This document summarizes a research paper that investigates implementing vehicle-to-house (V2H) technology using adaptive backstepping control for a bidirectional inverter and integral sliding mode control for a DC-DC converter. The controllers were tested under different scenarios and yielded a sinusoidal output voltage of 220V at 50Hz with total harmonic distortion of 0.25%, validating the controllers' ability to manage bidirectional power transfer.
Simulation studies on developed Solar PV Array based Multipurpose EV Charger ...IRJET Journal
This document describes a solar photovoltaic array-powered electric vehicle charger that can operate in both grid-connected and standalone modes. The charger is designed to charge EVs using power from the PV array or grid. It can also power local household loads using PV, EV, or grid power. The charger controls include maximum power point tracking for the PV array, regulation of the DC bus voltage, synchronization between the grid and charger voltages, and seamless switching between operating modes. Simulation studies were conducted to validate the charger's multipurpose and integrated functionality. The charger aims to make better use of distributed energy resources while providing uninterruptible power for EV charging and household loads.
Design and Experimental Results of Universal Electric Vehicle Charger Using DSPTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Owing to the growing concerns over energy depletion and environmental issues around the
world, more and more attention is given on replacing the fuel -based automobiles with electric vehicles
(EVs) which have the characteristics of zero-emission and low noise. As a result, various countries have
taken specific initiatives to de-carbonize their transport sectors by developing their own EV industry.
Regardless of the environmental and economic benefits, substantial scales of grid-connected EVs impose
incredible difficulties to the power grid. The main issues caused by EV charging to the power grid include
harmonics, voltage drop, system instability, system losses and grid overloading. Therefore, this paper
presents design and development of a novel method, which is by applying voltage-oriented control (VOC)
algorithm in battery charging of electric bus.The power system of this work consists of three-phase PWM
rectifier. The proposed method is based on mathematical analysis. Simulation and experimental works are
performed to investigate behavior and performance of the proposed algorithm. This paperclearly described
implementation of low and medium power laboratory prototype and operation of digital signal processor
(DSP) via MATLAB / Simulink for the proposed method.
This document discusses a proposed hybrid energy system configuration for grid connection that includes photovoltaic generation, battery energy storage, and wind energy conversion. It describes the control strategies used for various components of the system, including maximum power point tracking for photovoltaic arrays, bidirectional converter control for the battery storage system, and control of the wind turbine generator and grid-side converter. The full hybrid system is modeled and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink to validate the performance and feasibility of the proposed configuration and control approaches.
Parameter estimation and control design of solar maximum power point trackingIJECEIAES
Parameters evaluation, design, and intelligent control of the solar photovoltaic model are presented in this work. The parameters of zeta converters such as a rating of an inductor, capacitor, and switches for a particular load are evaluated its values to compare the trade of the existing model and promoted to research in the proposed area. The zeta converter is pulsed through intelligent controller-based maximum power point tracking (intelligent-MPPT). The intelligent controller is a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) which extracts maximum power from the solar panel using the zeta converter. The performance of evaluated parameters based on the solar system and zeta converter is seen by an intelligent control algorithm. Moreover, evaluated parameters of solar photovoltaic (PV) and zeta converter can be examined the performance of fuzzy based intelligent MPPT under transient and steady-state conditions with different solar insolation. The brushless direct current motor-based water pump is used as the direct control (DC) load of the proposed model. The proposed model can enhance the research and assist to develop a new configuration of the present system.
A Review on Methodologies of Multi Array PV Battery Based Bi- Directional Con...IRJET Journal
- The document discusses a proposed system for managing power flow from multiple photovoltaic (PV) arrays and a battery to a grid using a bidirectional DC-DC converter.
- The system aims to meet load demand, control power flow from multiple sources, inject excess power into the grid, and charge the battery from the grid as needed.
- A bidirectional buck-boost converter is used to control power from the PV arrays while also allowing battery charging and discharging. This reduces the number of conversion stages compared to existing grid-connected hybrid systems.
Design of Integrated Generator-Rectifier System to Determine the Maximum Powe...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a fuzzy logic controller-based maximum power point tracking system for an integrated generator-rectifier system used in offshore wind turbines. The system combines a permanent magnet synchronous generator with active and passive rectifiers. A fuzzy logic controller analyzes the d-axis current of the active rectifier to achieve maximum power point tracking and improve the efficiency of the wind energy conversion system. The proposed method is assessed using MATLAB/Simulink simulations. It is suggested that the integrated system using a fuzzy logic controller can help reduce the levelized cost of energy for offshore wind power applications.
This paper proposes a high-order sliding mode control (HO-SMC) with the super-twisting (ST) algorithm for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and grid-connected wind energy conversion system (WECS), based on squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG). The main features of this control strategy are attenuation of the chattering phenomenon inherent in first-order sliding mode control and its robustness against external and internal disturbances encountered by the wind power system. The simulation is carried out under SimPowerSystems of MATLAB/Simulink to evaluate the performance and effectiveness of the proposed control compared with conventional and fuzzy logic proportional-integral (PI) controllers for three different scenarios of disturbances, a fluctuating wind speed, a grid voltage drop, and parametric variations.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a sigma-modified adaptive control algorithm to enhance electric vehicle (EV) charging in a grid-integrated photovoltaic (PV) system. The control algorithm accounts for parametric uncertainties and grid non-idealities to provide instantaneous power control updates and ensure reliable bi-directional EV charging supported by renewable energy and battery storage. It provides iterative error convergence at each supply voltage time interval to guarantee improved power quality even with grid distortions. The control method was validated through a 3.3 kW PV-integrated off-board charging prototype.
Simulation studies on developed Solar PV Array based Multipurpose EV Charger ...IRJET Journal
This document describes a solar photovoltaic array-powered electric vehicle charger that can operate in both grid-connected and standalone modes. The charger is designed to charge EVs using power from the PV array or grid. It can also power local household loads using PV, EV, or grid power. The charger controls include maximum power point tracking for the PV array, regulation of the DC bus voltage, synchronization between the grid and charger voltages, and seamless switching between operating modes. Simulation studies were conducted to validate the charger's multipurpose and integrated functionality. The charger aims to make better use of distributed energy resources while providing uninterruptible power for EV charging and household loads.
Design and Experimental Results of Universal Electric Vehicle Charger Using DSPTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Owing to the growing concerns over energy depletion and environmental issues around the
world, more and more attention is given on replacing the fuel -based automobiles with electric vehicles
(EVs) which have the characteristics of zero-emission and low noise. As a result, various countries have
taken specific initiatives to de-carbonize their transport sectors by developing their own EV industry.
Regardless of the environmental and economic benefits, substantial scales of grid-connected EVs impose
incredible difficulties to the power grid. The main issues caused by EV charging to the power grid include
harmonics, voltage drop, system instability, system losses and grid overloading. Therefore, this paper
presents design and development of a novel method, which is by applying voltage-oriented control (VOC)
algorithm in battery charging of electric bus.The power system of this work consists of three-phase PWM
rectifier. The proposed method is based on mathematical analysis. Simulation and experimental works are
performed to investigate behavior and performance of the proposed algorithm. This paperclearly described
implementation of low and medium power laboratory prototype and operation of digital signal processor
(DSP) via MATLAB / Simulink for the proposed method.
This document discusses a proposed hybrid energy system configuration for grid connection that includes photovoltaic generation, battery energy storage, and wind energy conversion. It describes the control strategies used for various components of the system, including maximum power point tracking for photovoltaic arrays, bidirectional converter control for the battery storage system, and control of the wind turbine generator and grid-side converter. The full hybrid system is modeled and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink to validate the performance and feasibility of the proposed configuration and control approaches.
Parameter estimation and control design of solar maximum power point trackingIJECEIAES
Parameters evaluation, design, and intelligent control of the solar photovoltaic model are presented in this work. The parameters of zeta converters such as a rating of an inductor, capacitor, and switches for a particular load are evaluated its values to compare the trade of the existing model and promoted to research in the proposed area. The zeta converter is pulsed through intelligent controller-based maximum power point tracking (intelligent-MPPT). The intelligent controller is a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) which extracts maximum power from the solar panel using the zeta converter. The performance of evaluated parameters based on the solar system and zeta converter is seen by an intelligent control algorithm. Moreover, evaluated parameters of solar photovoltaic (PV) and zeta converter can be examined the performance of fuzzy based intelligent MPPT under transient and steady-state conditions with different solar insolation. The brushless direct current motor-based water pump is used as the direct control (DC) load of the proposed model. The proposed model can enhance the research and assist to develop a new configuration of the present system.
