Tema 08. españa durante la primera parte s. xx la segunda repúblicajesus ortiz
La crisis del bienio reformista de la Segunda República española llevó a un bienio conservador entre 1933-1936, durante el cual hubo revueltas obreras como la Revolución de Asturias de 1934. Esto condujo a la victoria del Frente Popular en las elecciones de 1936 e intentos de reanudar las reformas. Sin embargo, la violencia política escaló, con asesinatos como los de Castillo y Calvo Sotelo, lo que precipitó el golpe militar de julio de 1936 y el inicio de la Guerra Civil española.
Tema 08. españa durante la primera parte s. xx la guerra civiljesus ortiz
El documento resume las principales etapas de la Guerra Civil Española entre 1936 y 1939. Comenzó con el golpe de estado de julio de 1936 que dividió a España en dos zonas controladas por los nacionalistas y republicanos. Tras varias batallas, los nacionalistas tomaron el control del norte industrial para 1937 y avanzaron hacia el este, capturando Teruel y derrotando a los republicanos en el río Ebro. En 1939, las tropas nacionalistas entraron en Madrid, poniendo fin a la guerra el 1 de abril. La vida en la ret
The document summarizes key events of the Second Spanish Republic from 1931-1936. It discusses how a pact led political groups to establish a republican regime, replacing the monarchy. Municipal elections in April 1931 functioned as a plebiscite against the monarchy, leading King Alfonso XIII to go into exile. A provisional government formed and began reforms, including restoring Catalonia's autonomy and passing a constitution in 1931 that established rights like women's suffrage. However, tensions rose between republicans and conservative groups over issues like the role of the Catholic Church.
The Second Spanish Republic was established in 1931 after municipal elections resulted in victories for Republican candidates. A new constitution was drafted that established democratic reforms like universal suffrage and freedom of religion. However, tensions rose between Republicans and conservatives as left-wing reforms threatened landowners and the Catholic Church. After right-wing parties won elections in 1933, conservative policies were enacted that reversed earlier reforms. Growing unrest led to a general strike and revolution in 1934, which was brutally suppressed. Elections in 1936 brought the left-wing Popular Front to power, but rising political instability set the stage for a military coup in July 1936 that marked the beginning of the Spanish Civil War.
The document summarizes the history of the Second Spanish Republic from 1931 to 1936 and the subsequent Spanish Civil War. It describes how the democratic Republic was declared in 1931 but faced opposition from conservatives and the Catholic Church. Reforms in the first two years polarized society further. Elections in 1933 brought conservative governments that rolled back reforms, fueling leftist opposition and a failed revolution in 1934. Elections in 1936 brought the left-wing Popular Front to power, but political violence increased and a military coup in July 1936 marked the start of the three-year Civil War, with the Nationalists led by Franco emerging victorious in 1939.
The document summarizes the history of the Second Spanish Republic from 1931 to 1936. It establishes that the Republic lasted from 1931 to 1939, with five years of peace and three years of war, as the military uprising in 1936 led to the Spanish Civil War. The Republic implemented reforms that improved workers' rights but also faced instability, as these reforms confronted landowners and businessmen. The economic crisis and restrictions on public spending also hindered consolidating democracy. The main cause of the Republic's end was the military uprising in 1936, which undermined the government's ability to maintain order and divided the country.
After the death of King Alfonso XII, Spain experienced political instability and conflict in the early 20th century. This led to a military dictatorship under Primo de Rivera from 1923-1930. The Second Republic then began in 1931, establishing democracy, secularism, and autonomy. However, these reforms divided Spain and led to civil war from 1936-1939, resulting in a nationalist victory under Francisco Franco, who ruled as a dictator until his death in 1975.
The Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed in 1931 after municipal elections resulted in a Republican victory. King Alfonso XIII went into exile and a provisional government led by Alcala Zamora was formed. Educational, military, and labor reforms were implemented. A new constitution was approved in 1931, establishing a left-wing republic with separation of church and state. Francisco Azaña's government advanced regional autonomies but faced opposition from industrialists, landowners, and the Catholic Church. After right-wing victories in 1933, reforms were rolled back and repression increased, radicalizing workers and sparking the failed 1934 revolution. The Popular Front's 1936 victory led to a resumption of reforms and further tensions, setting the stage for
During the early 20th century, Spain was unhappy with the monarchy due to losses of colonies and wars. This led to a coup in 1923 where Primo de Rivera became dictator and banned political parties. In 1931, the Second Spanish Republic was proclaimed, establishing reforms like women's suffrage. However, a civil war broke out in 1936 between Republican and Nationalist groups, led by Francisco Franco. Franco emerged victorious in 1939 and established a dictatorship until his death in 1975, repressing opposition and restricting freedoms for several decades.
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: PROBLEMS FACING THE NEW REPUBLICGeorge Dumitrache
CAMBRIDGE AS HISTORY: PROBLEMS FACING THE NEW REPUBLIC. Contains: the monarchy, great depression impact, Alfonso abdicates, major problems, little industry and depression.
The document provides a summary of Spain in the first third of the 20th century from 1902 to 1939. It discusses several key events and periods:
1) The crisis of the Bourbon Restoration from 1902-1939 with conservative and liberal factions vying for power amid social unrest.
2) The establishment of the Second Spanish Republic in 1931 after municipal elections, bringing reforms until the conservative biennium of 1933-1935.
3) The Popular Front government from 1936-1939 implementing further reforms which angered right-wing forces and led to the military coup in July 1936 starting the Spanish Civil War between Nationalist and Republican sides.
Presentation - Spain in the 20th and 21st centuriesrafakarmona
The document provides an overview of Spain's political history from the 19th century to the mid-20th century. It notes that in the 19th century, Spain lost most of its American colonies and experienced a constitutional monarchy, republics, and periods of absolute monarchy. In the early 20th century, Spain experienced military dictatorships, republics, and a civil war. The civil war began in 1936 following a military coup and resulted in General Francisco Franco's nationalist forces defeating the republican loyalists by 1939, after which Franco established a long-lasting dictatorship that lasted until his death in 1975.
The Spanish Civil War began in 1936 as a result of a military coup launched by Nationalist forces led by Francisco Franco against the Republican government. The war divided Spain into two zones - the Nationalist region controlled by Franco and the Republicans. The conflict lasted almost three years and involved three phases - the campaign for Madrid, the northern front, and the end of the war. Life during the war was difficult, with hunger, repression, and refugees fleeing the violence and exiles leaving Spain.
The document summarizes the history of Spain from the late 19th century to the establishment of democracy in the late 1970s. It discusses the establishment of the First Republic in 1873 and its overthrow in 1874. It then covers the Bourbon Restoration monarchy, the loss of colonies, the Spanish Civil War and Franco's dictatorship. Finally, it discusses the transition to democracy after Franco's death, led by Prime Minister Adolfo Suárez.
Francisco Franco ruled Spain from 1936 to 1945 as a wartime dictator and then as a postwar dictator. He unified right-wing factions like the Carlistas, Monarchists, and the fascist Falange movement under his rule. His regime was supported by pillars of the military, Catholic Church, monarchists, and fascists. Franco ruled by decree and established laws that concentrated power in the state rather than individuals, including a labor charter banning strikes and laws establishing referendums and confirming Franco's rule as regent for life.
Spain lost its last colonies in the late 19th century. In the early 20th century, Spain experienced both industrial growth in cities and a rural class system. Social unrest occurred. A dictatorship formed in 1923 led by Primo de Rivera. In 1931, the Second Republic began and reforms like land redistribution and women's suffrage passed. However, conflicts grew and in 1936 General Francisco Franco launched a civil war, leading to dictatorship until his death in 1975. The transition to democracy followed, and Spain is now a modern democracy and member of the European Union.
