The Gulf Cooperation Council Interconnection Authority (GCCIA) has constructed and commissioned a 400kV interconnection grid between Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar and United Arab of Emirates (UAE), that includes 900 km of overhead lines, seven 400kV substations, a 1800MW three-pole back-to-back HVDC converter station and a submarine cable to Bahrain. This paper summarizes the design features of the GCCIA Back-to-Back HVDC station, illustrates both the technical considerations and physical characteristics of the project, and highlights the operational experience since its operation in 2009. Also, the paper provides some environmental aspects and personal recommendations, and sum up with illustrative conclusion over the covered topics.
Term Index- High-Voltage Direct-Current Transmission, interconnection, GCCIA, back-to-back HVDC, power system operation, grid Connectivity, power system converters.
The Arab Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries namely the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain,
Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar, and Kuwait have embraced changes to their power sectors with more
private sectors participation as a result of increasing demands for power due to rapid population,
commercial and industrial growth in their respective countries. Realizing the need for more reliable
GCC power grids with power exchange possibilities, the Governments of the GCC countries have
established the GCC Interconnection Authority to construct and operate a 400 kV interconnection
backbone grid between the six Member States (MS).
The GCC Interconnection network phase 1 was completed and successfully commissioned during the
first quarter of the year 2009. Phase 1 network consists of seven 400 kV substations interconnecting
the independent Member States’ Power Systems (MSPS): Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and Qatar
through a 900 km 400 kV overhead lines and a 51 km 400 KV submarine and land cables. This GCC
Interconnection phase I combines long distance high voltage overhead lines, high voltage cables and a
HVDC back-to-back substation. The HVDC connects the 50 Hz interconnected networks of the power
systems in Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, UAE and Oman with the 60 Hz system in Saudi Arabia.
The GCC Interconnection network phase 3 successfully completed when UAE 400 kV network was
connected to the GCC Interconnection network Phase 1 through double circuits 400 kV overhead
lines, and synchronised for the first time with Phase I network on April 2011 and Oman grid was
connected to UAE grid through double circuits 220 kV overhead lines on October 2011.
In order to prepare for the safe, secure and stable operation of the combined GCC interconnection
including UAE and Oman, a number of detailed operational studies were performed including system
studies, electromagnetic transients, protection studies, frequency control studies, and more. The paper
presents the results of these operational studies and the approach the operations issues arising from the
results of the studies were addressed
The Operation of the GCCIA HVDC Project and Its Potential Impacts on the Elec...Power System Operation
The Gulf Cooperation Council Interconnection Authority (GCCIA) has constructed and commissioned a 400kV interconnection grid between Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar and United Arab of Emirates (UAE), that includes 900 km of overhead lines, seven 400kV substations, a 1800MW three-pole back-to-back HVDC converter station and a submarine cable to Bahrain. This paper summarizes the design features of the GCCIA Back-to-Back HVDC station, illustrates both the technical considerations and physical characteristics of the project, and highlights the operational experience since its operation in 2009. Also, the paper provides some environmental aspects and personal recommendations, and sum up with illustrative conclusion over the covered topics.
Index Terms—high-voltage direct-current transmission, interconnection, GCCIA, back-to-back HVDC, power system operation, grid connectivity, power system converters
GCCIA has maintained 100% support to the security
for the Gulf Cooperation Council electricity network for
the tenth consecutive year.
In order to maintain these successes, GCCIA is
continuously seeking to expand to achieve its first
objective; ensuring the electrical security of the
Member States.
Due to the continuous increase in the demand for
electricity in the Member States networks, and in the
interest of GCCIA to adapt the capacity of the electrical
interconnector to the needs of the networks of the Gulf
Cooperation Council States, the Authority has initiated
the feasibility study of the expansion of the electrical
interconnector by exploiting the opportunities of
interconnection within and outside the Gulf Cooperation
Council States to connect with neighboring regions
in seek for new sources of energy efficiency and
sustainability.
Commercial energy exchange reinforces Gulf energy
security and avoids its disconnection, as well as to
reduce the cost of building new plants and the periodic
maintenance costs of these plants.
The Gulf Cooperation Council interconnection
network was the beginning of the electric power trade.
The exchange volume between the Gulf Cooperation
Council States that reached 1.250 million MWH, which
necessitated the formation of the energy-trading
platform for the Gulf electricity market In the year
2018.
This document discusses transmission lines and HVDC transmission. It defines a transmission line as consisting of two or more parallel conductors used to connect a source to a load. The key parameters of transmission lines are resistance, inductance, capacitance, and conductance per unit length. Transmission lines are used to transfer energy, signals, or power from a transmitter to a receiver. Common types include parallel wires, twisted pair wires, ribbon cables, coaxial cables, and waveguides. HVDC transmission has advantages over HVAC like improved controllability of power flow and ability to transmit power over long distances. HVDC systems convert AC to DC using rectifiers, transmit DC power, and then convert it back to AC using in
this ppt gives u a clear idea about substations ..there are two types of substation
1) air insulated substations
2) gas insulated substations
this ppt is about air insulated substations and gas insulated substations
The Saudi network code contains a number of rules and regulations to organize the work of the National Grid SA. The code also aims at making sure that the power transmission services are available for all network users in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in an effective, economical, fair and transparent way, without any discrimination between the network users.
The Saudi Arabian Grid Code is designed to ensure that transmission facilities and services are provided to all grid participants in the country in an efficient, economic, fair, non-discriminatory, and transparent manner. To facilitate this liaison, the Code sets out obligations and accountabilities of the TSP as well as of users for grid access and use and provides a set of rules, regulations, and standards of performance for this purpose.
The document discusses the concept of a smart grid, which aims to modernize and add intelligence to existing electrical infrastructure. It describes how a smart grid would use two-way communication and sensing technologies to better balance supply and demand of electricity. This would help maximize output, improve reliability and efficiency, reduce costs and energy consumption. Key aspects of a smart grid discussed include smart generation, transmission, distribution and consumer components. Advantages include better energy management and reliability, while disadvantages include high costs and potential security issues due to its computerized nature. Implementation examples in India are also provided.
This document summarizes a PhD seminar presentation on microgrids and their control. It defines a microgrid as a group of distributed energy resources and loads that can disconnect from the traditional grid to operate autonomously. It describes the basic architecture of microgrids including sources, storage, loads, and power electronics. It discusses different modes of microgrid operation such as grid-connected, island, and various control strategies. Finally, it reviews several relevant research papers on topics like microgrid control optimization, voltage and current harmonics, and black start capabilities.
The Arab Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries namely the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain,
Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar, and Kuwait have embraced changes to their power sectors with more
private sectors participation as a result of increasing demands for power due to rapid population,
commercial and industrial growth in their respective countries. Realizing the need for more reliable
GCC power grids with power exchange possibilities, the Governments of the GCC countries have
established the GCC Interconnection Authority to construct and operate a 400 kV interconnection
backbone grid between the six Member States (MS).
The GCC Interconnection network phase 1 was completed and successfully commissioned during the
first quarter of the year 2009. Phase 1 network consists of seven 400 kV substations interconnecting
the independent Member States’ Power Systems (MSPS): Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and Qatar
through a 900 km 400 kV overhead lines and a 51 km 400 KV submarine and land cables. This GCC
Interconnection phase I combines long distance high voltage overhead lines, high voltage cables and a
HVDC back-to-back substation. The HVDC connects the 50 Hz interconnected networks of the power
systems in Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, UAE and Oman with the 60 Hz system in Saudi Arabia.
The GCC Interconnection network phase 3 successfully completed when UAE 400 kV network was
connected to the GCC Interconnection network Phase 1 through double circuits 400 kV overhead
lines, and synchronised for the first time with Phase I network on April 2011 and Oman grid was
connected to UAE grid through double circuits 220 kV overhead lines on October 2011.
In order to prepare for the safe, secure and stable operation of the combined GCC interconnection
including UAE and Oman, a number of detailed operational studies were performed including system
studies, electromagnetic transients, protection studies, frequency control studies, and more. The paper
presents the results of these operational studies and the approach the operations issues arising from the
results of the studies were addressed
The Operation of the GCCIA HVDC Project and Its Potential Impacts on the Elec...Power System Operation
The Gulf Cooperation Council Interconnection Authority (GCCIA) has constructed and commissioned a 400kV interconnection grid between Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar and United Arab of Emirates (UAE), that includes 900 km of overhead lines, seven 400kV substations, a 1800MW three-pole back-to-back HVDC converter station and a submarine cable to Bahrain. This paper summarizes the design features of the GCCIA Back-to-Back HVDC station, illustrates both the technical considerations and physical characteristics of the project, and highlights the operational experience since its operation in 2009. Also, the paper provides some environmental aspects and personal recommendations, and sum up with illustrative conclusion over the covered topics.
Index Terms—high-voltage direct-current transmission, interconnection, GCCIA, back-to-back HVDC, power system operation, grid connectivity, power system converters
GCCIA has maintained 100% support to the security
for the Gulf Cooperation Council electricity network for
the tenth consecutive year.
In order to maintain these successes, GCCIA is
continuously seeking to expand to achieve its first
objective; ensuring the electrical security of the
Member States.