A Review on Methodologies of Multi Array PV Battery Based Bi- Directional Con...IRJET Journal
- The document discusses a proposed system for managing power flow from multiple photovoltaic (PV) arrays and a battery to a grid using a bidirectional DC-DC converter.
- The system aims to meet load demand, control power flow from multiple sources, inject excess power into the grid, and charge the battery from the grid as needed.
- A bidirectional buck-boost converter is used to control power from the PV arrays while also allowing battery charging and discharging. This reduces the number of conversion stages compared to existing grid-connected hybrid systems.
Design of Integrated Generator-Rectifier System to Determine the Maximum Powe...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a fuzzy logic controller-based maximum power point tracking system for an integrated generator-rectifier system used in offshore wind turbines. The system combines a permanent magnet synchronous generator with active and passive rectifiers. A fuzzy logic controller analyzes the d-axis current of the active rectifier to achieve maximum power point tracking and improve the efficiency of the wind energy conversion system. The proposed method is assessed using MATLAB/Simulink simulations. It is suggested that the integrated system using a fuzzy logic controller can help reduce the levelized cost of energy for offshore wind power applications.
This paper proposes a high-order sliding mode control (HO-SMC) with the super-twisting (ST) algorithm for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and grid-connected wind energy conversion system (WECS), based on squirrel-cage induction generator (SCIG). The main features of this control strategy are attenuation of the chattering phenomenon inherent in first-order sliding mode control and its robustness against external and internal disturbances encountered by the wind power system. The simulation is carried out under SimPowerSystems of MATLAB/Simulink to evaluate the performance and effectiveness of the proposed control compared with conventional and fuzzy logic proportional-integral (PI) controllers for three different scenarios of disturbances, a fluctuating wind speed, a grid voltage drop, and parametric variations.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a sigma-modified adaptive control algorithm to enhance electric vehicle (EV) charging in a grid-integrated photovoltaic (PV) system. The control algorithm accounts for parametric uncertainties and grid non-idealities to provide instantaneous power control updates and ensure reliable bi-directional EV charging supported by renewable energy and battery storage. It provides iterative error convergence at each supply voltage time interval to guarantee improved power quality even with grid distortions. The control method was validated through a 3.3 kW PV-integrated off-board charging prototype.
HYBRID SOLAR-WIND CHARGING STATION FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES AND ITS SIMULATIONIRJET Journal
1) The document describes a proposed hybrid solar-wind charging station for electric vehicles. The station uses photovoltaic panels, a wind turbine, batteries, and power converters to provide electricity for electric vehicle charging.
2) A MATLAB simulation was created to analyze the performance of the system. The simulation included models of the photovoltaic array, permanent magnet synchronous generator for the wind turbine, maximum power point tracking algorithm, and voltage control converters.
3) The results of the simulation showed the station was able to maintain the direct current bus voltage at the target level of 170V to provide power for charging electric vehicles, as well as produce 110V alternating current for additional loads.
Grid Connected Solar PV System with SEPIC Converter Based MPPTIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design of a solar PV system connected to the electrical grid using a SEPIC converter. Key points:
- The system consists of solar panels, a SEPIC DC/DC converter to boost the panel output voltage, an inverter to convert DC to AC, and filters to connect to the grid.
- The SEPIC converter is well-suited as it can boost or buck the voltage without changing polarity. It was designed and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink.
- An MPPT controller was used to maintain a consistent output voltage from the solar panels despite changing irradiance. A PID controller provided tight voltage regulation of the SEPIC output.
- Simulation results showed the
Power-Sharing of Parallel Inverters in Micro-Grids via Droop control and Virt...IRJET Journal
This document discusses two power-sharing control strategies - droop control and virtual impedance - for parallel inverters in microgrids. Droop control simulates the frequency-power characteristics of conventional power systems but has limitations like load-dependent voltage regulation. Virtual impedance modifies the output impedance of inverters to improve current sharing. The document analyzes these approaches and compares their performance in sharing power between parallel inverters through MATLAB simulations under different weather conditions. It finds that both techniques effectively share load power while improving system stability and response, with virtual impedance providing better voltage regulation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance Analysis of DC Micro Grid with PV-Fuel Cell Hybrid GenerationIJMREMJournal
Conventional energy resources are being replaced by Renewable energy sources mainly due to increasing
environmental concerns. Photovoltaic (PV) and Fuel cell (FC) are suitable to be used in modern DC microgrids
due to their DC output. In this research work, a DC microgrid structure is proposed for small residential areas
using hybrid PV and FC generation. Power Electronic converters are used to regulate generated voltage of the
two sources for integration to a common DC bus. Proposed system is simulated using MATLAB SIMULINK to
observe its performance. Simulation results show that output voltage is properly maintained at different DC
IRJET- Inductive Power Transfer System using Digital Controller based Matrix ...IRJET Journal
The document describes a proposed inductive power transfer system using a digital controller based matrix converter. The system aims to provide single-stage AC to high frequency power conversion at the transmitting end without bulky storage elements. At the receiving end, a rectifier can provide 12 power levels for different applications. A simplified digital circuit controller is implemented using logic circuits to provide soft switching of the matrix converter. The system allows for resonance frequency tracking for higher frequency power transfer with low delay. The self-tuning controller makes the system suitable for dynamic inductive charging of electric vehicles.
Design and Implementation of Fuzzy logic based Multilevel Inverter for Micro ...IRJET Journal
The document discusses a design for a fuzzy logic based controller for an interlinking converter in a hybrid microgrid system to enable bidirectional power flow. Key points:
1) A hybrid microgrid system is proposed containing both AC and DC subgrids connected by an interlinking converter.
2) A fuzzy logic controller is designed for the interlinking converter to facilitate bidirectional power transfer between the subgrids and maintain stability.
3) Simulations show that the fuzzy logic controller enables the subgrids to share load changes and improves the stability margin of the hybrid microgrid during islanding events when compared to PI controllers.
FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER BASED MPPT METHODS FOR THE MULTILEVEL INVERTERS TO THE...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a 17-level cascaded multilevel inverter topology using a switched capacitor approach for electric vehicles. It presents modeling of the solar PV array and DC-DC boost converter. A fuzzy logic controller is designed for maximum power point tracking of the solar PV system and compared to a perturb and observe MPPT algorithm. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the fuzzy logic controller in terms of settling time, power loss and operating point stability. The proposed topology is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and experimentally verified.
Renewable Energy Integration in Smart Grids: A Review of Recent Solutions to ...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of recent solutions to integrating renewable energy into smart grids. It identifies the most prevalent issues with renewable energy integration, such as the intermittency of sources like solar and wind power, and issues with grid voltage and frequency stability. It then summarizes several selected solutions that have been proposed to address these challenges, including using energy storage systems, advanced inverters, machine learning for power forecasting, and systems to improve grid stability like synchronverters. The review concludes that while progress has been made in renewable energy integration, continued work is still needed to fully address the multidimensional problems involved.
Source-load-variable voltage regulated cascaded DC/DC converter for a DC mic...IJECEIAES
Solar energy is available abundantly, the utilization of solar energy is developing rapidly and the photovoltaic based direct current (DC) microgrid system design is under demand but the stability of the DC voltage is of most important issue, as the variation of the output DC voltage is a common problem when the load or source voltage varies, hence a regulated DC output voltage converter is proposed. This paper presents source-loadvariable (SLV) voltage regulated cascaded DC/DC converter which is used to obtain regulated output voltage of 203.1 V DC at 0.4 duty ratio with ±2% voltage fluctuations for the variation in the input source voltage and ±1.5% voltage fluctuations for the variation in load resistance of the nominal value with lower output voltage ripple and without use of sub circuits. A simulation model of SLV voltage regulated cascaded DC/DC converter in LTspice XVII software environment for the assessment of converter performance at different input source voltages and load resistances are verified.