The first and the second republic alejandro, iván h. pedro y álexandare2
The first Spanish Republic lasted only 11 months from 1873-1874 due to social instability and revolts in some cities that declared independence. General Martinez Campos then restored the monarchy and crowned Alfonso XII as King. The Second Spanish Republic lasted 8 years from 1931-1939 and was divided into three periods. It established a new constitution in 1931 that expanded women's right to vote, made primary education free and obligatory, reduced the power of the Catholic church and nobility while increasing it for the working class, legalized divorce, and granted more autonomy to Spanish regions. Manuel Azaña served as both president of the government and of the republic during this time.
After the overthrow of the Spanish monarchy in the 1860s, Antonio Cánovas del Castillo led the restoration of the monarchy in the 1870s. He established a stable, conservative political system with two main parties - the Conservative and Liberal parties - that accepted the monarchy and alternated in power. However, opposition forces like republicans and workers' organizations grew as well. The late 19th century saw conflicts like the Cuban War of Independence and demands to reform and modernize Spain in response to losses like the Spanish-American War of 1898.
The conservative biennium and the popular front (Gines García
The document summarizes political events in Spain between 1933-1936. It describes how a riot in Casas Viejas led to the resignation of the president. In 1934, there were revolts in Asturias led by socialists, anarchists, and communists seeking social revolution. Catalonia also proclaimed independence. The government harshly suppressed all revolts. In 1936, elections led to the Popular Front coalition winning power, but the country remained politically divided with both left and right-wing forces wanting revolution. Conservative forces supported by the army planned a coup to dismantle the Republic.
The document outlines the programme of the Popular Front coalition in Spain which committed to granting amnesty to those convicted of political crimes after 1933, compensating victims of revolutionary events, and restoring the Constitution if elected. However, the Republican parties did not fully accept proposals from the Socialist Party to nationalize land or implement full labor control. The Popular Front programme instead focused on restoring earlier social legislation around wages, education, and other institutions if they won the 1936 elections.
Elections in 1931 transformed Spain from a monarchy to a republic, but this divided the country between those who wanted to protect the Catholic Church and traditional institutions, and those who wanted more liberal and socialist reforms. General Francisco Franco staged a coup against the Republican government in 1936 with support from fascist groups. This sparked the Spanish Civil War, with Hitler and Mussolini supporting Franco's Nationalists and Stalin supporting the Republicans. After three years of fighting, Franco emerged victorious in 1939 and established an authoritarian dictatorship that lasted until his death in 1975.
King Charles III of Spain ruled during the Enlightenment period in the late 18th century. He implemented reforms based on rationalism and reason. As King of Naples, he gained experience instituting reforms. As King of Spain, he faced resistance but established economic and educational reforms, founded the Banco de San Carlos bank, and created the Economic Societies of Friends of the Country to promote industry and agriculture. However, he faced issues like the Esquilache Riots over proposed land and tax reforms. Overall, Charles III worked to modernize Spain and institute enlightened despotism, but met obstacles to fully transforming Spanish society.
The document provides information on Baroque art in Spain during the 17th century:
- The Spanish Baroque style was distinct from other parts of Europe and was influenced by conservative Catholic ideals under King Philip II. Notable architects included Juan Gomez de Mora and Alonso Carbonell.
- Sculpture focused on religious themes depicted with realism, including the Andalusian, Castilian, and Murcia schools. Important sculptors included Gregorio Fernández, Juan Martínez Montañés, and Francisco Salzillo.
- Painting emphasized naturalism, simplicity, and religious subjects. Major artists included Jose Ribera, Francisco Zurbarán, Bartolomé Esteban Murillo,
1) Isabel of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon united their kingdoms through marriage in 1469, forming the basis for a unified Spanish state.
2) They pursued religious and political unity, expelling Jews in 1492, conquering Granada from the Moors, and incorporating Navarre and other territories.
3) Their expansion led to the colonization of the Americas beginning in 1492 with Columbus' voyage, while maintaining control in the Mediterranean through alliances and military campaigns.
The Catholic Kings Isabel of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon united the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon through marriage, creating a single Spanish state. They centralized power in the monarchy, established the Spanish Inquisition, and completed the Reconquista with the fall of Granada in 1492. That same year, Christopher Columbus' voyage to the Americas under Castilian sponsorship began the Spanish colonization of the New World. The Catholic Kings consolidated their rule through domestic and foreign policies that strengthened royal authority over nobles and achieved religious and territorial unity in Spain.