Due to the continuous increase in the demand for
electricity in the Member States networks, and in the
interest of GCCIA to adapt the capacity of the electrical
interconnector to the needs of the networks of the Gulf
Cooperation Council States, the Authority has initiated
the feasibility study of the expansion of the electrical
interconnector by exploiting the opportunities of
interconnection within and outside the Gulf Cooperation
Council States to connect with neighboring regions
in seek for new sources of energy efficiency and
sustainability.
Commercial energy exchange reinforces Gulf energy
security and avoids its disconnection, as well as to
reduce the cost of building new plants and the periodic
maintenance costs of these plants.
The Gulf Cooperation Council interconnection
network was the beginning of the electric power trade.
The exchange volume between the Gulf Cooperation
Council States that reached 1.250 million MWH, which
necessitated the formation of the energy-trading
platform for the Gulf electricity market In the year
2018.
This document discusses transmission lines and HVDC transmission. It defines a transmission line as consisting of two or more parallel conductors used to connect a source to a load. The key parameters of transmission lines are resistance, inductance, capacitance, and conductance per unit length. Transmission lines are used to transfer energy, signals, or power from a transmitter to a receiver. Common types include parallel wires, twisted pair wires, ribbon cables, coaxial cables, and waveguides. HVDC transmission has advantages over HVAC like improved controllability of power flow and ability to transmit power over long distances. HVDC systems convert AC to DC using rectifiers, transmit DC power, and then convert it back to AC using in
this ppt gives u a clear idea about substations ..there are two types of substation
1) air insulated substations
2) gas insulated substations
this ppt is about air insulated substations and gas insulated substations
The Saudi network code contains a number of rules and regulations to organize the work of the National Grid SA. The code also aims at making sure that the power transmission services are available for all network users in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in an effective, economical, fair and transparent way, without any discrimination between the network users.
The Saudi Arabian Grid Code is designed to ensure that transmission facilities and services are provided to all grid participants in the country in an efficient, economic, fair, non-discriminatory, and transparent manner. To facilitate this liaison, the Code sets out obligations and accountabilities of the TSP as well as of users for grid access and use and provides a set of rules, regulations, and standards of performance for this purpose.
The document discusses the concept of a smart grid, which aims to modernize and add intelligence to existing electrical infrastructure. It describes how a smart grid would use two-way communication and sensing technologies to better balance supply and demand of electricity. This would help maximize output, improve reliability and efficiency, reduce costs and energy consumption. Key aspects of a smart grid discussed include smart generation, transmission, distribution and consumer components. Advantages include better energy management and reliability, while disadvantages include high costs and potential security issues due to its computerized nature. Implementation examples in India are also provided.
This document summarizes a PhD seminar presentation on microgrids and their control. It defines a microgrid as a group of distributed energy resources and loads that can disconnect from the traditional grid to operate autonomously. It describes the basic architecture of microgrids including sources, storage, loads, and power electronics. It discusses different modes of microgrid operation such as grid-connected, island, and various control strategies. Finally, it reviews several relevant research papers on topics like microgrid control optimization, voltage and current harmonics, and black start capabilities.
The document is a seminar report on FACTS controllers that was submitted by a student. It provides an introduction to flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) and defines FACTS controllers. It then discusses various types of FACTS controllers in detail, including the static variable compensator (SVC), voltage source converter (VSC), static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC), static synchronous series compensator (SSSC), and unified power flow controller (UPFC). It also outlines the benefits of FACTS controllers such as improving power transmission efficiency and reliability.
The document discusses key aspects of smart grids including how they allow two-way communication between utilities and consumers to save energy and reduce costs and emissions. It also discusses how smart grids optimize the operation of interconnected grid elements and integrate renewable energy and energy storage. Challenges to smart grids include upgrading aging infrastructure and developing regulatory policies to accommodate features like time-of-use pricing.
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In all these systems, the power flow of electrical energy takes place through Electrical Substations. An Electrical Substation is an assemblage of electrical components including busbars, switchgear, power transformers, auxiliaries, etc. Basically an electrical substation consists of a number of incoming circuits and outgoing circuits connected to common busbar system. Busbars are conducting bars to which a number of incoming or outgoing circuits are connected. Each circuit has certain electrical components such as circuit-breakers, isolators, earthing switches, current transformers, voltage transformers, etc. These components are connected in a definite sequence such that a circuit can be switched off/on during normal operation by manual/remote command and also automatically during abnormal conditions such as short-circuits. A substation receives electrical power from generating station via incoming transmission lines and delivers electrical power via the outgoing transmission lines. Substations
A microgrid is a small-scale power supply network designed to provide power for a small community. It enables local power generation and is connected to both local generating units and the utility grid to prevent outages. Excess power can be sold back to the grid. Microgrids use various small power sources, making them flexible and efficient. They can reduce transmission losses and provide reliable energy to critical loads. DC microgrids in particular are more efficient and can interface naturally with renewable energy sources. Microgrids have applications for households, renewable energy parks, energy storage, and electric vehicle charging stations. Controlling techniques include linear, non-linear, active and passive controls. Future trends involve making microgrids more intelligent and robust through improved interaction with
This document provides an overview of advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) for smart grids. It begins with outlining the challenges faced by today's electric grids, such as peak demand, power theft, lack of visibility, and aging infrastructure. It then presents the conceptual model of a smart grid, including bidirectional power and information flows. Key components of AMI are described, including smart meters, smart appliances, and various communication technologies. The role of AMI in enabling applications like bulk meter reading, demand response, and outage notification is explained. Finally, the document discusses a smart grid pilot project in Puducherry, India and lists relevant resources and companies in the field.
HVDC (high-voltage direct current) is a highly efficient alternative for transmitting large amounts of electricity over long distances and for special purpose applications.
Hybrid Power System is the integration of number of generating plants those are working together serve a particular region. They may be off grid or may not be.
EHV (extra high voltage) AC transmission refers to equipment designed for voltages greater than 345 kV. Higher transmission voltages increase efficiency by reducing transmission losses and current, decrease infrastructure costs, and increase transmission capacity. However, they also present safety and interference risks. New technologies like FACTS (flexible AC transmission systems) help maximize the benefits of EHV transmission by enabling voltage control and power flow management. There is growing support for expanding national EHV transmission grids to facilitate large-scale renewable energy integration and inter-regional power sharing.
This document discusses fault analysis in HVDC and HVAC transmission lines. It begins with a brief history of HVDC systems and then covers the basics of HVDC transmission including components and types. The main sections compare HVAC and HVDC systems, discuss fault analysis in both, and describe various protection methods. HVDC transmission is described as advantageous for long distance bulk power transmission, underground/underwater cables, and asynchronous grid interconnection. Protection of AC and DC lines includes overcurrent, overvoltage, and DC reactor methods.
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This document discusses issues related to connecting renewable energy sources to the electric grid. It notes that renewable resources like wind and solar are intermittent and lack flexibility, posing challenges to balancing supply and demand. Various technical issues are explored, such as voltage fluctuations, frequency variation, power quality issues like harmonics. Solutions discussed include using inverters with voltage regulation modes, frequency ride-through systems, and distributing generation sources across three phases. The document advocates for grid-tied renewable systems and the development of new technologies to better integrate intermittent renewables at high penetration levels.
This document presents on a hybrid wind and solar energy system with battery energy storage for an isolated system. It discusses that in districts where solar and wind energy are naturally complementary, a hybrid system can reduce battery capacity and costs compared to standalone PV or wind. The system will use linear short-term prediction of wind and solar in its control strategy to optimize the system economically in MATLAB Simulink. A typical hybrid system consists of solar, wind, batteries, and a controller to regulate charging and protect from overcharging or deep discharging. Hybrid systems can have benefits like improved reliability, efficiency, fuel flexibility, lower emissions, and economics.
Three main microgrid control strategies are described:
1. Master-slave mode where one DG acts as the voltage/frequency master and others follow as slaves under P/Q control.
2. Peer-to-peer mode where all DGs use droop control to cooperatively regulate voltage and frequency without a master.
3. Combined mode using aspects of both by assigning control roles based on DG type.
The document discusses India's power grid network and the transition to a smart grid system. It provides information on:
- India's existing regional power grids and their interconnections.
- The definition and key characteristics of a smart grid, including its use of digital technology, smart meters, and two-way communication.
- The advantages of a smart grid like enabling renewable energy integration, demand response programs, and modernizing transmission and distribution systems.
This document discusses communications technologies for smart grids, including Zigbee, wireless mesh networks, cellular networks, powerline communication, and digital subscriber lines. It analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of each technology and describes smart grid communication requirements like security, reliability, scalability, and quality of service. Key smart grid standards are also outlined covering various areas such as revenue metering, building automation, powerline networking, device communication, cybersecurity, and electric vehicles.
HVDC transmission provides several advantages over AC transmission including:
1. No reactive power losses, improved stability, and the ability to control power flow with converters.
2. DC transmission is more economical than AC for distances longer than 500-800km due to reduced infrastructure needs.
3. Technical performance is enhanced with DC such as improved transient stability and fast fault control without circuit breakers.
4. DC links allow asynchronous interconnection between AC systems with different frequencies without disturbances.
The load dispatch center monitors and controls the power system to ensure reliable power supply. It collects data using a SCADA system and oversees elements like generators, transformers, and transmission lines. The load dispatch center performs economic and secure operation of the power system, and works to restore power lines after faults. It is responsible for functions like load forecasting, outage monitoring, voltage regulation, load scheduling, and coordination between grids.