A Hybrid Control Scheme for Fault Ride-Through Capability using Line-Side Con...Suganthi Thangaraj
As the wind power installations are increasing in number, Wind Turbine Generators (WTG) are required to have Fault Ride-Through (FRT) capabilities. Lately developed grid operating codes demand the WTGs to stay connected during fault conditions, supporting the grid to recover faster back to its normal state. In this paper, the generator side converter incorporates the maximum power point tracking algorithm to extract maximum energy from wind turbine system. A hybrid control scheme for energy storage systems (ESS) and braking choppers for fault ride-through capability and a suppression of the output power fluctuation is proposed for permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind turbine systems. During grid faults, the dc-link voltage is controlled by the ESS instead of the line-side converter (LSC), whereas the LSC is exploited as a STATCOM to inject reactive current into the grid for assisting in the grid voltage recovery. A simple model of the proposed system is developed and simulated in MATLAB environment. The effectiveness of the system is validated through extensive simulation results
POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF DISTRIBUTION GRID USING ULTRA CAPACITOR INTEGRAT...IRJET Journal
The document discusses integrating ultracapacitors (UCAPs) with a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) to improve power quality on the distribution grid. UCAPs are well-suited for compensating brief voltage sags and swells due to their high power density and ability to provide power quickly. The proposed UCAP-DVR system would independently compensate for voltage sags and swells lasting from 3 seconds to 1 minute. Simulation results show that integrating a UCAP energy storage system into the DVR gives it dynamic power capability to restore voltages without support from the grid during disturbances.
IRJET- Power Management System for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations using F...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a power management system for electric vehicle charging stations using fuzzy logic control. The system uses a photovoltaic generator connected to the grid to charge plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. It aims to reduce surges in power demand during peak charging hours. A DC/DC boost converter is used to operate the solar panels at maximum power point tracking. A bi-directional DC/AC inverter connects the system to the grid using vector control. Fuzzy logic control is implemented and compared to PI control. Simulation results show fuzzy logic control reduces harmonics more effectively than PI control.
Fuzzy logic control of hybrid systems including renewable energy in microgrids IJECEIAES
With a growing demand for more energy from subscribers, a traditional electric grid is unable to meet new challenges, in the remote areas remains the extension of the conventional electric network very hard to do make prohibitively expensive. Therefore, a new advanced generation of traditional electrical is inevitable and indispensable to move toward an effective, economical, green, clean and self-correcting power system. The most well-known term used to define this next generation power system is micro grid (MG) based on renewable energy sources (RES). Since, the energy produced by RES are not constant at all times, a wide range of energy control techniques must be involved to provide a reliable power to consumers. To solve this problem in this paper we present a fuzzy logic control of isolated hybrid systems (HRES) including renewable energy in micro-grids to maintain a stability in voltage and frequency output especially in the standalone application. The considered HRES combine a wind turbine (WT) and photovoltaic (PV) panels as primary energy sources and an energy storage system (ESS) based on battery as a backup solution. Simulation results obtained from MATLAB/Simulink environment demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in decreasing the electricity bill of customer.
IRJET- A Review on Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid System and its Coordination Con...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on hybrid AC/DC microgrid systems and their coordination control. It begins with an abstract that outlines the benefits of hybrid AC/DC microgrids in integrating renewable energy sources while avoiding multiple power conversions. It then reviews several previous studies on hybrid microgrid control strategies and topologies. Key challenges discussed include maintaining stable operation during different generation and load conditions. The document concludes that hybrid AC/DC microgrids can minimize conversion losses but require further research on coordination control and other technical issues to enable practical implementation.
Impact of LCC–HVDC multiterminal on generator rotor angle stability IJECEIAES
Multiterminal High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission utilizing Line Commutated Converter (LCC-HVDC) technology is on the increase in interconnecting a remote generating station to any urban centre via long distance DC lines. This Multiterminal-HVDC (MTDC) system offers a reduced right of way benefits, reduction in transmission losses, as well as robust power controllability with enhanced stability margin. However, utilizing the MTDC system in an AC network bring about a new area of associated fault analysis as well as the effect on the entire AC system during a transient fault condition. This paper analyses the fault current contribution of an MTDC system during transient fault to the rotor angle of a synchronous generator. The results show a high rotor angle swing during a transient fault and the effectiveness of fast power system stabilizer connected to the generator automatic voltage regulator in damping the system oscillations. The MTDC link improved the system performance by providing an alternative path of power transfer and quick system recovery during transient fault thus increasing the rate at which the system oscillations were damped out. This shows great improvement compared to when power was being transmitted via AC lines.
This document presents a two-stage model for daily volt/var control (VVC) of distribution systems that includes distributed energy resources (DERs) like wind turbines and synchronous machine-based distributed generations. The first stage is a day-ahead market that minimizes electrical energy costs and gas emissions from generation units to determine an initial schedule. The second stage examines this schedule from an operational perspective to determine optimal daily dispatches of VVC devices while minimizing losses, adjustment of scheduled active powers, and depreciation costs. It uses Benders decomposition to solve the mixed integer nonlinear programming problem, and tests the approach on two distribution test networks.
Improved Power Quality by using STATCOM Under Various Loading ConditionsIJMTST Journal
This document discusses improving power quality using a STATCOM under various loading conditions. It first provides background on power quality issues and defines STATCOM. It then describes the system topology which includes a wind energy generation system connected to the grid along with a STATCOM and battery energy storage system. Two control schemes for the STATCOM are proposed: Bang-Bang current control and fuzzy logic control. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink are presented for various cases including balanced/unbalanced linear and non-linear loads, showing the STATCOM is able to mitigate power quality issues and regulate voltage.
IRJET- A Review on Grid Connected Multi Array PV Battery based Bi-Directi...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) battery system with a bidirectional DC-DC converter. The proposed system aims to satisfy load demand, manage power flow from PV, battery, and grid sources, inject excess power to the grid, and charge the battery from the grid. A bidirectional buck-boost converter is used to harness power from PV and control battery charging/discharging. A single-phase full-bridge bidirectional converter feeds AC loads and interacts with the grid. The proposed converter architecture has fewer conversion stages and components than existing hybrid systems, improving efficiency and reliability.
1) The document discusses the simulation of a smart microgrid system that can operate in both grid-connected and islanding modes.
2) A hybrid AC/DC microgrid is proposed that combines AC and DC microgrids through a bidirectional AC/DC converter to allow different energy sources and loads to integrate flexibly.
3) A control system is needed to coordinate the operation of DC sources, AC sources, and the converter under both grid-connected and islanding conditions.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
More Related Content
Similar to Power transfer control within the framework of vehicle-to-house technology
HYBRID SOLAR-WIND CHARGING STATION FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES AND ITS SIMULATIONIRJET Journal
1) The document describes a proposed hybrid solar-wind charging station for electric vehicles. The station uses photovoltaic panels, a wind turbine, batteries, and power converters to provide electricity for electric vehicle charging.
2) A MATLAB simulation was created to analyze the performance of the system. The simulation included models of the photovoltaic array, permanent magnet synchronous generator for the wind turbine, maximum power point tracking algorithm, and voltage control converters.
3) The results of the simulation showed the station was able to maintain the direct current bus voltage at the target level of 170V to provide power for charging electric vehicles, as well as produce 110V alternating current for additional loads.
Grid Connected Solar PV System with SEPIC Converter Based MPPTIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design of a solar PV system connected to the electrical grid using a SEPIC converter. Key points:
- The system consists of solar panels, a SEPIC DC/DC converter to boost the panel output voltage, an inverter to convert DC to AC, and filters to connect to the grid.
- The SEPIC converter is well-suited as it can boost or buck the voltage without changing polarity. It was designed and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink.
- An MPPT controller was used to maintain a consistent output voltage from the solar panels despite changing irradiance. A PID controller provided tight voltage regulation of the SEPIC output.
- Simulation results showed the
Power-Sharing of Parallel Inverters in Micro-Grids via Droop control and Virt...IRJET Journal
This document discusses two power-sharing control strategies - droop control and virtual impedance - for parallel inverters in microgrids. Droop control simulates the frequency-power characteristics of conventional power systems but has limitations like load-dependent voltage regulation. Virtual impedance modifies the output impedance of inverters to improve current sharing. The document analyzes these approaches and compares their performance in sharing power between parallel inverters through MATLAB simulations under different weather conditions. It finds that both techniques effectively share load power while improving system stability and response, with virtual impedance providing better voltage regulation.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Performance Analysis of DC Micro Grid with PV-Fuel Cell Hybrid GenerationIJMREMJournal
Conventional energy resources are being replaced by Renewable energy sources mainly due to increasing
environmental concerns. Photovoltaic (PV) and Fuel cell (FC) are suitable to be used in modern DC microgrids
due to their DC output. In this research work, a DC microgrid structure is proposed for small residential areas
using hybrid PV and FC generation. Power Electronic converters are used to regulate generated voltage of the
two sources for integration to a common DC bus. Proposed system is simulated using MATLAB SIMULINK to
observe its performance. Simulation results show that output voltage is properly maintained at different DC
IRJET- Inductive Power Transfer System using Digital Controller based Matrix ...IRJET Journal
The document describes a proposed inductive power transfer system using a digital controller based matrix converter. The system aims to provide single-stage AC to high frequency power conversion at the transmitting end without bulky storage elements. At the receiving end, a rectifier can provide 12 power levels for different applications. A simplified digital circuit controller is implemented using logic circuits to provide soft switching of the matrix converter. The system allows for resonance frequency tracking for higher frequency power transfer with low delay. The self-tuning controller makes the system suitable for dynamic inductive charging of electric vehicles.