The document provides information on Baroque art in Spain during the 17th century:
- The Spanish Baroque style was distinct from other parts of Europe and emphasized conservative Catholic ideals under King Philip II. Notable architects included Juan Gomez de Mora and Alonso Carbonell.
- Sculpture focused on religious themes depicted through realistic styles, including the dramatic Castilian school led by Gregorio Fernández and the more serene Andalusian school of Juan Martínez Montañés.
- Painting featured tenebrism influenced by Caravaggio and emphasized religious subjects through the works of José de Ribera, Francisco Zurbarán, and Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, known
1. The document discusses the history of relations between Spain and Latin America from Columbus' voyage in 1492 to the present day.
2. It covers key events like the wars of independence in the early 1800s that led to many Latin American countries gaining sovereignty from Spain.
3. Today, Spain and Latin America maintain cultural, economic, and diplomatic ties through organizations that promote cooperation and exchange.
The Arabs on the Iberian Peninsula from 711-1492 CE saw:
1. The initial conquest by Muslim armies which established independent emirates and caliphates that flourished for several centuries, reaching a golden age under the Caliphate of Córdoba.
2. The fragmentation of al-Andalus into competing Taifa kingdoms from the 11th-13th centuries as Christian kingdoms advanced, until temporary political unifications by the Almoravids and Almohads.
3. The eventual fall of Muslim rule to the Catholic Monarchs with the conquest of Granada in 1492, ending over 700 years of Arab presence on the Iberian Peninsula
The document discusses the Spanish Independence War against Napoleon's forces between 1808 and 1813. It provides background on the economic, political, and social situation in Spain leading up to the war. It then describes the key events and phases of the war, including the uprising in Madrid, the battles of Bailen and Vitoria, and the role of guerrilla forces. Finally, it outlines the political, economic, and social consequences after the war, and notes the literature, art, and artists that emerged to document this time period.
The document discusses the origins and goals of the pedagogical missions created in 1930s Spain. The missions aimed to educate rural populations and reduce the influence of conservative parties by bringing new ideas about culture, hygiene, agriculture and politics. Mobile teachers provided libraries, films, theater and lessons to isolated villages in a relaxed environment compared to traditional schools. The ultimate goals were to prevent rural depopulation, end isolation, and spread republican ideals across the Spanish countryside.
The document discusses the history of education in Spain from the 1830s to the early 1900s. It describes the transition from liberal to moderate rule in the mid-19th century and laws like the Ley Moyano in 1857 that consolidated earlier education plans. The Instituto Libre de Enseñanza was founded in 1876 to promote secular education influenced by German philosopher Karl Krause. The institute aimed to modernize Spanish society through new pedagogical approaches and played a leading role in the development of education in Spain. In the late 19th century, Regenerationism emerged as a movement criticizing Spain's economic and social backwardness and advocating education reform to build a modern nation.
From the Second Republic to Franco outlines the history of education in Spain from the 1930s through the Franco regime. Key events include the establishment of the Second Republic in 1931 which instituted secular education, religious freedom, and efforts to increase literacy. The right-wing CEDA government that followed in 1933 reversed many educational reforms. Under Franco, education was purged of liberal and socialist ideas and aimed to indoctrinate students with religious, moral, and patriotic principles supporting his regime. The Church gained influence over education, though the Falange movement also sought to control ideological education.
The document summarizes education in Spain during the liberal period from 1833-1843. It was a time of civil war between supporters of Queen Isabella II and her opponents led by Carlos Maria Isidoro. Liberals depended on Maria Cristina's regency and enacted policies like confiscating church lands. Secondary education under the Duke of Rivas' plan aimed to prepare an elite for university instead of being universally accessible. From 1843-1854 under the moderates, education aimed to find balance between liberalism and traditionalism and defend property ownership over equality.