The document discusses substation automation, including its basic functions, levels (station and bay), equipment, communication protocols, and advantages. It describes the station computer, GPS receiver, bay control units, protection relays, communication facilities using Ethernet switches, and remote monitoring capabilities. The document also outlines open system architecture following IEC 61850 standards, advanced functions like power quality monitoring, and future integration opportunities. Drawbacks are listed related to legacy systems, skills, expertise, funding, and management philosophy.
The Gulf countries have seen rising energy demand that has strained their power grids. In 2001, six Gulf nations formed the GCCIA to address this by linking their electrical networks. The first major project was the GCCIA Project, which consists of three phases connecting the countries' grids. Phase I went live in 2009, linking four countries. AREVA T&D provided key components, including the first Middle East HVDC back-to-back stations allowing power sharing between grids rapidly and efficiently. This dynamic reserve power sharing minimizes the need for excess generation capacity in each country.
AREVA’s Transmission and Distribution division, with over one hundred years of experience,
is one of the world leaders in medium and high voltage transmission systems and equipment.
Our engineers were some of the pioneers in direct current technology and have been
innovators in the field for over 40 years.
1 Interconnect the member states’ electrical power networks by providing the necessary investments for power sharing
to anticipate power generation loss in emergency situations;
2 Reduce the spinning reserves of each member state;
3 Improve the economic power system efficiency throughout the member states;
4 Provide cost-effective power sharing capabilities amongst the member states and strengthen collective electrical
supply reliability;
5 Deal with the existing companies and authorities in charge of the electricity sector in the member states and elsewhere
in order to coordinate their operations and strengthen the efficiency of operation with due regard to the circumstances
relating to each state;
6 Apply modern technological developments in the field of electricity.
Objectives
The Interconnection Project
The GCC
Interconnection Grid
has been planned in
three phases:
Phase I: The GCC North Grid Challenge
Saudi Arabia runs its electricity transmission network at 380 kV, 60 Hz. The other five countries use 400 kV,
50 Hz. Based on the asynchronous nature of the states to be interconnected, the best solution was to add an
HVDC interconnection. The Phase I system components linking the networks of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain
and Qatar include:
A double-circuit 400 kV, 50 Hz line from Al Zour (Kuwait) to Doha South (Qatar) via Ghunan (Saudi Arabia) with an intermediate
connection at Al Fadhili (Saudi Arabia) and associated substations.
A back-to-back HVDC interconnection to the Saudi Arabia 380 kV, 60 Hz system at Al Fadhili.
A double-circuit 400 kV interconnection comprising overhead lines and submarine link from Ghunan to Al-Jasra (Bahrain)
and associated substations.
The Control Center located at Ghunan is linked with each member country’s national control center and will ensure security,
control interconnection access, perform frequency and interchange regulation, coordinate interconnection operation, and
transaction recording and billing.
Our expert design engineers create the most optimized
solutions for each network based on present needs and in
anticipation of future growth. All energy solutions are based
on a project-by-project assessment, whether it’s for long
distance power transmission, energy trading between independent
networks or connection between asynchronous
The document is a seminar report on FACTS controllers that was submitted by a student. It provides an introduction to flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) and defines FACTS controllers. It then discusses various types of FACTS controllers in detail, including the static variable compensator (SVC), voltage source converter (VSC), static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC), static synchronous series compensator (SSSC), and unified power flow controller (UPFC). It also outlines the benefits of FACTS controllers such as improving power transmission efficiency and reliability.
The document discusses key aspects of smart grids including how they allow two-way communication between utilities and consumers to save energy and reduce costs and emissions. It also discusses how smart grids optimize the operation of interconnected grid elements and integrate renewable energy and energy storage. Challenges to smart grids include upgrading aging infrastructure and developing regulatory policies to accommodate features like time-of-use pricing.
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In all these systems, the power flow of electrical energy takes place through Electrical Substations. An Electrical Substation is an assemblage of electrical components including busbars, switchgear, power transformers, auxiliaries, etc. Basically an electrical substation consists of a number of incoming circuits and outgoing circuits connected to common busbar system. Busbars are conducting bars to which a number of incoming or outgoing circuits are connected. Each circuit has certain electrical components such as circuit-breakers, isolators, earthing switches, current transformers, voltage transformers, etc. These components are connected in a definite sequence such that a circuit can be switched off/on during normal operation by manual/remote command and also automatically during abnormal conditions such as short-circuits. A substation receives electrical power from generating station via incoming transmission lines and delivers electrical power via the outgoing transmission lines. Substations
A microgrid is a small-scale power supply network designed to provide power for a small community. It enables local power generation and is connected to both local generating units and the utility grid to prevent outages. Excess power can be sold back to the grid. Microgrids use various small power sources, making them flexible and efficient. They can reduce transmission losses and provide reliable energy to critical loads. DC microgrids in particular are more efficient and can interface naturally with renewable energy sources. Microgrids have applications for households, renewable energy parks, energy storage, and electric vehicle charging stations. Controlling techniques include linear, non-linear, active and passive controls. Future trends involve making microgrids more intelligent and robust through improved interaction with
This document provides an overview of advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) for smart grids. It begins with outlining the challenges faced by today's electric grids, such as peak demand, power theft, lack of visibility, and aging infrastructure. It then presents the conceptual model of a smart grid, including bidirectional power and information flows. Key components of AMI are described, including smart meters, smart appliances, and various communication technologies. The role of AMI in enabling applications like bulk meter reading, demand response, and outage notification is explained. Finally, the document discusses a smart grid pilot project in Puducherry, India and lists relevant resources and companies in the field.
HVDC (high-voltage direct current) is a highly efficient alternative for transmitting large amounts of electricity over long distances and for special purpose applications.
Hybrid Power System is the integration of number of generating plants those are working together serve a particular region. They may be off grid or may not be.
EHV (extra high voltage) AC transmission refers to equipment designed for voltages greater than 345 kV. Higher transmission voltages increase efficiency by reducing transmission losses and current, decrease infrastructure costs, and increase transmission capacity. However, they also present safety and interference risks. New technologies like FACTS (flexible AC transmission systems) help maximize the benefits of EHV transmission by enabling voltage control and power flow management. There is growing support for expanding national EHV transmission grids to facilitate large-scale renewable energy integration and inter-regional power sharing.
This document discusses fault analysis in HVDC and HVAC transmission lines. It begins with a brief history of HVDC systems and then covers the basics of HVDC transmission including components and types. The main sections compare HVAC and HVDC systems, discuss fault analysis in both, and describe various protection methods. HVDC transmission is described as advantageous for long distance bulk power transmission, underground/underwater cables, and asynchronous grid interconnection. Protection of AC and DC lines includes overcurrent, overvoltage, and DC reactor methods.
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This document discusses issues related to connecting renewable energy sources to the electric grid. It notes that renewable resources like wind and solar are intermittent and lack flexibility, posing challenges to balancing supply and demand. Various technical issues are explored, such as voltage fluctuations, frequency variation, power quality issues like harmonics. Solutions discussed include using inverters with voltage regulation modes, frequency ride-through systems, and distributing generation sources across three phases. The document advocates for grid-tied renewable systems and the development of new technologies to better integrate intermittent renewables at high penetration levels.
This document presents on a hybrid wind and solar energy system with battery energy storage for an isolated system. It discusses that in districts where solar and wind energy are naturally complementary, a hybrid system can reduce battery capacity and costs compared to standalone PV or wind. The system will use linear short-term prediction of wind and solar in its control strategy to optimize the system economically in MATLAB Simulink. A typical hybrid system consists of solar, wind, batteries, and a controller to regulate charging and protect from overcharging or deep discharging. Hybrid systems can have benefits like improved reliability, efficiency, fuel flexibility, lower emissions, and economics.
Three main microgrid control strategies are described:
1. Master-slave mode where one DG acts as the voltage/frequency master and others follow as slaves under P/Q control.
2. Peer-to-peer mode where all DGs use droop control to cooperatively regulate voltage and frequency without a master.
3. Combined mode using aspects of both by assigning control roles based on DG type.
The document discusses India's power grid network and the transition to a smart grid system. It provides information on:
- India's existing regional power grids and their interconnections.
- The definition and key characteristics of a smart grid, including its use of digital technology, smart meters, and two-way communication.
- The advantages of a smart grid like enabling renewable energy integration, demand response programs, and modernizing transmission and distribution systems.
This document discusses communications technologies for smart grids, including Zigbee, wireless mesh networks, cellular networks, powerline communication, and digital subscriber lines. It analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of each technology and describes smart grid communication requirements like security, reliability, scalability, and quality of service. Key smart grid standards are also outlined covering various areas such as revenue metering, building automation, powerline networking, device communication, cybersecurity, and electric vehicles.
HVDC transmission provides several advantages over AC transmission including:
1. No reactive power losses, improved stability, and the ability to control power flow with converters.
2. DC transmission is more economical than AC for distances longer than 500-800km due to reduced infrastructure needs.
3. Technical performance is enhanced with DC such as improved transient stability and fast fault control without circuit breakers.
4. DC links allow asynchronous interconnection between AC systems with different frequencies without disturbances.
The load dispatch center monitors and controls the power system to ensure reliable power supply. It collects data using a SCADA system and oversees elements like generators, transformers, and transmission lines. The load dispatch center performs economic and secure operation of the power system, and works to restore power lines after faults. It is responsible for functions like load forecasting, outage monitoring, voltage regulation, load scheduling, and coordination between grids.