Design and Implementation of Fuzzy logic based Multilevel Inverter for Micro ...IRJET Journal
The document discusses a design for a fuzzy logic based controller for an interlinking converter in a hybrid microgrid system to enable bidirectional power flow. Key points:
1) A hybrid microgrid system is proposed containing both AC and DC subgrids connected by an interlinking converter.
2) A fuzzy logic controller is designed for the interlinking converter to facilitate bidirectional power transfer between the subgrids and maintain stability.
3) Simulations show that the fuzzy logic controller enables the subgrids to share load changes and improves the stability margin of the hybrid microgrid during islanding events when compared to PI controllers.
FUZZY LOGIC CONTROLLER BASED MPPT METHODS FOR THE MULTILEVEL INVERTERS TO THE...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a 17-level cascaded multilevel inverter topology using a switched capacitor approach for electric vehicles. It presents modeling of the solar PV array and DC-DC boost converter. A fuzzy logic controller is designed for maximum power point tracking of the solar PV system and compared to a perturb and observe MPPT algorithm. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the fuzzy logic controller in terms of settling time, power loss and operating point stability. The proposed topology is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and experimentally verified.
Renewable Energy Integration in Smart Grids: A Review of Recent Solutions to ...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of recent solutions to integrating renewable energy into smart grids. It identifies the most prevalent issues with renewable energy integration, such as the intermittency of sources like solar and wind power, and issues with grid voltage and frequency stability. It then summarizes several selected solutions that have been proposed to address these challenges, including using energy storage systems, advanced inverters, machine learning for power forecasting, and systems to improve grid stability like synchronverters. The review concludes that while progress has been made in renewable energy integration, continued work is still needed to fully address the multidimensional problems involved.
Source-load-variable voltage regulated cascaded DC/DC converter for a DC mic...IJECEIAES
Solar energy is available abundantly, the utilization of solar energy is developing rapidly and the photovoltaic based direct current (DC) microgrid system design is under demand but the stability of the DC voltage is of most important issue, as the variation of the output DC voltage is a common problem when the load or source voltage varies, hence a regulated DC output voltage converter is proposed. This paper presents source-loadvariable (SLV) voltage regulated cascaded DC/DC converter which is used to obtain regulated output voltage of 203.1 V DC at 0.4 duty ratio with ±2% voltage fluctuations for the variation in the input source voltage and ±1.5% voltage fluctuations for the variation in load resistance of the nominal value with lower output voltage ripple and without use of sub circuits. A simulation model of SLV voltage regulated cascaded DC/DC converter in LTspice XVII software environment for the assessment of converter performance at different input source voltages and load resistances are verified.
A Hybrid Control Scheme for Fault Ride-Through Capability using Line-Side Con...Suganthi Thangaraj
As the wind power installations are increasing in number, Wind Turbine Generators (WTG) are required to have Fault Ride-Through (FRT) capabilities. Lately developed grid operating codes demand the WTGs to stay connected during fault conditions, supporting the grid to recover faster back to its normal state. In this paper, the generator side converter incorporates the maximum power point tracking algorithm to extract maximum energy from wind turbine system. A hybrid control scheme for energy storage systems (ESS) and braking choppers for fault ride-through capability and a suppression of the output power fluctuation is proposed for permanent-magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) wind turbine systems. During grid faults, the dc-link voltage is controlled by the ESS instead of the line-side converter (LSC), whereas the LSC is exploited as a STATCOM to inject reactive current into the grid for assisting in the grid voltage recovery. A simple model of the proposed system is developed and simulated in MATLAB environment. The effectiveness of the system is validated through extensive simulation results
POWER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT OF DISTRIBUTION GRID USING ULTRA CAPACITOR INTEGRAT...IRJET Journal
The document discusses integrating ultracapacitors (UCAPs) with a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) to improve power quality on the distribution grid. UCAPs are well-suited for compensating brief voltage sags and swells due to their high power density and ability to provide power quickly. The proposed UCAP-DVR system would independently compensate for voltage sags and swells lasting from 3 seconds to 1 minute. Simulation results show that integrating a UCAP energy storage system into the DVR gives it dynamic power capability to restore voltages without support from the grid during disturbances.
IRJET- Power Management System for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations using F...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a power management system for electric vehicle charging stations using fuzzy logic control. The system uses a photovoltaic generator connected to the grid to charge plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. It aims to reduce surges in power demand during peak charging hours. A DC/DC boost converter is used to operate the solar panels at maximum power point tracking. A bi-directional DC/AC inverter connects the system to the grid using vector control. Fuzzy logic control is implemented and compared to PI control. Simulation results show fuzzy logic control reduces harmonics more effectively than PI control.
Fuzzy logic control of hybrid systems including renewable energy in microgrids IJECEIAES
With a growing demand for more energy from subscribers, a traditional electric grid is unable to meet new challenges, in the remote areas remains the extension of the conventional electric network very hard to do make prohibitively expensive. Therefore, a new advanced generation of traditional electrical is inevitable and indispensable to move toward an effective, economical, green, clean and self-correcting power system. The most well-known term used to define this next generation power system is micro grid (MG) based on renewable energy sources (RES). Since, the energy produced by RES are not constant at all times, a wide range of energy control techniques must be involved to provide a reliable power to consumers. To solve this problem in this paper we present a fuzzy logic control of isolated hybrid systems (HRES) including renewable energy in micro-grids to maintain a stability in voltage and frequency output especially in the standalone application. The considered HRES combine a wind turbine (WT) and photovoltaic (PV) panels as primary energy sources and an energy storage system (ESS) based on battery as a backup solution. Simulation results obtained from MATLAB/Simulink environment demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in decreasing the electricity bill of customer.
IRJET- A Review on Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid System and its Coordination Con...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on hybrid AC/DC microgrid systems and their coordination control. It begins with an abstract that outlines the benefits of hybrid AC/DC microgrids in integrating renewable energy sources while avoiding multiple power conversions. It then reviews several previous studies on hybrid microgrid control strategies and topologies. Key challenges discussed include maintaining stable operation during different generation and load conditions. The document concludes that hybrid AC/DC microgrids can minimize conversion losses but require further research on coordination control and other technical issues to enable practical implementation.
Impact of LCC–HVDC multiterminal on generator rotor angle stability IJECEIAES
Multiterminal High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) transmission utilizing Line Commutated Converter (LCC-HVDC) technology is on the increase in interconnecting a remote generating station to any urban centre via long distance DC lines. This Multiterminal-HVDC (MTDC) system offers a reduced right of way benefits, reduction in transmission losses, as well as robust power controllability with enhanced stability margin. However, utilizing the MTDC system in an AC network bring about a new area of associated fault analysis as well as the effect on the entire AC system during a transient fault condition. This paper analyses the fault current contribution of an MTDC system during transient fault to the rotor angle of a synchronous generator. The results show a high rotor angle swing during a transient fault and the effectiveness of fast power system stabilizer connected to the generator automatic voltage regulator in damping the system oscillations. The MTDC link improved the system performance by providing an alternative path of power transfer and quick system recovery during transient fault thus increasing the rate at which the system oscillations were damped out. This shows great improvement compared to when power was being transmitted via AC lines.
This document presents a two-stage model for daily volt/var control (VVC) of distribution systems that includes distributed energy resources (DERs) like wind turbines and synchronous machine-based distributed generations. The first stage is a day-ahead market that minimizes electrical energy costs and gas emissions from generation units to determine an initial schedule. The second stage examines this schedule from an operational perspective to determine optimal daily dispatches of VVC devices while minimizing losses, adjustment of scheduled active powers, and depreciation costs. It uses Benders decomposition to solve the mixed integer nonlinear programming problem, and tests the approach on two distribution test networks.
