The document provides information on forming the past perfect tense in English. It discusses using "had" plus the past participle form of verbs to talk about actions that occurred before other past actions or states. Examples are given of affirmative, negative, and interrogative sentences using the past perfect. Exceptions to spelling rules when adding "-ed" are also listed.

2. GENERAL FORMULA
 I/you/he/she/it/we/they + had + V3/ed

3. Exceptions in spelling when adding ed
 after a final e only add d
 love – loved
 final consonant after a short, stressed vowel is
doubled
 admit – admitted
 final r is doubled if it is preceded by a stressed
vowel
 prefer-preferred
 BUT!!!!
 final r is not doubled if it is preceded by a diphthong
 appear-appeared

4. Exceptions in spelling when adding ed
 final l is doubled if it is preceded by a
short vowel stressed or unstressed
 travel-travelled
 final y after a consonant becomes i and
remains unchanged if it is preceded by
a vowel
 hurry – hurried
 play - played

5. We use the Past Perfect:
 A) for an action which happened before another past
action or before a stated time in the past.
 She had finished work before she met her friends
for coffee.

6.  B) for an action which finished in the past and whose
result was visible in the past
 He was happy. He had signed an important
contract.

7. NOTE!
 The Past Perfect Tense is the equivalent of the
Present Perfect Tense.
 He can’t find his watch. He has lost it.
 He couldn’t find his watch. He had lost it.

8. PRESENT PERFECT
Have/has
done
 past now
PAST PERFECT
Had done
past now

9.  The Past Perfect Tense is used with the following
time expressions:
 Before - До
 After - після
 Already - вже
 Just - тільки
 For – протягом
 Since - з
 Till/until – до тих пір, поки
 When - коли
 By - до
 By the time – до того часу, як
 never- ніколи

10. The Past Perfect Tense is also used
 In the if-clause of the third conditional.
If he had come, we would have spent time
together.
 We would have spent time together if he had
come.

11. Affirmative Sentences
I
You
He/ She/ It DONE
We had PLAYED
You WRITTEN
They FIXED

12. I had done all my home assignment before I visited
my friend Marko.
When Sarah arrived to the party, Peter had already
left.
The woman sitting near me was nervous. She had
never flown before.

13. QUESTIONS
I
you
he/ she/ it DONE?
PLAYED?
HAD we
WRITTEN?
FIXED?
you
they

14.  Had Peter left before Mary
arrived to the party?
 Had we cooked dinner before
mom came?

15. Negative Sentences
I
You
He/ She/ It DONE
HAD NOT PLAYED
We WRITTEN
You FIXED
They

16.  The woman was a complete stranger to me. I had
not(=hadn’t) seen her before.
 The man was hit by a car because the driver hadn’t
seen him.
 The apartment was really dirty. They had not
cleaned it for many days.