The document discusses substation automation, including its basic functions, levels (station and bay), equipment, communication protocols, and advantages. It describes the station computer, GPS receiver, bay control units, protection relays, communication facilities using Ethernet switches, and remote monitoring capabilities. The document also outlines open system architecture following IEC 61850 standards, advanced functions like power quality monitoring, and future integration opportunities. Drawbacks are listed related to legacy systems, skills, expertise, funding, and management philosophy.
The Gulf countries have seen rising energy demand that has strained their power grids. In 2001, six Gulf nations formed the GCCIA to address this by linking their electrical networks. The first major project was the GCCIA Project, which consists of three phases connecting the countries' grids. Phase I went live in 2009, linking four countries. AREVA T&D provided key components, including the first Middle East HVDC back-to-back stations allowing power sharing between grids rapidly and efficiently. This dynamic reserve power sharing minimizes the need for excess generation capacity in each country.
AREVA’s Transmission and Distribution division, with over one hundred years of experience,
is one of the world leaders in medium and high voltage transmission systems and equipment.
Our engineers were some of the pioneers in direct current technology and have been
innovators in the field for over 40 years.
1 Interconnect the member states’ electrical power networks by providing the necessary investments for power sharing
to anticipate power generation loss in emergency situations;
2 Reduce the spinning reserves of each member state;
3 Improve the economic power system efficiency throughout the member states;
4 Provide cost-effective power sharing capabilities amongst the member states and strengthen collective electrical
supply reliability;
5 Deal with the existing companies and authorities in charge of the electricity sector in the member states and elsewhere
in order to coordinate their operations and strengthen the efficiency of operation with due regard to the circumstances
relating to each state;
6 Apply modern technological developments in the field of electricity.
Objectives
The Interconnection Project
The GCC
Interconnection Grid
has been planned in
three phases:
Phase I: The GCC North Grid Challenge
Saudi Arabia runs its electricity transmission network at 380 kV, 60 Hz. The other five countries use 400 kV,
50 Hz. Based on the asynchronous nature of the states to be interconnected, the best solution was to add an
HVDC interconnection. The Phase I system components linking the networks of Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain
and Qatar include:
A double-circuit 400 kV, 50 Hz line from Al Zour (Kuwait) to Doha South (Qatar) via Ghunan (Saudi Arabia) with an intermediate
connection at Al Fadhili (Saudi Arabia) and associated substations.
A back-to-back HVDC interconnection to the Saudi Arabia 380 kV, 60 Hz system at Al Fadhili.
A double-circuit 400 kV interconnection comprising overhead lines and submarine link from Ghunan to Al-Jasra (Bahrain)
and associated substations.
The Control Center located at Ghunan is linked with each member country’s national control center and will ensure security,
control interconnection access, perform frequency and interchange regulation, coordinate interconnection operation, and
transaction recording and billing.
Our expert design engineers create the most optimized
solutions for each network based on present needs and in
anticipation of future growth. All energy solutions are based
on a project-by-project assessment, whether it’s for long
distance power transmission, energy trading between independent
networks or connection between asynchronous
Improving Fault Ride ThroughCapabilities For Offshore PMSG Wind Farms Connect...IJERDJOURNAL
Abstract:-Fault ride through (FRT) is one of the most dominant grid connection requirements to be met by Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS). In occurrence of grid voltage dips, a mismatch is produced between the generated active power and the active power delivered to the grid. Fault ride through necessity demands management of this mismatch, which is a challenge for the WECS. Considering the development of full scale converter based wind turbine generators (WTG), use of unit rated DC controlled resistors for each of the full scale AC-DC-AC converter system of the individual turbines has been proposed instead of the one on the high voltage direct current (HVDC) line side. In this paper, both the cases have been simulated and their performances are found to be similar. Thus, it justifies that the DC resistors in the full scale converters are sufficient to handle the FRT conditions.
The document summarizes the training report on HVDC transmission systems by Mr. Mohammed Azadar Naqvi at BHEL in Noida. It provides an overview of HVDC transmission, including why it is required due to limitations of AC transmission over long distances. It describes the basic components of an HVDC system including converters, transformers, filters, valves, and switchyards. It also explains the different configurations of HVDC systems such as back-to-back, monopolar, and bipolar arrangements. The report concludes with a list of HVDC projects commissioned in India and references used in the training.
Modelling and Operation of HVDC Based Power Transmission Systemijtsrd
Submodule overcurrent caused by DC pole-to-pole fault in modular multilevel converter HVDC MMC-HVDC system is one of the important research objects about its electrical characteristics. In this paper, the fault mechanism before and after the converter blocked was analyzed respectively and the circuit model for the analysis of submodule overcurrent was explored. The analytic equation for overcurrent calculation was deduced and a detailed analysis was also performed. The changes of submodule overcurrent stress with different circuit parameters were obtained and the key issues were also summed up. The results indicate that the submodule overcurrent is the AC system three-phase short-circuit current superposed the discharging current before the converter blocked, and the submodule overcurrent is the AC system three-phase short-circuit current superposed the valve reactor freewheeling current after the converter blocked. From the computation and simulation results, it is concluded that the analytical method is feasible and its calculation results are comparatively precise. Mohd Liaqat "Modelling and Operation of HVDC Based Power Transmission System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd20319.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/20319/modelling-and-operation-of-hvdc-based-power-transmission-system/mohd-liaqat
Gulf Cooperation Council
International Authority (GCCIA)
The GCCIA is an organisation formed in July 2001 with the
primary objective to create an integrated and sustainable energy
economy amongst the six Gulf States.
The aim is to create an interconnection of power grids between
member states so that resources can be shared. The six countries
include Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the
United Arab Emirates.
Interconnect the member states electrical power networks
by providing the necessary investments for power sharing to
anticipate power generation loss in emergency situations.
Reduce the spinning reserves of each member state.
Improve the economic power system efficiency throughout
the member states.
Provide cost-effective power sharing capabilities amongst
the member states and strengthen collective electrical
supply reliability.
Deal with the existing companies and authorities in charge of
the electricity sector in the member states and elsewhere in
order to coordinate their operations and strengthen the
efficiency of operation with due regard to the circumstances
relating to each state.
Apply modern technological developments in the field of
electricity.
Anlysis of a pmsg based offshore wind farm fed to a onshore grid through hybr...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Impact of LCC–HVDC multiterminal on generator rotor angle stability IJECEIAES
Multiterminal High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission utilizing Line Commutated Converter (LCC-HVDC) technology is on the increase in interconnecting a remote generating station to any urban centre via long distance DC lines. This Multiterminal-HVDC (MTDC) system offers a reduced right of way benefits, reduction in transmission losses, as well as robust power controllability with enhanced stability margin. However, utilizing the MTDC system in an AC network bring about a new area of associated fault analysis as well as the effect on the entire AC system during a transient fault condition. This paper analyses the fault current contribution of an MTDC system during transient fault to the rotor angle of a synchronous generator. The results show a high rotor angle swing during a transient fault and the effectiveness of fast power system stabilizer connected to the generator automatic voltage regulator in damping the system oscillations. The MTDC link improved the system performance by providing an alternative path of power transfer and quick system recovery during transient fault thus increasing the rate at which the system oscillations were damped out. This shows great improvement compared to when power was being transmitted via AC lines.
POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF DISTRIBUTION GRID USING ULTRA CAPACITOR INTEGRAT...IRJET Journal
The document discusses integrating ultracapacitors (UCAPs) with a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) to improve power quality on the distribution grid. UCAPs are well-suited for compensating brief voltage sags and swells due to their high power density and ability to provide power quickly. The proposed UCAP-DVR system would independently compensate for voltage sags and swells lasting from 3 seconds to 1 minute. Simulation results show that integrating a UCAP energy storage system into the DVR gives it dynamic power capability to restore voltages without support from the grid during disturbances.
IRJET- Comparative Study of Common Methods of Frequency Response using MTDC G...IRJET Journal
This document compares different control strategies for exchanging frequency support between AC power systems connected by a multi-terminal HVDC grid. It studies synthetic inertia control using frequency derivative input, classical frequency droop control, and an integrated synthetic inertia emulation control scheme. Time domain simulations show the impact of these controls on both HVDC grid voltage response and AC system frequency stability. Frequency droop control improves one AC system's frequency at the cost of disturbance to the other. Integrated synthetic inertia emulation control facilitates primary frequency reserve exchange similarly to droop control. The control strategies allow artificial coupling of HVDC-connected AC systems for frequency support.
I have created this report for my final semester seminar at Poornima college of engineering Jaipur, electrical department. This report covers various chapters and other contents. feel free to download.
Note: some minor editsin format and a quick spelling check might be needed.
**content source is wikipedia and internet**
any thing you would like to suggest please let me know in the comments.
IRJET- Literature Review on Uncertainty Management in Construction SitesIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of HVDCPlus transmission systems which use voltage source converter (VSC) technology. Some key points:
- VSC technology provides advantages over conventional HVDC using thyristor technology, allowing operation in weak grid conditions and independent control of active and reactive power.
- The main components of an HVDCPlus system are the voltage source converters (VSCs), transformers, high voltage DC circuit, and power cables. Pulse width modulation (PWM) is used to generate sinusoidal AC voltages from the VSCs.