Improved Power Quality by using STATCOM Under Various Loading ConditionsIJMTST Journal
This document discusses improving power quality using a STATCOM under various loading conditions. It first provides background on power quality issues and defines STATCOM. It then describes the system topology which includes a wind energy generation system connected to the grid along with a STATCOM and battery energy storage system. Two control schemes for the STATCOM are proposed: Bang-Bang current control and fuzzy logic control. Simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink are presented for various cases including balanced/unbalanced linear and non-linear loads, showing the STATCOM is able to mitigate power quality issues and regulate voltage.
IRJET- A Review on Grid Connected Multi Array PV Battery based Bi-Directi...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper on a grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) battery system with a bidirectional DC-DC converter. The proposed system aims to satisfy load demand, manage power flow from PV, battery, and grid sources, inject excess power to the grid, and charge the battery from the grid. A bidirectional buck-boost converter is used to harness power from PV and control battery charging/discharging. A single-phase full-bridge bidirectional converter feeds AC loads and interacts with the grid. The proposed converter architecture has fewer conversion stages and components than existing hybrid systems, improving efficiency and reliability.
1) The document discusses the simulation of a smart microgrid system that can operate in both grid-connected and islanding modes.
2) A hybrid AC/DC microgrid is proposed that combines AC and DC microgrids through a bidirectional AC/DC converter to allow different energy sources and loads to integrate flexibly.
3) A control system is needed to coordinate the operation of DC sources, AC sources, and the converter under both grid-connected and islanding conditions.
Similar to Power transfer control within the framework of vehicle-to-house technology (20)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Neural network optimizer of proportional-integral-differential controller par...IJECEIAES
Wide application of proportional-integral-differential (PID)-regulator in industry requires constant improvement of methods of its parameters adjustment. The paper deals with the issues of optimization of PID-regulator parameters with the use of neural network technology methods. A methodology for choosing the architecture (structure) of neural network optimizer is proposed, which consists in determining the number of layers, the number of neurons in each layer, as well as the form and type of activation function. Algorithms of neural network training based on the application of the method of minimizing the mismatch between the regulated value and the target value are developed. The method of back propagation of gradients is proposed to select the optimal training rate of neurons of the neural network. The neural network optimizer, which is a superstructure of the linear PID controller, allows increasing the regulation accuracy from 0.23 to 0.09, thus reducing the power consumption from 65% to 53%. The results of the conducted experiments allow us to conclude that the created neural superstructure may well become a prototype of an automatic voltage regulator (AVR)-type industrial controller for tuning the parameters of the PID controller.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
A review on features and methods of potential fishing zoneIJECEIAES
This review focuses on the importance of identifying potential fishing zones in seawater for sustainable fishing practices. It explores features like sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH), along with classification methods such as classifiers. The features like SST, SSH, and different classifiers used to classify the data, have been figured out in this review study. This study underscores the importance of examining potential fishing zones using advanced analytical techniques. It thoroughly explores the methodologies employed by researchers, covering both past and current approaches. The examination centers on data characteristics and the application of classification algorithms for classification of potential fishing zones. Furthermore, the prediction of potential fishing zones relies significantly on the effectiveness of classification algorithms. Previous research has assessed the performance of models like support vector machines, naïve Bayes, and artificial neural networks (ANN). In the previous result, the results of support vector machine (SVM) were 97.6% more accurate than naive Bayes's 94.2% to classify test data for fisheries classification. By considering the recent works in this area, several recommendations for future works are presented to further improve the performance of the potential fishing zone models, which is important to the fisheries community.
Electrical signal interference minimization using appropriate core material f...IJECEIAES
As demand for smaller, quicker, and more powerful devices rises, Moore's law is strictly followed. The industry has worked hard to make little devices that boost productivity. The goal is to optimize device density. Scientists are reducing connection delays to improve circuit performance. This helped them understand three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) concepts, which stack active devices and create vertical connections to diminish latency and lower interconnects. Electrical involvement is a big worry with 3D integrates circuits. Researchers have developed and tested through silicon via (TSV) and substrates to decrease electrical wave involvement. This study illustrates a novel noise coupling reduction method using several electrical involvement models. A 22% drop in electrical involvement from wave-carrying to victim TSVs introduces this new paradigm and improves system performance even at higher THz frequencies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Design and optimization of ion propulsion dronebjmsejournal
Electric propulsion technology is widely used in many kinds of vehicles in recent years, and aircrafts are no exception. Technically, UAVs are electrically propelled but tend to produce a significant amount of noise and vibrations. Ion propulsion technology for drones is a potential solution to this problem. Ion propulsion technology is proven to be feasible in the earth’s atmosphere. The study presented in this article shows the design of EHD thrusters and power supply for ion propulsion drones along with performance optimization of high-voltage power supply for endurance in earth’s atmosphere.
Generative AI Use cases applications solutions and implementation.pdfmahaffeycheryld
Generative AI solutions encompass a range of capabilities from content creation to complex problem-solving across industries. Implementing generative AI involves identifying specific business needs, developing tailored AI models using techniques like GANs and VAEs, and integrating these models into existing workflows. Data quality and continuous model refinement are crucial for effective implementation. Businesses must also consider ethical implications and ensure transparency in AI decision-making. Generative AI's implementation aims to enhance efficiency, creativity, and innovation by leveraging autonomous generation and sophisticated learning algorithms to meet diverse business challenges.
https://www.leewayhertz.com/generative-ai-use-cases-and-applications/
Software Engineering and Project Management - Software Testing + Agile Method...Prakhyath Rai
Software Testing: A Strategic Approach to Software Testing, Strategic Issues, Test Strategies for Conventional Software, Test Strategies for Object -Oriented Software, Validation Testing, System Testing, The Art of Debugging.
Agile Methodology: Before Agile – Waterfall, Agile Development.
Digital Twins Computer Networking Paper Presentation.pptxaryanpankaj78
A Digital Twin in computer networking is a virtual representation of a physical network, used to simulate, analyze, and optimize network performance and reliability. It leverages real-time data to enhance network management, predict issues, and improve decision-making processes.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
VARIABLE FREQUENCY DRIVE. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for...PIMR BHOPAL
Variable frequency drive .A Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) is an electronic device used to control the speed and torque of an electric motor by varying the frequency and voltage of its power supply. VFDs are widely used in industrial applications for motor control, providing significant energy savings and precise motor operation.
Power transfer control within the framework of vehicle-to-house technology
1. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol. 13, No. 4, August 2023, pp. 3817~3828
ISSN: 2088-8708, DOI: 10.11591/ijece.v13i4.pp3817-3828 3817
Journal homepage: http://ijece.iaescore.com
Power transfer control within the framework of
vehicle-to-house technology
Hicham Ben Sassi, Yahia Mazzi, Fatima Errahimi, Najia Es-Sbai
Laboratory of Intelligent Systems, Georesources and Renewable Energies, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben
Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
Article Info ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received Aug 9, 2022
Revised Sep 10, 2022
Accepted Oct 1, 2022
The emerging vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology has gained a lot of praise in
the last few years following its experimental validation in several countries.
As a result, this technology is being investigated for standalone houses under
the name of vehicle-to-house (V2H). This latter proposes a two-way power
transfer between electric vehicles and isolated houses relying on renewable
sources for power supply. In this paper an implementation of the V2H
technology is investigated, using the adaptive backstepping control approach
for the bidirectional half-bridge and the integral sliding mode control for the
direct current to direct current (DC-DC) converter. The robustness of the
controllers and their capability to respond to the desired performances were
tested using different realistic scenarios. The obtained results yielded, a
perfect sinusoidal output voltage with an amplitude of 220 V and a
frequency of 50 Hz. This is further been validated by a frequency analysis
resulting in a total harmonic distortion (THD) of 0.25%.
Keywords:
Adaptive backstepping control
Electric vehicle
power transfer control
Vehicle-to-house technology
DC-AC power inverter
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.
Corresponding Author:
Hicham Ben Sassi
Laboratory of Intelligent Systems, Georesources and Renewable Energies, Faculty of Sciences and
Technology, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University
Box 2202, Fez, Morocco
Email: hicham.1bensassi@gmail.com
1. INTRODUCTION
The instability of the petroleum market and the greenhouse gas emissions of conventional vehicles
have inspired the development and vast adoption of electric vehicles [1], [2]. These environmentally friendly
transportation tools run on electricity provided by an electric grid instead of fuel. As a result, they are
expected to play a major role in meeting global goals on climate change. Nevertheless, the increasing power
demand by electric vehicles (EVs) is expected to jeopardize the stability of the electrical grids if not
controlled properly, resulting in a voltage dip, or line and transformer overloading [3]. In their quest to
resolve these hurdles, Kempton et al. proposed a new utilization of the EV, relying on vehicle-to-grid (V2G)
technology, as described in [4]. This latter allows the EVs to provide power back to the grid within the
context of smart grids [5]. Due to their intriguing characteristics, including substantial storage capacity and
tolerance for frequent power fluctuations, EVs are excellent candidates for this task [6], [7].