Jean Piaget was a developmental psychologist who studied how children acquire knowledge. He believed that coercion was the worst teaching method and that children learn best through active participation and trial and error. Piaget provided a scientific basis for new teaching methods focused on examples and student participation, rather than experience or philosophy. He identified four stages of cognitive development from infancy to adulthood influenced by maturation, environmental interaction, social learning, and adapting through assimilation and accommodation.
The document summarizes the loss of Spain's colonies in the Americas and Asia at the end of the 19th century. It describes the Spanish colonies of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines, the growing independence movements in each, and their ultimate loss to the United States in the Spanish-American War of 1898. It also provides brief overviews of the demographic situations and cultures that developed in each colony in the late 19th century period prior to their independence.
केरल उच्च न्यायालय ने 11 जून, 2024 को मंडला पूजा में भाग लेने की अनुमति मांगने वाली 10 वर्षीय लड़की की रिट याचिका को खारिज कर दिया, जिसमें सर्वोच्च न्यायालय की एक बड़ी पीठ के समक्ष इस मुद्दे की लंबित प्रकृति पर जोर दिया गया। यह आदेश न्यायमूर्ति अनिल के. नरेंद्रन और न्यायमूर्ति हरिशंकर वी. मेनन की खंडपीठ द्वारा पारित किया गया
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2. INDEX
1.- Introduction and historical context.
2.- Republic Proclamation :
The Constitution of 1931.
Symbols of the New State.
The elections and the provisional government.
Parties and political organizations.
3.- Republican-Azañista Biennium(1931-1933) :
The reforms.
The Opposition and the reorganization of the right-wing
parties.
4.-Radical-CEDA Biennium (1934-1936):
The Radical-CEDA Government.
The Revolution of October 1934.
5.- February Elections. 1936: the government of the Frente Popular.
6.- Cultural Activity in the Second Republic.
4. CONTEXT
DEMOGRAPHY: during 1931-1935 mortality and birth rate came dow
down.
ECONOMY: period of crisis in the 1930´s based on 1929 depression
o on the United States of America.
Laboral conflicts caused by the return of emigrants.
SOCIATY: unbalanced distribution of incomes.
Big grade of illiteracy.
MENTALITY: two different groups:
- People who wanted a change
- People that did not want a change and believed in
t traditional customs.
5. FROM THE DICTATORSHIP TO THE
REPUBLIC
Resignation of Primo De Rivera on January 28, 1930.
A return to the last political government was impossible because
of:
1.- The dynastic parties (conservatives and liberals)
were r were run down.
2.- The monarch was thought to be the responsible of the
situ the situation.
3.- The “Pacto De San Sebastian” made by antidynastic
fores forces.
February 14,1931 the general Dámaso Berenguer resigned.
Elections on the 12,1931 which had as a result the
proclamation of the II Republic.
Alfonso XIII went to exile.
7. REPUBLICAN PROCLAMATION. THE ELECTIONS
AND PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT
The initial government was composed of left-Republicans,
right-Republicans, Socialists and the Regionalists. Niceto
Alcalá Zamora was elected as the Prime Minister.
The provisional government called a general election for June
1931. The socialist Party (PSOE) and other left parties won
an overwhelming victory. Niceto Alcala Zamora, a moderate
Republican, became prime minister but included in his cabinet
several radical figures such us Manuel Azaña, Francisco
Largo Caballero and Indalecio Prieto.
On 16th October 1931, Azaña replaced Niceto Alcala Zamora
as prime minister.
8. THE CONSTITUTION OF 1931
The constitution approved in December of 1931 reflected the
ideas of the majority.
These are the main characteristics:
- Popular sovereignty.
- Masculine and universal female suffrage.
- Extensive declarations of rights and liberties:
- civil divorce
- right to education
Powers of the state:
- executive authority
- president of the Republic with little powers.
- head of government appointed by the president.
-to be able judicial into the hands of the justice courts.
9. For the first time in our history, the right of the regions
established statutes of Autonomy.
Respect to the religious question, a secular state
settles down:
-separation of the Church and the State
-the budget of cult and clergy disappears
-prohibition to exert the education
-freedom of brings: back to consciousness and cults
10. SYMBOLS OF THE STATE
Flag of the Second Republic :
The Flag of the Second Spanish Republic, also known as
Spanish: la tricolor, was the official flag of Spain between
1931 and 1939.