- VSC technology allows HVDCPlus systems to feed AC systems with low short circuit power, provide static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) functionality, and independently control
IRJET- Protection of VSC Controlled HVDCPlus System using PWM TechniqueIRJET Journal
This document provides an overview of HVDCPlus transmission systems which use voltage source converter (VSC) technology. Some key points:
- VSC technology provides advantages over conventional HVDC using thyristor technology, allowing operation in weak grid conditions and independent control of active and reactive power.
- The main components of an HVDCPlus system are the voltage source converters, transformers, high voltage DC circuit (including cables and storage capacitors), and connection to the AC system.
- Voltage source converters generate AC voltage from a DC voltage source using pulse width modulation techniques for sinusoidal current output.
- HVDCPlus systems provide benefits such as connecting remote loads, integrating offshore wind, and multi-
This document summarizes different technologies for HVDC circuit breakers. It begins by explaining the need for HVDC circuit breakers due to the increasing use of offshore wind farms and multi-terminal HVDC systems. Voltage source converter based HVDC (VSC-HVDC) is identified as the best option for future multi-terminal HVDC grids. However, VSC-HVDC systems require fast HVDC circuit breakers to interrupt faults on the DC side. The document then reviews various circuit breaker technologies, including mechanical circuit breakers, hybrid circuit breakers, and solid-state circuit breakers. It compares the technologies and provides recommendations to improve circuit breakers for use in multi-terminal HVDC systems.
Steady State Fault Analysis of VSC- HVDC Transmission SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on modeling and analyzing steady state faults in a voltage source converter (VSC) high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission system. It presents the following:
1) A dynamic model of a VSC-HVDC back-to-back system is developed including VSC converters, AC and DC filters, and cables. Vector control is used to independently control active and reactive power.
2) Simulation cases demonstrate startup and steady state response, as well as the system's ability to independently control active and reactive power through step changes.
3) Additional cases show the system maintains stability under a voltage sag at one station and a three-phase fault at the other station, recovering quickly
IRJET- A Novel Modified Switched Capacitor Nine Level Inverter Topology with ...IRJET Journal
The document proposes a new switched-capacitor multilevel inverter topology with reduced switch count that can produce a nine-level staircase output voltage from multiple DC sources. It utilizes asymmetric DC voltage sources from renewable energy farms to reduce the number of inverters needed. The topology inherently solves the capacitor voltage balancing problem and can step up the input voltage without a bulky transformer. It is intended for use in high frequency AC power distribution systems to achieve benefits like smaller component sizes and higher power density. The performance of the proposed topology is evaluated using MATLAB/Simulink.
Power transfer control within the framework of vehicle-to-house technologyIJECEIAES
This document summarizes a research paper that investigates implementing vehicle-to-house (V2H) technology using adaptive backstepping control for a bidirectional inverter and integral sliding mode control for a DC-DC converter. The controllers were tested under different scenarios and yielded a sinusoidal output voltage of 220V at 50Hz with total harmonic distortion of 0.25%, validating the controllers' ability to manage bidirectional power transfer.
Grid Integration of Large PV Power Systems Using HVDC LinkIJERA Editor
This paper explores the interconnection of large scale Photo-Voltaic (PV) systems to the grid though a High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) link. HVDC link is recently utilized for transmission lines longer than 50 km. It is usually utilized to interconnect two asynchronous grids with the same or different frequencies while avoiding stability disturbances greatly. A suitable Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques is employed to control the performance of the integrated PV system. The system of the HVDC link has two 12-pulse converter using thyristor-bridges. The delay and the extinction angles at the rectifier and the inverter units control the flow and the quantity of the transmitted power from the PV system into the grid. Fixed capacitors and filters are used to provide the AC side with the required reactive power and reduce the harmonic contents. For evaluation purposes, different simulation investigations are carried out with a detailed modeling using the MATLAB. These tests corroborate the efficacy of HVDC link for integrating large PV systems to electrical grids
Similar to The Operation of the GCCIA HVDC Project and Its Potential Impacts on the Electric Power Systems of the Region (20)
The document provides highlights and key insights from the DNV Energy Transition Outlook 2021 report. It finds that:
1) Global emissions are not decreasing fast enough to meet Paris Agreement goals, and warming is projected to reach 2.3°C by 2100 despite renewable growth.
2) Electrification is surging, with renewables like solar and wind outcompeting other sources by 2030 and providing over 80% of power by 2050, supported by technologies like storage.
3) Energy efficiency gains lead to flat global energy demand after the 2030s, with a 2.4% annual improvement in energy intensity outpacing economic growth.
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SVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer Frequency and voltage support for dynamic grid...Power System Operation
SVC PLUS
Frequency Stabilizer
Frequency and voltage support for dynamic grid stability
SVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer FrequencySVC PLUS Frequency Stabilizer Frequency
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Balancing services help maintain the frequency of the power grid by providing short-term energy or capacity reserves. They include balancing energy, which system operators use to maintain grid frequency, and balancing capacity, which providers agree to keep available. Different balancing services have varying activation speeds to respond to frequency deviations. Harmonization efforts in Europe are working to establish common balancing markets and platforms for cross-border exchange of reserves.
The Need for Enhanced Power System Modelling Techniques & Simulation Tools Power System Operation
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Power Quality Trends in the Transition to Carbon-Free Electrical Energy SystemPower System Operation
Power Quality
Trends in the Transition to
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A Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) is a long-term contract between an electricity generator and purchaser that defines the conditions for the sale of electricity. PPAs provide price stability and help finance renewable energy projects by guaranteeing revenue. There are physical PPAs, which deliver electricity directly, and virtual PPAs, which financially settle the contract without physical delivery. PPAs benefit both renewable developers by enabling project financing, and buyers seeking long-term electricity price certainty and renewable attributes.
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Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAMDivyanshu
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
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The Operation of the GCCIA HVDC Project and Its Potential Impacts on the Electric Power Systems of the Region
1. See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275594608
The Operation of the GCCIA HVDC Project and Its Potential Impacts on the
Electric Power Systems of the Region
Article in International Journal of Electronics and Electrical Engineering · January 2014
DOI: 10.12720/ijeee.2.3.207-213
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2. International Journal of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Vol. 2, No.1, March 2014
The Operation of the GCCIA HVDC Project and
Its Potential Impacts on the Electric Power
Systems of the Region
Tawfiq M. Aljohani
University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
Email: aljohani@usc.edu
Abdullah M. Alzahrani
Saudi Aramco Consulting Services Department, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
Email: Abdullah.zahrani.48@aramco.com
Abstract- The Gulf Cooperation Council
Interconnection Authority (GCCIA) has
constructed and commissioned a 400kV
interconnection grid between Kuwait, Saudi
Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar and United Arab of
Emirates (UAE), that includes 900 km of overhead
lines, seven 400kV substations, a 1800MW three-
pole back-to-back HVDC converter station and a
submarine cable to Bahrain. This paper
summarizes the design features of the GCCIA
Back-to-Back HVDC station, illustrates both the
technical considerations and physical
characteristics of the project, and highlights the
operational experience since its operation in 2009.
Also, the paper provides some environmental
aspects and personal recommendations, and sum
up with illustrative conclusion over the covered
topics.
Term Index- High-Voltage Direct-Current
Transmission, interconnection, GCCIA, back-to-
back HVDC, power system operation, grid
Connectivity, power system converters.
I. Introduction to GCCIA
A high level grid interconnection among the
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states was
recognized beneficial to address the need of
economic power transfer and achieve higher
reliability and sustainable transmission services
between the Gulf States. Eventually, the Gulf
Cooperation Council Interconnection Authority
(GCCIA) completed a 400kV Interconnection
grid between six Gulf States members which are:
Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, United
Arab Emirates (UAE) and Oman. Since Saudi
Arabia’s network operates at 60 Hz and the other
Gulf States are at 50Hz, synchronous AC
interconnection was not possible. Therefore,
HVDC station was the only solution to
interconnect the power grids of the member
states [1, 2]. The project established three Back-
to-Back HVDC each rated 600MW (1800MW
total) convertor stations between the
interconnected 50Hz 400kV systems of Kuwait,
Bahrain, Qatar, UAE and Oman on one side, and
the 60Hz 380kV system of Saudi Arabia on the
other side. The HVDC station was constructed in
3. International Journal of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Vol. 2, No.1, March 2014
Saudi Arabia connecting GCCIA 400kV 50 Hz
Al-Fadhili substation to Saudi Electricity
Company (SEC) 380kV 60Hz Al-Fadhili
substation [1, 3, 5].
The GCCIA HVDC converter station was not
only the biggest Back-to-Back station in the
world (1800MW), but also introduced a unique
feature which permits the sharing of reserves
between the 60Hz and 50Hz power systems. The
planning studies that were carried out to satisfy
the GCC need for the interconnection of the
independent GCC grids were based on the
following objectives:
• Interconnect the member states’
electrical power networks by providing
the necessary investments for power
sharing to anticipate power generation
loss in emergency situations.
• Reduce the spinning reserves of each
member state.
• Improve the economic power system
efficiency throughout the member
states.
• Provide cost-effective power sharing
capabilities among the member states
and strengthen collective electrical
supply reliability.