This paper proposes an EV home integration using vehicle-to-house technology (V2H) [8]. In
contrast with V2G, V2H is mostly deployed for homes without access to an electrical grid but rather relies on
renewable energy sources to fulfill their electricity requirements. As result, the EV could be used to support
the battery storage units of the standalone home in case of an emergency, such as heavy machinery operation,
or a shortage in photovoltaic (PV) production. The V2H setup adopted in this paper is illustrated in Figure 1.
It consists of a PV system, a battery storage unit, and an EV, in addition to the bidirectional direct current to
direct current (DC-DC) converter, and the direct current to alternating current (DC-AC) inverter.
2. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 13, No. 4, August 2023: 3817-3828
3818
The power transfer rate between the EV and the house within the framework of V2H can vary
significantly depending on the connected loads, the PV production, and the state of charge of the storage
systems [9]. As a result, robust control of the bidirectional power converters (DC-DC and DC-AC) is crucial,
to supply the required power regardless of the encountered scenario. In this regard, several control strategies
were proposed for the adopted buck-boost converter. The robustness characteristic of an adaptive sliding
mode based controller (SMC) was investigated in [10], for a SEPIC-Zeta converter. Furthermore, in [11], the
authors presented a Lyapunov-based hysteric controller to manage the power flow of a bidirectional
buck-boost converter. This latter is connected between the DC-bus and the main battery storage of an EV. In
[12], a hysteretic-modulation-based controller is designed based on the SMC technique to control a versatile
buck-boost converter for photovoltaic application.
Figure 1. V2H structure with a PV system
In this work, the integral sliding mode (ISM) strategy is suggested to control the amount of power
exchanged between the isolated house and the EV. In contrast to its conventional predecessor [13], the ISM
control incorporates an integral term in its sliding surface, which enables the integral sliding mode control
(ISMC) to avoid the reaching phase. Thus resulting in a quicker convergence time [14], [15].
Given that injecting power into the house is the key characteristic of the V2H technology, therefore,
appropriate control of the full-bridge inverter transforming the DC power to a convenient AC output is
crucial. In the literature, several linear controllers were proposed to oversee the power transfer of grid-tied
inverters [16], [17]. Nonetheless, the limitations associated with linear controllers in terms of stability under
sudden load variations, render their use inadvisable in our application. To overcome these issues, nonlinear
approaches such as the sliding mode control [18], [19], the fuzzy logic control [20], the predictive control
[21], and the backstepping control [22], have been reported in the literature. Such control schemes have
proven their superiority, in terms of output stability, tracking performances, and transient response [18].
Based on a comparative analysis conducted in [20], the performances of the backstepping approach were
praised over the SMC for the inverter. Accordingly, this paper associates an adaptive approach with the
conventional backstepping controller to further enhance its efficiency.
The layout of the rest of this paper is given as: section 2 presents the research method which deals
with the modeling of both power converters as well as the design process of the integral sliding mode and the
adaptive backstepping control approaches. Followed by a presentation and discussion of the obtained
simulation results in section 3. Finally, this paper ends with a conclusion.
2. RESEARCH METHOD
To accurately control the power transfer, two main requirements are needed. these latter are an
accurate mathematical model of both power converters, and a delicate design of the control schemes so as to
impose the required behavior on the converters. These requirements are addressed in the following sections.
3. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Power transfer control within the framework of vehicle-to-house technology (Hicham Ben Sassi)
3819
2.1. Bidirectional DC-DC converter
Being that the V2H technology requires a two-way power transfer, the buck-boost converter in
Figure 2 is adopted. The operating mode of the converter is imposed by the power needs of the standalone
house and the EV battery state of charge (SoC) [23], [24]. When the PV solar panels production exceeds the
power needs of the house, and the EV is not fully charged, the converter lowers the voltage so as to charge
the EV battery, thus, functioning as a buck power converter. This energy can be used later to power the house
in case the PV production is insufficient due to bad weather. In such a scenario the converter elevates the
voltage delivered by the EV to equal that of DC bus, hence operating in boost mode. The obtained DC
voltage can then be converted to an AC voltage suitable to power the household equipment using the
appropriate DC-AC inverter.
Figure 2. 2sw buck-boost converter
Being that the adopted control schemes in this paper are all model-based. This section provides a
mathematical model of the converter in Figure 2 using the dynamic state-space equations which are derived
from analyzing the off-state and on-state of the transistors.
− Boost mode
𝑉𝑆𝑤1 = (1 − 𝑆𝑤1)𝑉𝑑𝑐 (1)
𝑑𝑖𝑏
𝑑𝑡
= −
𝑅𝐿𝑖𝑏
𝐿
+
𝑉𝑏
𝐿
−
𝑉𝑠𝑤1
𝐿
(2)
𝑑𝑖𝑏
𝑑𝑡
= −(1 − 𝑆𝑤1)
𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝐿
−
𝑅𝐿𝑖𝑏
𝐿
+
𝑉𝑏
𝐿
(3)
𝑑𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝑑𝑡
=
𝑖𝑑𝑐
𝐶
=
𝑖𝑏(1−𝑆1)
𝐶
(4)
− Buck mode
𝑉𝑆𝑤1 = 𝑆2𝑉𝑑𝑐 (5)
𝑑𝑖𝑏
𝑑𝑡
= −𝑆𝑤2
𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝐿
−
𝑅𝐿𝑖𝑏
𝐿
+
𝑉𝑏
𝐿
(6)
𝑑𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑆𝑤2
𝑖𝑏
𝐶
(7)
Since the converter operates in both buck and boost modes, an averaged state-space representation is developed
based on the equations presented above:
(𝑥̇1
𝑥̇2
) = (
𝑑𝑖𝑏
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝑑𝑡
) = (
−𝑅𝐿
𝐿
−
𝐾(1−𝑆𝑤1)+(1−𝐾)𝑆𝑤2
𝐿
𝐾(1−𝑆𝑤1)+(1−𝐾)𝑆𝑤2
𝐶
0
) (
𝑖𝑏
𝑉𝑑𝑐
) + (
1
𝐿
0
) 𝑉𝑏 + 𝑑 (8)
4. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 13, No. 4, August 2023: 3817-3828
3820
Let 𝑆𝑊𝐺 = 𝐾(1 − 𝑆𝑤1) + (1 − 𝐾)𝑆𝑤2.
(𝑥̇1
𝑥̇2
) = (
𝑑𝑖𝑏
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝑑𝑡
) = (
−𝑅𝐿
𝐿
−
𝑆𝑊𝐺
𝐿
𝑆𝑊𝐺
𝐶
0
) (
𝑖𝑏
𝑉𝑑𝑐
) + (
1
𝐿
0
) 𝑉𝑏 + 𝑑 (9)
Since no model is perfect, the constrained uncertainties are represented by d in the state-space model. It is
chosen to take into consideration model parameter errors of 10% magnitude, including 𝑅𝐿, 𝐿 and 𝐶.
2.2. Integral sliding mode control
The ISMC is an enhanced version of the conventional SMC developed by Utkin [25]. This type of
controller produces switching control signals that force the system to stay on a specified sliding surface (S),
where the stability of the system is assured. In an attempt to eliminate the reaching phase of the conventional
SMC and thus enhance the response time of the controller, an integral term is incorporated into the
aforementioned sliding surface which resulted in the ISMC [26]. The design process of this latter is as:
- First, the switching function (S), often known as the integral sliding surface, is defined.
- Secondly, a control law that attracts the system state towards the sliding surface (S) is designed. This control
law must guarantee that the direction of motion is always towards S as well as the system’s stability [27].
The sliding surface used in this research is given in (10). The choice of S is based on the fact that the
exchanged power between the DC-bus and the EV is controlled via the charge/discharge current since the DC
bus voltage is maintained constate.
𝑆 = (𝑒) + ℾ ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑡
𝑡
0
(10)
𝑒 = 𝑥1 − 𝐼𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑓 (11)
where 𝑥1 is the EV battery’s current, 𝑒 is the mismatch between this latter and the reference value (𝐼𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑓), and ℾ
is a constant gain. The derivative of the sliding surface S is computed as presented in (13), so as to have access
to the control signal 𝑆𝑊𝐺.