Adopted: adopted :27 April 1931
Colors :
The flag had three colors : red, yellow and purple. The
purpose of the third color was to represent Castile and
León, the proverbial “ Pendón Morado ”
11. HYM OF THE SECOND REPUBLIC
El Himno de Riego is a song dating from the liberal
trienium and named in honor of Colonel Rafael
Riego. It was the national anthem of Spain during
the Second Spanish Republic.(1931–1939).
12. LYRICS
Spanish lyrics
Serenos y alegres, valientes y osados,
Cantemos, soldados, el himno a la lid.
De nuestros acentos el orbe se admire
Y en nosotros mire los hijos del Cid.
Soldados, la patria nos llama a la lid.
Juremos por ella vencer o morir.
El mundo vio nunca, más noble osadía,
Ni vio nunca un día más grande el valor,
Que aquel, inflamados, nos vimos del fuego,
Excitar a Riego de Patria el amor.
Soldados, la patria nos llama a la lid.
Juremos por ella vencer o morir.
La trompa guerrera sus ecos al viento,
Horror al sediento, ya ruge el cañón.
A Marte sañudo la audacia provoca
Y el ingenio invoca de nuestra nación.
Soldados, la patria nos llama a la lid.
Juremos por ella vencer o morir.
13. 4 PARTIES AND POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS
On the left, the parties and organizations can be considered the ones which reunite
the following characteristics: Manifest adhesion to the Republic. The characteristics
of the parties and groups that we classified as on the right can be defined as the
clear or guarded antagonism to the republican form of State .
Regional
Autonomous
Parties1
Partido Esquerra PSOE
Republicano Republicana PCE
Acción Radical de POUM
Republicana socialista Cataluña. CNT
14. Right wing
Republican parties Autonomous Monarchic Authoritarian
paties parties parties
Partido Renovación
Radical Española.
Republicano -La Lliga Comunión
(CEDA) Tradicionalista Falange
- PNV
Española
16. New period presided by Manuel Azaña
Niceto Alcalá Zamora was elected President of the
Republic.
The new democracy did not enjoy social and economic
tranquility.
The crisis of 1929 is characterized by its
unemployment, decrease of the exterior trade …
The agrarian reform ( 1932)
The socio-labor reforms
Its principal measures were
Military
Religious
Autonomous field
17. The agrarian reform ( 1932) :
Mechanism of action : the expropriated or confiscated
lands passed to be a property of the Institute and
transferred them to the provincial meetings. Later, they
passed to the peasants' communities.
Nobody remains satisfied.
The consequences: the only solution the peasants still
had was the revolution.
18. The socio-labor reforms:
Promoted by Largo Caballero :
- Law of Contracts of Work
- Law of Mixed Jurors
- Law of Municipal areas
- Law of the Necessary Working
Procedure of work accidents and imposition of Labor
Day of eight hours
19. Military:
The Manuel Azaña's first military reforms were directed
to adapt the quantity of military workforce to the real
needs of the country.
“Ley de Azaña”
The Consejo Supremo de Justicia Militar was abolished
The military education linked itself to the University and
the Academy of Zaragoza was removed.
20. Religious:
Basic problem: high index of illiteracy (superior to 30 %), and the lack
of education of almost the half of the infantile population.
Search of the Secular State independent from the church
Re Religious centers were closed.
Co-education
Search of a lay, public and free education.
The education was seeking to take to the rural way by means of the
Pedagogical Missions
Expulsion of the country of the Cardinal Segura
21. Autonomous field:
In Cataluña, in 1931, the president of Esquerra Republicana
proclaimed the Catalan Republic.
Formation of an autonomous government, Generalitat, whose
first task would be to write a State of Autonomy : ->
Nuria's Statute.
The constitution which was approved in
December, offered a legal frame to the
Estatuto de Autonomía de Cataluña.
thanks to, Manuel Azaña, it was
approved in 1932.