II. Physical Characteristics of the Project
The GCC Interconnection is the biggest back-
to-back HVDC station in the world with capacity
of (3 x 600MW) 1800MW and it is the first of its
kind in the region. The GCC HVDC main station
is located in Saudi Arabia at Al-fadhili which is
a desert area known for its sand storms and high
temperatures during summer that could reach
about +125°F. This extreme weather condition
has enforced unique design for the station.
Figure1 shows the geographical routes and
layout of the GCC interconnection.
Figure1: The geographical routes and layout of
the GCC interconnection
The project was implemented in three phases and
has been divided into several work packages
which are: substations, back-to-back HVDC
converter station, submarine cable, overhead
transmission line and a control center. The
purpose is to enable a wide participation by
international contractors in the implementation
of the GCC project in an efficient and economic
manner [4, 5]. Table 1 shows the work packages
and the assigned contractors.
Table 1. Project Contractors
Work Package Contractor
Substations ABB
HVDC Station Areva – Congelex
Overhed Transmission
Line
NCC & MEEDCO
Cable Prysmain – Nexans
Control Areva – Congelex
Supervision SNC – Lavalin
4. International Journal of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Vol. 2, No.1, March 2014
III. Technical Characteristics of the Project
The GCC HVDC project is a 400kV
interconnection grid that includes 3300 km (2100
mile) of overhead lines, seven 400kV
substations, and 37 km (23 mi) of submarine
cable to Bahrain. It allows power exchanges
between Gulf States as shown in Figure 2. Saudi
Arabia and Kuwait each is able to export or
import up to 1,200 MW from the grid, while
Bahrain, Qatar and UAE are able to trade 600
MW, 750 MW and 900 MW, respectively. Oman
has the lowest interconnector capacity at 400
MW [6, 7].
Figure 2: GCC Interconnection Configuration
The GCC converter station allows reserve
sharing between the electrical power systems of
participating member states. Also, it permits
power transfer between the member states when
such transfer has economic benefits. To achieve
effective reserve sharing, the GCC HVDC
project has implemented the Dynamic Reserve
Power Sharing (DRPS) Control scheme which
ensures that up to 1200MW of active power will
be able to be transferred from 50Hz to 60Hz
systems and vice versa with sufficient speed of
response and accuracy of control to stabilize the
interconnected systems following the established
critical loss of generation event within either
system. The HVDC converter facility also allows
economic interchange of up to 1200MW of
active power between the systems in either
direction provided that the ability to effectively
share reserve is not compromised. In order to
ensure the availability of 1200MW of inter-
system real power transfer capability, three
independent 600MW back-to-back converters
(poles) are installed and commissioned in 2009.
Each pole is required to meet this power transfer
level under specified system operating and
environmental conditions. The key electrical
parameters for dimensioning of the station are
summarized in Table 2 [7].
Table 2: HVDC station rating parameters
Parameter 60Hz 50Hz
Nominal voltage 380kV 400kV
Max. continuous
voltage
399kV 420kV
Min. continuous
voltage
361kV 380kV
Max. 30 min
voltage
418kV
Min. 30 min
voltage
342kV
lighting impulse
withstand level
1425kV 1300kV
switching impulse
withstand level
1050kV 1050kV
Continuous
frequency
60 ± 0.5% 50 ± 0.5%
30 min frequency 60 ± 1.0% 50 ± 1.0%
10 sec frequency 60 ± 2.5% 50 ± 2.5%
0.5 sec frequency 60 ± 5.0% 50 ± 5.0%
5. International Journal of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Vol. 2, No.1, March 2014
Each 600MW pole is identical and fully rated for
power flow in either direction. This power rating
is available under all of the system operating
conditions listed in Table 2. Each pole is
designed to operate from a minimum power of
60MW (10%) to a maximum continuous
overload of 660MW (110%). The latter figure is
achieved when all transformer and valve cooling
systems are available. These figures can be
achieved over the complete range of system
conditions listed in Tables 2. Continuous
overload in excess of 660MW can be achieved at
lower ambient temperatures. Short time overload
capability, from 5 minutes to 30 minutes, is also
available, the actual capability being dependent
upon the prior operating regime of the converter
station.
The GCC HVDC station consists of the
following major components:
A. AC Switchyard with Harmonic Filters
HVDC converters consume reactive power
and also generate harmonic currents. The AC
systems have only limited capacity to deliver or
receive reactive power and limited tolerance to
harmonic currents. Harmonic filters are provided
with all HVDC schemes to approximately
balance the reactive power consumed by the
converters as they are capacitive at fundamental
frequency and they reduce the harmonic
distortion to acceptable limits. For the GCC
project, these filters are switched automatically
using Alstom Grid dead-tank circuit breakers,
dis-connectors and earth switches. As the
converters generate high frequency conducted
harmonics, PLC filters were added to block these
harmonic currents from interfering with power
line carrier communication in the AC networks.
The switchyard is connected to the nearby GIS
substations by underground 400 kV class XPLE
cable. Table 3 shows the HVDC Filter ratings:
Table 3: HVDC Filter Ratings
Converter End
Frequency/Voltage
Hz / kV
Number
of
Elements
Individual
Elements
size
(MVAr)
Total
MVAr
per
converter
50Hz / 400 kV 2 130 397
1 137
60Hz / 380 kV 2 180 360
B. Converting Transformers
Converting transformers provide the galvanic
isolation between the AC and DC systems and
limitation of fault currents through the thyristor
valves. Twelve transformers were supplied in
total for this project consisting of four HVDC
converter transformers for each of the three
poles. Each pole is comprised of the following
ratings: 385 MVA, 380/97 kV, 60 Hz, Y/Y385
MVA, 380/97 kV, 60 Hz, Y/Delta 380 MVA,
400/96 kV, 50 Hz, Y/Y380 MVA, 400/96 kV, 50
Hz, Y/Delta
Figure 3: Converting Transformer
C. Thyristor Valves and Controls
Each pole is arranged in pair of 12-pulse
thyristor Graetz bridges per side, fed from two
separate Y/Y and Y/Delta transformers. The
6. International Journal of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Vol. 2, No.1, March 2014
thyristor valves are Alstom Grid H400 series
valves which are rated at 8.5 kV and have 125
mm in diameter. Table 4 shows the converter
ratings.
Table 4: Converter Ratings
Power (MW) DC link
voltage (kv)
DC link
current (A)
616 222 2776
The converter structure as follow:
• 12 thyristors per module, 3 modules in
series per phase
• The 4 valves associated with each phase
are mounted in a “quadrivalve”
structure
• 3 “quadrivalves” create the 12 pulse
bridges per converter
• Valves suspended from ceiling
HVDC converters need to be installed in a
controlled environment with low levels of dust
(converters have a tendency to act as an
electrostatic precipitator and to accumulate dust
on insulating surfaces). For this reason, the
valves are installed in a “Valve Hall” with
controlled temperature, humidity and dust levels
and with a slight over-pressure to minimize dust
ingress. These factors were particularly
important on this project which, because of its
desert location, is prone to high levels of external
dust. The valve hall contains not only the valves
but all equipment exposed to DC voltages. The
only equipment located outside is AC equipment
which is much less vulnerable to dust
accumulation.
Each converter pole has a duplicated Alstom
Grid series V converter control and protection
system to give the necessary power transfer
control and provide protection to the converters
and DC circuits. An overall duplicated series V
master control with an integrated Human
Machine Interface (HMI) allocates the required
power to each of the poles and in addition
interfaces to the GCC Interconnector Control
Centre (ICC). Control can either be in economic
power transfer to permit trading of power
between regions or when necessary in Dynamic
Reserve Power Sharing (DRPS) mode to allow
very rapid support of a region suffering loss of
power generation. Master control also controls
the reactive power exchanged between the
converter station and the AC systems by
switching harmonic filters and by controlling the
thyristor triggering angles. Conventional
protection is provided for the converter
transformers, harmonic filters, bus bars and
power cables. A transient fault recorder system is
also provided [6, 7].
D. Cooling System
The very high ambient temperature on this
project posed a significant challenge. Because
the temperature of the valves’ active part (the
silicon in the thyristors) needs to be limited to
195°F, the water-cooling plant required higher
coolant flow rates than a standard HVDC link.
This required the largest water-cooling plant ever
built for an HVDC installation.
Each one of the back-to-back converters has a
single circuit valve cooling system to cool 6
quadri-valve assemblies. The valves are liquid
cooled with 100% De-ionized Water. Due to the
maximum outdoor ambient air temperature of
130°F and +40°F allowance for the heat
exchanger, the maximum coolant inlet
temperature to the valves in service is 140°F.
Because of the very high maximum outdoor
ambient temperature, it was necessary to use an
efficient thyristor cooling technique, which is the
parallel arrangement. The parallel cooling
arrangement has 7 coolant paths and it directly
7. International Journal of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Vol. 2, No.1, March 2014
provides each thyristor heat sink with coolant at
the inlet temperature to the valve.
IV. Economics of the Project
The capital cost of the three phases of the
project is US$1.1 billion, US$300 million and
US$137 million, respectively. Also, it was
agreed among the Gulf States to share the costs
of the Interconnection in proportion to the
reserve capacity savings as per table 5.