𝑆̇ = 𝑥1
̇ + ℾ(𝑥1 − 𝐼𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑓) (12)
𝑆̇ = −𝑆𝑊𝐺
𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝐿
+ 𝑥1(ℾ −
𝑅𝐿
𝐿
) +
𝑉𝑏
𝐿
− 𝐾𝐼𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑓 (13)
Following the design of S, the second step is to develop a control law that forces the states of the
system to converge toward S while guaranteeing the system’s stability. As a result, the appropriate control law
that can satisfy these two demands is composed of two parts as presented in (14).
𝑢 = 𝑆𝑊𝐺 = 𝑢𝑒𝑞 + 𝑢𝑛 (14)
where 𝑢𝑒𝑞 is the equivalent control, which ensures the insensitivity of the feedback system to disturbances once
on the sliding surface. To accomplish this, 𝑢𝑒𝑞 is set so as to eliminates the impact of known parameters on the
converter’s performance. On the other hand, the nonlinear discontinuous control 𝑢𝑛 is devoted to cancel the
effects of uncertainties and external disturbances. Being that the equivalent control (𝑢𝑒𝑞) is only effective once
on the sliding surface, its value is computed as (15) and (16).
𝑆̇ = 0 ≪=≫ 𝑆̇ = −𝑢𝑒𝑞
𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝐿
+ 𝑥1 (ℾ −
𝑅𝐿
𝐿
) +
𝑉𝑏
𝐿
− ℾ𝐼𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 0 (15)
𝑢𝑒𝑞 =
𝐿
𝑉𝑑𝑐
(𝑥1 (ℾ −
𝑅𝑙
𝐿
) − ℾ𝐼𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑓 +
𝑉𝑏
𝐿
) (16)
The discontinuous control (𝑢𝑛) is set to always ensures a sliding motion on the predefined dynamics
(S) in spite of uncertainties, and by doing so, it secures the controller stability. As a result, the expression of the
control 𝑢𝑛 is derived using the Lyapunov stability theory as presented in (17) and (18).
𝑉 =
1
2
𝑆2
(17)
5. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Power transfer control within the framework of vehicle-to-house technology (Hicham Ben Sassi)
3821
𝑉̇ = 𝑆̇𝑆 = 𝑆(−𝑢𝑒𝑞
𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝐿
− 𝑢𝑛
𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝐿
+ (ℾ −
𝑅𝐿
𝐿
) 𝑥1 +
𝑉𝑏
𝐿
− ℾ𝐼𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑓 + 𝑑) (18)
For a controller to be asymptotically stable 𝑉̇ must be negative, however, 𝑉̇ < −𝐾|𝑆| is required to
force a finite asymptotic convergence. Based on this new constraint as well as the expression of 𝑢𝑒𝑞 in (16),
𝑢𝑛 can be derived from (18) as (19).
𝑉̇ = 𝑆 (−𝑢𝑛
𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝐿
+ 𝑑) (19)
where
𝑢𝑛 = 𝐾𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛(𝑆) (20)
𝑉̇ < 0 ≪=≫ 𝐾 > 𝑑
𝐿
𝑉𝑑𝑐
(21)
The output control signal of the ISMC is designed by joining the two control signals 𝑢𝑛 and 𝑢𝑒𝑞.
𝑢12 =
𝐿
𝑉𝑑𝑐
((ℾ −
𝑅𝐿
𝐿
) 𝑥1 +
𝑉𝑏
𝐿
− ℾ𝐼𝑏𝑟𝑒𝑓) + 𝐾𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛(𝑆) (22)
2.3. Bidirectional DC-AC inverter control
The power inverter investigated in this section is the full bridge illustrated in Figure 3. It consists
of 4 controllable MOSFET transistors, associated with 4 diodes enabling the inverter to operate in a
bidirectional power flow. Alongside a low-pass harmonic filter LC that smooth’s the output voltage, resulting
in a sinusoidal waveform, thus, enhancing the power quality. Furthermore, the LC filter eliminates the
switching frequency and protects the inverter from the transients [28]. The inverter supplies an AC load
representing either, an electrical grid or the electric equipment in a standalone house.
Figure 3. Full bridge inverter
The transforming process of DC to AC is achieved by applying a control signal to the gates of the
inverter. Depending on the activation states of each transistor, the output voltage 𝑉1 alternates between
+𝑉𝐷𝐶, 0, and −𝑉𝐷𝐶. The combination of all states results in a rectangular waveform 𝑉1 with an amplitude of
|𝑉𝐷𝐶|.
Most power inverters are associated with controllers that enforce the desired performances, by
acting on their switching transistors. As a result, in this paper, the full-bridge inverter is controlled with
PWM based on a backstepping control scheme. Since backstepping is a model-based control strategy, a
mathematical model of the power inverter is constructed as:
By applying the Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) and Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL), the voltage
across the capacitor C as well as the inductance’s current, evolve following (23) and (24) respectively.
6. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 13, No. 4, August 2023: 3817-3828
3822
𝐶
𝑑𝑉𝐶
𝑑𝑡
= 𝐶
𝑑𝑉2
𝑑𝑡
= 𝐼𝐿 − 𝐼𝑔 (23)
𝐿𝐹
𝑑𝐼𝐿
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑉1 − 𝑉2 (24)
The output voltage 𝑉1 (prior to the LC filter) is expressed as a function of the switching signal as (25).
𝑉1 = 𝑉𝑑𝑐(𝑆ℎ − 𝑆𝑙) (25)
where 𝑆ℎ = 𝑄1 ∗ 𝑄4 and 𝑆𝑙 = 𝑄2 ∗ 𝑄3.
𝐿𝐹
𝑑𝐼𝐿
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑉𝑑𝑐(𝑆ℎ − 𝑆𝑙) − 𝑉2 (26)
In control theory, the parameter to be controlled must appear in the state space representation of the
plant, as a result, the output voltage across the capacitor 𝑉2 as well as the inductor’s current 𝐼𝐿 are selected as
state variables 𝑋1 and 𝑋2 respectively.
𝑥̇1 =
𝑥2
𝐶
−
𝐼𝑔
𝐶
(27)
𝑥̇2 =
𝑉𝑑𝑐𝑢
𝐿𝐹
−
𝑥1
𝐿𝐹
(28)
where the control law 𝑢 is defined as (29) and (30).
𝑢 = (𝑆ℎ − 𝑆𝑙) (29)
[
𝑥̇1
𝑥̇2
] = [
0
1
𝐶
1
𝐿𝐹
0
] [
𝑥1
𝑥2
] + [
0
𝑉𝑑𝑐
𝐿𝐹
] 𝑢 + [
1
𝐶
0
] 𝐼𝑔 (30)
2.4. The adaptive backstepping control approach
Backstepping is a recursive control approach, applied to complex nonlinear systems with triangular
state-space representation. In such systems, the control law appears in the nth state, and the desired state can
only be controlled via another state of the plant. Backstepping is based on the decomposition of a high-order
system into a set of reduced-order subsystems easy to control. The output of each subsystem is injected into
the following subsystem as a virtual control law. The global control law is designed using the Lyapunov
stability theory.
For the adaptive backstepping approach, the controller gains are recursively adjusted depending on
the inverter’s behavior. Thus, enhancing the accuracy of the conventional controller. Generally, backstepping
is adopted for systems where the desired state can only be controlled via another state of the plant, making it
suitable for the inverter, since the output voltage can only be controlled via the output current. The
motivation of the control is to establish a sinusoidal output, that is coordinated with the voltage level and
frequency of the grid and the electrical equipment of the stand-alone house.
The design process of the backstepping begins by defining the tracking dynamics. Accordingly, the
mismatch between the output voltage of the inverter and the reference voltage is defined as (31).
𝑒𝑏1 = 𝑉2𝑟𝑒𝑓 − 𝑥1 (31)
The Lyapunov function that can guarantee the subsystem’s stability while designing a virtual control law that
nullifies 𝑒𝑏1 is as:
𝑉1 =
1
2
𝑒𝑏1
2
(32)
Similar to the SMC, the Lyapunov stability theory states that for a positive definite function 𝑉1, the
subsystem is asymptotically stable if the derivative of 𝑉1 is strictly negative, as a result:
𝑉̇1 < 0 ↔ 𝑒𝑏1𝑒̇𝑏1 < 0 (34)
7. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Power transfer control within the framework of vehicle-to-house technology (Hicham Ben Sassi)
3823
However, for finite-time convergence, zero is replaced with a small quantity.