( Manuel Azaña )
22. In the País Vasco, they approved in 1931 a project of
statute opposition to the left republicanism and the
Socialists.
After the victory of the conservatives in 1933, some
reforms took place :
- Alejandro stopped the agrarian reform.
- The agricultural question confronted also the central
government with the Generalitat of Cataluña.
- Finally, the government of the Generalitat of Cataluña
approved a new law very similar to the other one.
On the other hand, the central government became
enemies with the Basque nationalists.
23. Luis Companys, proclaimed, on October 6, the
Catalan Republic inside the Federal Spanish
Republic. At the same time, a left-wing parties'
alliance was organizing a general strike.
The insurrection failed.
The Revolution of October´s consequences
were notable. In relation with Cataluña,
the CEDA abolished the Generalitat and
the “ Ley de Contratos de Cultivo ” was
definitively annulled.
( Luis Companys )
24. SOCIAL DISPUTES
The change of the regime coincided with the most
serious phase of the economic world depression.
In 1932 the anarchists propitiated a miners' revolt in
Catalonia and in 1933, a peasants´ revolt in Andalucía
called “Sucesos de las Casas Viejas”.
The conflicts increased worse economic
situation.
All the sectors opposite to
the Republic to try to finish
with the coalition
republican - socialist.
25. THE RIGHTS REORGANIZATION. CRISIS OF
THE GOVERNMENT
The republican reforms and the social conflict
disliked to the economic, social and ideological
elites (Church, big owners of lands, …).
The center - right was restructured about Lerroux's
Radical party.
The CEDA possessed a great number of members
and an indisputable leader: Jose Maria Gil Robles.
26. Spanish renovation (Jose Calvo Sotelo), the
Traditionalist Communion (Carlist) and in a special way
the fascist groups of Falange and of the J.O.N.S.
managed to create a dread´s climate that ended up by
dragging to the set of the right.
The general Sanjurjo realized a “golpe de estado” in
1932, in order to force the turn of the Republic to the
right, but he failed. In 1933 the Military Spanish Union
(UME) was created. It will have active participation in
the “golpe de estado” of July, 1936.
28. After the elections, Lerroux formed a cabinet shaped
exclusively by members of his party.
Política de rectificación of the reforms of the previous
biennium :
- Paralyzation of the agrarian reform.
- Paralyzation of the military reform and designation of
important military positions to anti-republicans .
- Conciliation with the Catholic Church.
- Paralyzation of the educational reforms.
- Clash with the peripheral nationalism.
29. RADICALIZATION OF THE POLITICAL CLASH: THE
RADICAL GOVERNMENTS
In a context of economic international crisis and the
victory of radical parties in Europe . Spain was separated
between the "right" and the "left“ sides.
Right:
CEDA ( Confederación Española de Derechas
Autónomas ) Gil Robles
Renovación Española Calvo Sotelo
Falange Española Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera.
Fused in 1934 with the (J.O.N.S) Lesdema
30. LEFT:
Izquierda Republicana Manuel Azaña
PSOE ( Partido Socialista Obrero Español ) . ..
Indalecio Prieto and Largo Caballero
PCE ( Partido Comunista de España ) Dolores
Ibárruri Gómez ( Pasionaria )
CNT ( Confederación Nacional del Trabajo ) Ángel
Pestaña .Was linked to acción revolucionaria
Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya Lluis
Companys
31. REVOLUTION OF OCTOBER 1934
The increasing tension between both political sides
culminated with the entry of three secretaries of CEDA in
the government in October, 1934.
The government of left interpreted it as a warned of the
imminent victory of fascism in Spain.
This make the left side to proclaimed a general strike
against the government.
32. The movement failed in Madrid and Barcelona.
But in Asturias the general strike triumphed and
degenerated into a real revolution organized by
t the UGT (Unión General de Trabajadores) and the .
CNT.
The repression was terrible : thousands of men died,
were injured and arrested.
Besides the government of right:
- suspended the “Estatuto de Cataluña”
- created a new agrarian reform law
33. However the conflicts in the government
increased
The definitive crisis came with the scandal of
“Estraperlo”.