Table 5: Cost Sharing of the Project
Country Phase I Phase I & III
Kuwait 33.8% 33.8%
Saudi Arabia 40.0% 31.6%
Bahrain 11.4% 9.0%
Qatar 14.8% 11.7%
UAE - 15.4%
Oman - 5.6%
The economic evaluation of the Project showed
that the benefit to cost ratio for Phase I of the
Project is of the order of 1.5 and that the payback
period for the investment is less than four years.
Given the small incremental cost of Phase III it
is evident that implementation of Phase III
would further improve the attractiveness of the
Project. Thus the analysis re-confirmed the
economic viability of the Project.
Figure 4: Project Benefits and Costs
The above figure shows that upon the
completion of phase 3 of the project, the cost
saving rate of return after three years of
operation is $3.35 billion [7, 8].
V. Operation of the GCCIA Project
A. Phases of the project
The HVDC interconnection of GCCIA was
constructed in three phases:
- Phase I: the interconnection of the northern
part of the project. Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait
and Bahrain had been interconnected by HVDC
back-to-back converter facility, which also
include:
A double-circuit 400 kV, 50 Hz line
from Al-Zour substation (Kuwait) to
Ghunan substation (Saudi Arabia) with
an intermediate connection at Al-
Fadhili substation (Saudi Arabia).
A double-circuit 400 kV, 50 Hz
comprising overhead lines and AC
submarine cable from Ghunan
substation to Al-Jasra (Bahrain).
8. International Journal of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Vol. 2, No.1, March 2014
A double-circuit 400 kV, 50 Hz line
from Ghunan substation to Salwa
substation (Saudi Arabia).
A double-circuit 400 kV, 50 Hz line
from Salwa substation to Doha South
substation (Qatar).
An Interconnection Control Center
(ICC) located at Ghunan substation in
Saudi Arabia.
- Phase II: the work on phase two had been
constructed in parallel in separate way from
phase I. This phase concerned the
interconnection of UAE and Oman national
grids. It should be noticed that the
interconnection of UAE internal grids had been
finished earlier and wasn’t involved as a part of
GCCIA project.
- Phase III: phase three was the jointing point of
the two phases; the interconnection of the
northern and southern parts of the project
together to form GCCIA HVDC interconnected
network.
A double-circuit 400 kV, 50 Hz line
from Salwa substation to Quwafiti
substation (UAE).
A double-circuit and a single 200 kV,
50 Hz line from Al-Quhah substation
(UAE) to Al-Wasset substation (Oman).
Figure 2 shows the block diagram of the three
phases of the project.
To control and monitor the operation of the
project effectively, GCCIA established a new
interconnector control center equipped with
supervisory control and data acquisition
(SCADA) and energy management system
(EMS) facilities in Ghunan, Saudi Arabia.
B. Operational Studies
In addition to conducting studies during the
feasibility and planning stages of phase I, the
GCCIA commissioned operational studies during
the final construction stage of the GCC
interconnection, prior to commissioning the
interconnecting transmission lines. The
responsibility of the planning and operational
studies in the final stages of the project, before
energization and synchronization, was done by
RTE (Tractable Engineering and Elia). The
studies work entailed various workshops,
attended by GCCIA, the consultant consortium
and representatives from the operations team, as
well as visits to European control centers. The
reliability of GCCIA interconnection has been a
great interest since the beginning of the project.
To ensure the flexibility of the power transfer,
high and new operational standard were
implemented.
In order to address collective electricity needs
and achieve higher reliability and sustainable
transmission services of the GCCIA, a high level
grid interconnection amongst the states members
was seen beneficial. However, the difference in
the operating frequencies between Saudi
Arabia’s 60 Hz system and its neighboring states
(Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, UAE and Oman) which
operate at 50 Hz. Thus, an idea of having AC
interconnection was fundamentally excluded.
The solution came in installing HVDC back-to-
back system (1,800 MW) converter station to
connect the two frequency systems. The HVDC
station was constructed in Saudi Arabia
connecting GCCIA 400kV 50 Hz Al-Fadhili
substation to SEC 380kV 60Hz Al-Fadhili
substation. To ensure reliability of the system,
three poles were installed in the converter
facility; each one would have the ability to
transfer up to 600 MW, where the third one is
placed in case of emergency mainly [8, 9].
C. Modes of Operation
The main objective of the control scheme in
HVDC is to perform the following:
• To provide effective reserve power
sharing between the electrical power
systems of participating Member States.
9. International Journal of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Vol. 2, No.1, March 2014
• To be able to be transfer 1200MW
between the 50Hz to 60Hz systems fast
enough to stabilize the interconnected
systems following a critical loss of
generation within either system through
“Dynamic Reserve Power Sharing”
(DRPS), as this term is going to ber
introduced shortly in this report.
• To permit up to 1200MW of economic
active power transfer between the
Member States.
In order to satisfy the objectives highlighted
above, the GCCIA HVDC was designed for
three modes of operations as follows:
1. Hot Standby Mode: the Poles are kept
energized from the AC (50Hz and 60Hz) grid,
and, not scheduled for any power transfer and
not activated for Dynamic mode of emergency
sharing.
2. Economic Transfer (ET) Mode: under this
mode of operations, up to 1200MW of active
power transfers between two frequency systems
can be scheduled and implemented.
3. Dynamic Reserve Power Sharing (DRPS)
Mode: this mode of operations has contributed
to the fact that GCCIA is a unique project; in this
mode, power transfer is activated to achieve
dynamic stability in either the 50 or 60 Hz
systems. The DRPS system is being used for the
first time in the world in the GCCIA Project.
The HVDC converter station established at Al
Fadhili in Saudi Arabia was not only the biggest
Back-to-Back station in the world (3x600MW),
but also introduced a unique feature which
permits the sharing of reserves between the 60Hz
and 50Hz systems The planning studies that
were carried out to satisfy the GCC need for the
interconnection of the independent GCC grids
were based on the need to provide mutual
support in the event of loss of generation in one
network, permitting sharing and effectively
reduction of individual reserve levels without
compromising reliability. This mainly required
rapid and automatic response to loss of
generation in any country and the ability to
rapidly change the direction of power flow to
provide the necessary system dynamic support,
through innovative control strategies for
automatic reserve sharing.
D. Load Shedding
Harmonization of under-frequency load
shedding (UFLS) is concerned with the high
imbalance in active power as a result of sudden
loss of generation, leading to a drop in
frequency. This frequency drop can be corrected
by suitable automatic load-shedding schemes.
All member states had such schemes in place,
but the interconnection of separate power
systems required a harmonization of the existing
UFLS schemes and the definition of common
rules to be followed by each member state. When
different power systems are interconnected, the
solidarity principle automatically becomes the
rule: The load is shed not only in the area where
the imbalance occurs but also in the
interconnected systems. This harmonization is
required to minimize the shed load and fairly
share the contribution of each member state.
Two rules were recommended for the UFLS
harmonization of the GCC system:
• The first UFLS threshold for the 50-Hz
side (Qatar, Bahrain and Kuwait) is
49.3 Hz.
• The first UFLS threshold of the 60-Hz
side (Saudi Arabia) is set to 59.2 Hz to
keep a similar frequency range for the
primary frequency control on both sides
of the HVDC connections.
• No more than 200 MHz between two
UFLS stages
VI. Environmental Aspects
10. International Journal of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Vol. 2, No.1, March 2014
One of the main challenges that faced the
project is the environmental nature of the gulf
area. The main converting station is placed in the
heart of the desert in a very hot, dry weather with
ambient temperature exceeding 125 F. Due to the
fact that the temperature of the valves’ active
part (made from silicon) are required to have a
temperature limits up to 90°C, the water-cooling
plant required higher coolant flow rates than a
standard HVDC link. Thus, the cooling pipe
arrangement within the valve was changed to a
parallel arrangement to increase the total flow
rate into the converter. This leads to the
construction of the largest cooling system for an
HVDC project ever [9].
Since the converter facility would be prone to
high level of external dust and sand storms, the
valves were installed in an air-conditioned room
with heavy filters to insure the quality of the air
from such particles.
A. Impacts of the Environment on the Project
Operation
Since 2009 and up to now, many incidents
have been occurred due to the severe weather
condition which released alarms that sometimes
caused non availability of the poles
1. Transformer fan failure, tap-changer out of
step and invalid tap code: the recurrence of the
sandstorms in Saudi Arabia has resulted in usual
occurrence of “Pole not ready” due to failure of
fans, tap changer out of step, and invalid tap
code caused by dust ingress into circuit contacts.
2.Cooling plant alarms: extreme outdoor
ambient temperatures in summer and winter
causes alarms related to temperature of the Valve
cooling system inlet and condensation
temperature on thyristor valve cooling that lead
to tripping of Pole in some cases. Many tests are
being conducted in the moment by the
manufacturer in order overcome the problem.
3. Valve Hall Ac Disturbance: Alarms often
received related to dust causing failure of the
HVAC in the Valve hall and other sensitive
equipment.
VII. Potential Impacts on the Power Systems of
the Region
A. Regional Interconnectivity
There are much great potential that can be
emerged by the interconnection of GCCIA with
many regional grids which would result in
successful cooperation in the area of electricity
trade [9, 10]. Such targeted interconnections are
as follow:
1. The Interconnection of Saudi Arabia
National Grids: not until recently, Saudi Arabia
had four separate grids that are not connected as
shown in figure 5 which were; the Western grid,
the Central grid, Eastern grid, and the Southern
grid, with the exception of the interconnection
between the Central and Eastern grids via AC
overhead lines. However, after several years of
comprehensive studies, the work on the
interconnection of the internal Saudi grids has
been taking place effective. The implementation
of HVDC lines is essential in the completion of
such interconnection. A bipolar HVDC link will
be connecting the Central operating area with
both the Western then Southern operating areas.
