The document provides information about the periodic table including:
- The periodic table organizes elements according to their atomic number and valence electrons.
- Elements in the same column have similar chemical properties.
- The periodic table has been developed and improved over time by scientists like Dmitri Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer to better organize the known elements.
- The periodic table is an essential tool for chemists as it provides key information about elements like their atomic number, mass, configuration, and reactivity.
This presentation includes familiarization of periodic table of elements, familiarization of an element, and electron configuration of an element and of the noble gas.
This presentation includes familiarization of periodic table of elements, familiarization of an element, and electron configuration of an element and of the noble gas.
this presentation is based on chapter one of class 10 (maharashtra board).. this includes description about how was the modern periodic table was made..
CH1000
Fundament
als of
Chemistry
Module 1 – Chapter 3
Elements and Atoms
• What is an element?
• An element is a fundamental substance that cannot be broken down by chemical
means into a simpler substance.
• Elements are the building blocks of matter.
• Elements can occur naturally or be synthesized in labs.
• The smallest unit of an element that retains its properties and chemical
behavior is called an atom.
• Atoms are made up of subatomic particles, but they do not have the properties of the
element
Elements
•Ten elements make up
almost 99 % of the mass of
the Earth’s crust, seawater
and atmosphere.
•Oxygen accounts for about
20 % of the atmosphere
and is found in nearly all
rocks, sand and soil.
Symbols
of the
Elements
•Each element has an
abbreviation called a symbol.
•The first letter of a symbol
must always be capitalized.
•If a second letter is needed, it
should be lowercase.
Introduction to
the Periodic Table
•Elements with similar
chemical properties are placed
in columns called groups.
•Four groups have special
identifying names, like Noble
Gases, in group 8A, which are
all unreactive gases.
Introduction to
the Periodic
Table
•The eight tall columns are called representative elements, or main group
elements. These are shown in red.
•The elements in the center are called the transition metals, or sometimes
the “inner transition metals.” These are shown in purple.
Introduction to the Periodic
Table
•Elements can be further classified
as metals, metalloids and
nonmetals.
•Notice the bold, black “staircase”
on the table. Everything to the left
of the staircase is a metal and
everything to the right of the
staircase is a non metal.
• The exception is Hydrogen,
which is why some periodic
tables will show hydrogen
disconnected from the main
body of the table.
•The elements in grey touching the
“staircase” are called metalloids, or
semiconductor metals. These metals
are used in the semiconductor
industry.
Metals,
Nonmetal
s and
Metalloids
• Solid at room temperature (except mercury)
• Shiny
• Good conductors of heat and electricity
• Malleable (can be shaped)
• Ductile (can be drawn into wires)
• Most metals have a high melting point and density
Metals
• Not shiny
• Have fairly low melting points and densities
• Are poor conductors of heat and electricity
Non
Metals
• Metalloids have properties between metals and
nonmetals.
• These elements are positioned diagonally on the Periodic
Table separating the metals and nonmetals.
Metalloid
s
Diatomic Elements
•Diatomic molecules
contain exactly two atoms
•Seven elements exist as
diatomic molecules and are
shown in the table to the
left
•Diatomic elements can be
separated.
Compounds
•A compound is a substance
containing two or more
elements that are chemically
combined in a definite
proportion by mass
•Compounds, unlike elements,
can be decomposed chemically
into simpler substances
...
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The periodic table presentation for 4050 [autosaved]
1.
2. • Essential Standard 8.P.1: Understand the properties of matter
and changes that occur when matter interacts in an open and
closed container.
• Clarifying Objective 8.P.1.2: Explain how the physical
properties of elements and their reactivity have been used to
produce the current model of the Periodic Table of elements.
3. Why is the periodic
table important to • The periodic table is
me? the most useful tool
to a chemist.
• It organizes lots of
information about all
the known elements.
4. The Arrangement of the Periodic Table
•The elements are arranged in rows
according to their atomic number and in
columns according to their valence
electrons or number of electrons in the
outer shell. Elements in a given column
have similar chemical characteristics.
•A detailed periodic table typically gives
information on the name, symbol, atomic Advance
number, atomic weight, shell to page 5
configuration and other material.
5. The History of the Periodic Table
Dmitri Mendeleev Lothar Meyer
6. Periodic Table of Elements
The elements in a column make up a family of elements. A family is also known as a
group. Thus the elements in column 8 are known as the family or group of noble
gases.