This propitiated the end of the legislature and
a call for new elections in February, 1936.
35. THE ELECTIONS OF 1936 AND THE
FRENTE POPULAR
February 16,1936 were celebrated de last elections of the II Republic.
There were two parties:
1.-Frente Popular: composed by left parties.
2.-Frente Antirrevolucionario: formed by the CEDA.
The result of the elections was the victory of the Frente Popular.
February 18, the Republic President, Niceto Alcalá Zamora ordered
Manuel Azaña to form a new government based in 4 fundamental
aspects:
1.-The continuation of the agrarian reform.
2.-Intensify the development of education.
3.-Amnesty of political prisoners.
4.-reestablishment of the Generalitat of Cataluña and the approval
of the Autonomous Statutes of Pais Vasco and Galicia.
36. The government was assumed by Santiago
Casaresde Quiroga.
There was a deterioration of the public services
expressed by:
1.-Violence in the countryside with strikes and
la land occupation.
2.- Attacks to ecclesiastical buildings.
3.- Political crimes made by extreme groups such
as Phalangists and Monarchists, in one hand and
Communists and Anarchists in the other one.
Murder José Calvo Sotelo on july the13th.
37. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL
RADICALIZATION
Arrest of José Antonio Primo De Rivera.
Division in the PSOE´s party:
1.-Partisans of the social revolution led by
Francisco Largo Caballero.
2.-A more moderate group led by Idalecio
Prieto.
38. MILITAR CONSPIRACY
The fail of the coup d'état of the general José Sanjurjo in 1932.
The general Francisco Franco (head of state) suggested to declare
the war but it was not accepted by republican politics.
The general Emilio Mola prepared a new coup d'état more
conscientious. This one should be fast and with a high level of
violence.
It was expected to happen at the end of July but was advanced to
the 18 of that month because of the emotional impact that the crime
to Calvo Sotelo caused.
The Spanish Civil War started.
39. ( 1931 – 1933 ) ( 1933 – 1936 ) ( February – July 1936 )
BIENIO BIENIO FRENTE
REPUBLICANO - RADICAL - CEDISTA POPULAR
AZAÑISTA
Reforms: • Paralyzation of the reforms • Resumption of the
• Agrarian • This provoked the reforms
• Socio – labor indignation of: • Amnesty
• Military Socialists (Asturias 1934 ) • Reinstatement of th
• Religious Catalans (proclamation Estatuto Catalán
• Autonomous Field of the Estatuto Catalán)
Manuel Azaña Lerroux Casares Quiroga
41. IIRepublic ideals: freedom, education and
progress.
Supported by intellectuals:
Manuel Azaña
Group at the Service of the Republic: Antonio
Machado, Gregorio Marañón, Ortega y Gasset.
“Generación del 27” -> Literature
Federico García Lorca -> “La Barraca”
43. Pedagogical Missions:
Promote Culture in rural areas (libraries, art
expositions, concerts, films…).
Analyze schools and courses for teachers.
Celebrate meetings: review the political structure
CULTURAL AND POLITICAL AIM
Pedagogical Missions patronage: Pedro Salinas,
Jorge Guillén or Gerardo Diego.
44. Other cultural fields:
Paintings and sculptures: Pablo Picasso /Joan Miró,
Salvador Dalí (Surrealism).
Films: Luis Buñuel (“Un perro andaluz”).
Architecture: Fernando García Mercadal (“Jardines de
Sabatini”)
47. Active role of women (Constitution 1931) :
María Moliner: librarianship, philologist and
lexicographer. (Library Service Coordinator).
María Zambrano: philosopher disciple of Ortega y
Gasset. (Missionary).
Carmen Conde Abellán: poet, writer and teacher.
( María Zambrano )
( María Moliner ) ( Carmen
Conde Abellán )
48.
49. PROJECT REALIZED BY:
-ALICIA CEDILLO CARRERA
-IRENE CUENCA GARCÍA
-RAQUEL MARCOS DELGADO
-ANA SÁNCHEZ MARTÍN
-SORAYA ROMERO MORENO