The completion of the interconnection is planned
to be completed by 2017.
2. Makkah-Riyadh HVDC Link: this project
comes as a part of the Saudi Electricity Company
(SEC) plans to interconnect its four operating
areas into one national grid. The main goal is to
connect Riyadh’s grid to Makkah via 800 km-
long ±500 kV dc link between Bahra Station
(Western Operating Area) and Dharma Station
(Central Operating Area). The capacity of this
HVDC line is expected to be over 3,000 MW.
In late November 2012, a contract has been
signed between SEC and the Middle Eastern unit
11. International Journal of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Vol. 2, No.1, March 2014
of Italy-based Centro Elettrotecnico
Sperimentale Italiano (CESI) to provide
assistance in the implantation of the project.
CESI has established cooperation with Tractable
Engineering for further consultations on this
project. The completion of this line will
complete the construction of a unified national
grid.
3. Saudi-Egyptian HVDC Interconnection: a
preliminary feasibility study has been studied to
evaluate the possibility of an interconnection
between Saudi Arabia western region grid and
Egypt national grid. The purpose of this
interconnection is to provide both Egypt and
Saudi Arabia to necessary flexibility to trade
energy in a commercial manner and exploit the
differences in the peak hours between the two
countries. The project basically will include a
bipolar +/- 500 kV, 3,000 MW multi-terminals
lines that pass through Tabuk (Northeastern city
in Saudi Arabia) to Egypt via Sinai. The
connection will include also 25 Km AC
submarine between Badur substation (Eastern
Egypt) to Madinah substation (Saudi Arabia).
The project was targeted to be constructed in
2011; however, it had been delayed to the
political condition of Egypt. This interconnection
will have a direct connection with GCCIA after
the completion of the interconnection of the
Saudi internal grids.
4. Saudi-Yemen Interconnection: due to the
economic and structural development of the
Southern region of Saudi Arabia, several studies
have been conducted in order to strengthen the
Southern grid. As Yemen has been recognized
with intensive natural gas reserve, it is planned
that they would depend more on natural gas to
generate electric power. Thus, a feasibility study
was completed in 2007 to assess the viability of
the interconnection of the two areas, and a
conclusion has been reached that such
connection would be very beneficial for both
sides. This connection would be directly
connected to GCCIA HVDC system after the
integration of the internal Saudi grids.
Figure 5. SEC’s four grids before the interconnection
B. Global Interconnectivity
The interconnection of GCCIA to other
regional and global grids has been taken into
consideration seriously since the early stages of
the project. Two feasibility studies are being
conducting nowadays to evaluate the viability of
the interconnection to both EJILST grids that
includes Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria and
Turkey, and the Arab-Maghreb grids (includes
Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco). In case
of such connection is to be completed, GCCIA
would have a direct path to the European grid
through the HVDC link that connects Morocco
with Spain. Figure 6 shows the targeted
interconnection to GCCIA grid.
12. International Journal of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Vol. 2, No.1, March 2014
C. Recommendation and Suggestions
The Gulf area is currently promising many
renewable energy projects in the near future. For
instance, Saudi Arabia has targeted to build
concentrated solar systems, while UAE opened
in 2009 the largest solar station in the world,
Masdar City. Thus, we recommend that by
integrating interconnection between these
projects and GCCIA, a better and more reliable
operation would result. Also the fiber optics
system associated with Al-fadili stations is a
very developed one, the largest for an HVDC
system, thus we believe the telecommunication
companies could ask for permission to use it
which would allow benefits for the both sides.
Figure 6. The potential global interconnection
VIII. Conclusion
The interconnections of the six members of
the Arabian Gulf countries have been so far a
very successful one and more than 250 loss-of-
generation incidents have been resolved
efficiently [11]. The idea of this project came
before 30 years ago when multiple efforts had
dreamed of having one interconnected network
for all the gulf area countries. Yet after three
feasibility studies, the project did not get the
final approval until 20 years after the idea was
firstly suggested. In this project, we tried to go
cover all the aspects of GCCIA as a project in
total. We started with a quick introduction on the
project, followed by some extensive details on
the physical characteristic and technical
considerations that clearly illustrate the basic
components of the project with the ratings of the
equipment used. After that, we briefly discussed
the economics of the project, which is mainly a
governmental-paid, so that the participated
utilities main job was to focus on other technical
and operational issues, away from financial ones.
The operation of the project have been clearly
described along with the features that made
GCCIA a unique project, such as the use of DRP
control scheme for the first time in the world. In
addition, some related topics to the project like
defining the modes of operation, the load
shedding followed in the project have been
discussed for a better clarification of the nature
of work. Proposed future plans of the project,
which includes regional interconnection with
Yemen, Egypt, would be completed successfully
soon after the completion of the Saudi internal
grid, which will give these countries a direct
connection to GCCIA. Also, feasibility studies
have been conducted to evaluate the benefits of a
global interconnection between Europe and the
mediterranian region [12]. The impacts that
would result from implementing such large
interconnection, which aim basicly to
interconnect different continents, will be used
hopefully to exploit the difference in peak load
times and weather condition globally to reduce
the overall power generation and to enhance the
operation against the faults by taking the
advantage of the capability of HVDC networks
to operate more effecient against regular
problems that face the Interconnected AC
systems [13]. Finally, the paper concluded with
suggestion and recommendation for this project
based on some of what they had captured in this
course. There is no doubts that GCCIA has been
an effective project so far, and it have
contributed sufficiently in the reliable, economic
operation of the electric grid in the gulf area,
which is known for having its load demand
13. International Journal of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Vol. 2, No.1, March 2014
increasing significantly each year, and soon this
project would be ready to play a major role in
connecting both the western and eastern parts of
the world, hopefully someday in the near future.
IX. REFERENCES
[1] Al Asaad, Hassan K.: GCC: The backbone of
power reform. GCCIA, retrieved from
http://www.gccia.com.sa.
[2] Al-Asaad, Hassan K., and Ahmed A.
Ebrahim (2008, March): GCC Power Grid:
Benefits and Beyond. MEED Conference, Abu
Dhabi, March 2008.
[3] Alawaji, Saleh H. (2005, November): An
Update on the GCC and Pan-Arab
Interconnection Grids. Jeddah Water and Power
Forum, November 12-14, 2005.
[4] Al-Mohaisen, Adnan Ibrahim: Electricity
Network Connectivity between the GCC
Countries, GCCIA.
[5] Al-Mohaisen, Adnan, et al. (2007, June):
Progress Report on the GCC Electricity Grid
Interconnection in the Middle East. Power
Engineering Society, Panel Session Tampa, 24–
28 June 2007.
[6] Al-Shaikh, Mohamed (2007, October): The
GCC Interconnection Grid. 7th Power
Transmission and Distribution Forum, Bahrain,
28-30 October 2007.
[7] Al-Shaikh, M., Al-Ebrahim, A. (2011).
GCCIA HVDC: Unique Design Features to Meet
Specific Operational Requirements. Alkhaleej
electricity, 19th Issue, 2011.
[8] Al-Shaikh, Mohamed, and Al-Ebrahim,
Ahmed (2011): GCCIA HVDC: Unique Design
Features to Meet Specific Operational
Requirements: Alkhaleej Magazeen Issue 19
[9] Fraser, Hamish, and Hassan K. Al-Asaad
(2008, December): “Engaging in Cross-Border
Power Exchange and Trade via the Arab Gulf
States Power Grid.” The Electricity Journal.
[10] Miller, Keith, Muhammad Akhtar, and
Nawaid Fakhar (2005, March): The Prospects
for Electricity Trade Between the GCC
Countries. Power Transmission & Distribution
Forum, Dubai, 6 – 7 March 2005.
[11] GCC Grid progress reports. GCCIA, 2004-
2010.
[12] Union of the Electricity Industry. (2003).
Mediterranean Interconnection: State of the Art.
Brussels, Belgium. Retrieved from
www.eurelectric.org/PublicDoc.asp?ID=238
89
[13] Kim, C.., Sood, V.k., Jang, G., Lim,S., Lee,
S. (2009). HVDC Transmission: Power
Conversion Applications in Power Systems. John
Wiley & sons (Asia) Pte Ltd, Singapore.
X. BIOGRAPHIES
Tawfiq M. Aljohani received his B.SC degree
in electrical engineering in 2009 from King
AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. He
is currently a master student in University of
Southern California, Los Angeles, California,
where he is currently conducting his thesis on the
applications of smart grid in improving the
reliability of the power system distribution. His
research interests include deterministic and
probabilistic power system planning and
reliability, power system operation and security,
renewable energy and smart grid applications.
Abdullah Alzahrani earned a Bachelor of
Science degree in Electrical Engineering from
King Fahad University of Petroleum and
Minerals in 2006. Also, he has completed Master
of Science degree in Electrical Engineering from
University of Southern California in 2012.
Currently he is working with Saudi Aramco
Company specializing in power systems studies
and analysis. Abdullah has research interest in
HVDC, renewable energy integrations and
power systems analysis. He is a member in IEEE
since 2005.
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