Click on the Periodic Table
7. How do I read an electron configuration table?
Step 1 - Gather Information The
atomic number is the number
located in the upper left corner and
the atomic weight is the number
located on the bottom.
Step 2 - The Number of Protons is…
The atomic number is the number
of protons in an atom of an
element. In our example,
Germanium's atomic number is 32.
This tells us that an atom of
Germanium has 32 protons in its
nucleus.
Step 3 - The Number of Neutrons
is... Happily, to find the mass
number, all you need to do is round
the atomic weight to the nearest
whole number and subtract the
number of Protons and magically
you have found the answer.
8. Let us see what you have learned. Use the
information provided to answer the questions.
2 5 11 17
He B Na Cl
Helium Boron Sodium Chlorine
4.003 10.81 22.990 35.453
1. What is the atomic number for Chlorine?
2. What is the atomic mass for Boron?
3. How many protons are in an atom of Na?
4. How many neutrons are in an atom of He?
5. How many electrons are in an atom of Cl?
6. How many protons and neutrons would be in an atom of Chlorine?
7. How many neutrons are in an atom of Na?
8. How many protons and neutrons are in an atom of Helium?
9. Metals, Nonmetals and Metalloids
The periodic table on the right separates elements into
three groups: the metals (green in the table), nonmetals
(orange), and metalloids (blue).
10. Metals
Most elements are metals.
They Are usually shiny, very
dense, and only Melt at high
temperatures. Their shape can
be easily changed into thin
wires or sheets without
breaking. Metals will corrode,
Gradually Wearing away, like
rusting iron. Heat And
electricity travel easily through
metals, which is why it is not
wise to stand next a flagpole
during a thunderstorm!
11. Nonmetals
Nonmetals, on the right side of
the periodic table, are very
different from metals. Their
surface is dull and they don’t
conduct heat and electricity. As
compared to metals, they have
low density and will melt at
low temperatures. The shape
of nonmetals cannot be
changed easily because they
are brittle and will break.
13. Elements in the
Human Body.
Roughly 96 percent of the
mass of the human body is
made up of just four
elements:
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen
and nitrogen, with a lot of
that in the form of water.
The remaining 4 percent is a
sparse sampling of additional
elements from the periodic
table.
14. Elements in the
Earth’s surface.
Even though there are 92
elements that are naturally
found, only eight of them
are common in the rocks
that make up the Earth’s
outer layer, the crust.
Together, these 8 elements
make up more than 98% of
the crust.
Together, the elements
oxygen and silicon make up
most of the Earth’s crust
including silicate minerals
such as quartz and
feldspar.
15. Physical and
Chemical Changes
It is important to
understand the difference
between chemical and
physical changes.
Physical changes are about
energy and states of
matter. Chemical changes
happen on a molecular
level when you have two or
more molecules that
interact and create a new
molecule or two.
16. Balancing Equations
• Atoms are not CREATED or
DESTROYED during a
chemical reaction.
• Scientists know that there
must be the SAME number
of atoms on each SIDE of
the EQUATION.
• To balance the chemical
equation, you must add
COEFFICIENTS in front of
the chemical formulas in
the equation. You cannot
ADD or CHANGE subscripts!
17. Balancing Act:
Step-by-Step Example Problem:
• Step 1: Determine number of
atoms for each element.
• Step 2: Pick an element that is
not equal on both sides of the
equation.
• Step 3: Add a coefficient in front
of the formula with that element
and adjust your counts.
• Step 4: Continue adding
coefficients to get the same
number of atoms of each
element on each side.
18. Use the formulas provided to determine the number of
atoms of each element in each compound.
• 1. CO2 • List each element by symbol
and tell how many atoms
• 2. 2H2O there are in the compound.
• 3. Mg(OH)2 • C = ____ O = ____
• 4. 3NaHCO3
• 5. 2H2SO4
21. Mrs. K
• On slide 5 is my voice recording and if you click on the pictures you
will be directed to additional information.
• On slide 6 if you click on the periodic table you will be directed to a
youtube video.
• On slide 9 if you click on the words periodic table and elements, you
will be directed to additional information.
• On slide 10 if you click on the word elements, you will be directed
to additional information.
• On slide 11 if you click on the word density, you will be directed to
additional information.
• On slide 15 if you click on the word states and both the
pictures, you will be directed to additional information (websites).