𝑒̇𝑏1 = 𝑉̇2𝑟𝑒𝑓 − 𝑥̇1 (35)
𝑒̇𝑏1 = 𝑉̇2𝑟𝑒𝑓 −
𝑥2
𝐶
+
𝐼𝑔
𝐶
(36)
𝑉̇1 = 𝑒𝑏1 (𝑉̇2𝑟𝑒𝑓 −
𝑥2
𝐶
+
𝐼𝑔
𝐶
) = −𝐾𝑏1𝑒𝑏1
2
(37)
The virtual control 𝑥2𝑑𝑒𝑠 that substantiates (34) and (37) is then constructed as (38) and (39).
𝑒𝑏1 (𝑉̇2𝑟𝑒𝑓 −
𝑥2𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝐶
+
𝐼𝑔
𝐶
) = −𝐾𝑏1𝑒𝑏1
2
(38)
𝑥2𝑑𝑒𝑠 = 𝐶 (𝑉̇2𝑟𝑒𝑓 +
1
𝐶
𝐼𝑔 + 𝐾𝑏1𝑒𝑏1) (39)
The second step is to form the appropriate control law 𝑢 that ensures the convergence of 𝑥2 towards 𝑥2𝑑𝑒𝑠.
To this end, the mismatch 𝑒𝑏2 is defined as (40) and (41).
𝑒𝑏2 = 𝑥2𝑑𝑒𝑠 − 𝑥2 (40)
𝑥2 = 𝑥2𝑑𝑒𝑠 − 𝑒𝑏2 (41)
Replacing 𝑥2 in (37) by its expression in (41) as well as 𝑥2𝑑𝑒𝑠 by its expression in (39) yields:
𝑉̇1 = 𝑒𝑏1𝑒̇𝑏1 = 𝑒𝑏1 (𝑉̇2𝑟𝑒𝑓 +
𝑒𝑏2
𝐶
−
𝑥2𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝐶
+
𝐼𝑔
𝐶
) (42)
𝑉̇1 = 𝑒𝑏1𝑒̇𝑏1 = 𝑒𝑏1 (𝑉̇2𝑟𝑒𝑓 +
𝑒𝑏2
𝐶
− 𝑉̇2𝑟𝑒𝑓 −
𝐼𝑔
𝐶
− 𝐾𝑏1𝑒𝑏1 +
𝐼𝑔
𝐶
) (43)
𝑒̇𝑏1 =
𝑒𝑏2
𝐶
− 𝐾𝑏1𝑒𝑏1 (44)
The global Lyapunov function 𝑉𝐺 that ensures the stability of the entire system is defined as (45) and (46).
𝑉𝐺 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 =
1
2
𝑒𝑏1
2
+
1
2
𝑒𝑏2
2
(45)
𝑉̇𝐺 = 𝑉̇1 + 𝑉̇2 = 𝑒𝑏1𝑒̇𝑏1 + 𝑒𝑏2𝑒̇𝑏2 (46)
where
𝑒̇𝑏2 = 𝑥̇2𝑑𝑒𝑠 −
𝑉𝑑𝑐𝑢
𝐿𝐹
+
𝑥1
𝐿𝐹
(47)
𝑥̇2𝑑𝑒𝑠 = 𝐶 (𝑉̈2𝑟𝑒𝑓 +
1
𝐶
𝐼̇𝑔 + 𝐾𝑏1𝑒̇𝑏1) (48)
𝑉̇𝐺 = 𝑒𝑏1𝑒̇𝑏1 + 𝑒𝑏2[𝐶 (𝑉̈2𝑟𝑒𝑓 +
1
𝐶
𝐼̇𝑔 + 𝐾𝑏1𝑒̇𝑏1) −
𝑉𝑑𝑐𝑢
𝐿𝐹
+
𝑥1
𝐿𝐹
] (49)
The control law 𝑢 that is fed to the PWM generator is derived by setting 𝑉̇𝐺 as in (50), and substituting 𝑒̇𝑏1 by
its expression in (44).
𝑉̇𝐺 = −𝐾𝑏1𝑒𝑏1
2
− 𝐾𝑏2𝑒𝑏2
2
(50)
1
𝐶
𝑒𝑏1 + 𝐶 (𝑉̈2𝑟𝑒𝑓 +
1
𝐶
𝐼̇𝑔 + 𝐾𝑏1𝑒̇𝑏1) −
𝑉𝑑𝑐𝑢
𝐿𝐹
+
𝑥1
𝐿𝐹
= −𝐾𝑏2𝑒𝑏2 (51)
𝑢 =
𝐿𝐹
𝑉𝑑𝑐
(
1
𝐶
𝑒𝑏1 + 𝐼̇𝑔 + 𝐶𝐾𝑏1𝑒̇𝑏1 + 𝐶𝑉̈2𝑟𝑒𝑓 +
1
𝐿𝐹
𝑥1 + 𝐾𝑏2𝑒𝑏2) (52)
8. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 13, No. 4, August 2023: 3817-3828
3824
By setting 𝐾𝑏1 and 𝐾𝑏2 as positive values, the tracking error of both states is forced to zero.
Henceforward, the inverter produces an output voltage identical to the reference. To avoid the
time-consuming process of searching for the exact values of the constants gains 𝐾𝑏1 and 𝐾𝑏2, an adaptive
approach is considered. The new proposed control law containing the adaptive gains is given in (53).
𝑢 =
𝐿𝐹
𝑉𝑑𝑐
(
1
𝐶
𝑒𝑏1 + 𝐼̇𝑔 + 𝐶𝐾
̂̇
𝑏1𝑒̇𝑏1 + 𝐶𝑉̈2𝑟𝑒𝑓 +
1
𝐿𝐹
𝑥1 + 𝐾
̂̇
𝑏2𝑒𝑏2) (53)
𝐾
̂̇
𝑏𝑖 = {
𝜇𝑖𝑒𝑏𝑖
2
𝑖𝑓 𝑒𝑏𝑖
> λ𝑖
0 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2 (54)
The expression of the adaptive gains is derived using the Lyapunov stability theory. In this regard,
the new Lyapunov function becomes.
𝑉𝐴𝑑 =
1
2
𝑒𝑏1
2
+
1
2
𝑒𝑏2
2
+
𝐾
̃1
2
2𝜇1
+
𝐾
̃2
2
2𝜇2
(55)
{
𝐾
̃1 = 𝐾𝑏1 − 𝐾
̂𝑏1
𝐾
̃2 = 𝐾𝑏2 − 𝐾
̂𝑏2
(56)
where 𝐾
̃1 and 𝐾
̃2 are the mismatch between the real and estimated values of the backstepping gains. Seeing
that 𝐾𝑏1and 𝐾𝑏2 have a slow variation rate, they can be considered constant in a small-time interval. Thus, the
derivative of 𝑉𝐴𝑑 can be expressed as (57).
𝑉̇𝐴𝑑 = −𝐾
̂𝑏1𝑒𝑏1
2
− 𝐾
̂𝑏2𝑒𝑏2
2
−
𝐾
̃1(𝐾
̂̇
𝑏1)
𝜇1
−
𝐾
̃2(𝐾
̂̇
𝑏2)
𝜇2
(57)
At this stage the estimated value of 𝐾
̂𝑏1 and 𝐾
̂𝑏2 are not yet known, as a result, 𝐾
̂𝑏1𝑒𝑏1
2
and 𝐾
̂𝑏2𝑒𝑏2
2
cannot be declared positive. To overcome this, 𝐾
̂𝑏1and 𝐾
̂𝑏2 are substituted in (57) by their expressions in
(58):
{
𝐾
̂𝑏1 = 𝐾𝑏1 − 𝐾
̃1
𝐾
̂𝑏2 = 𝐾𝑏2 − 𝐾
̃2
(58)
𝑉̇𝐴𝑑 = −𝐾𝑏1𝑒𝑏1
2
− 𝐾𝑏2𝑒𝑏2
2
− 𝐾
̃1(−𝑒𝑏1
2
+
𝐾
̂̇
𝑏1
𝜇1
) − 𝐾
̃2(−𝑒𝑏2
2
+
𝐾
̂̇
𝑏2
𝜇2
) (59)
By replacing 𝐾
̂̇
𝑏1and 𝐾
̂̇
𝑏2 by their corresponding expression in (54), the derivative of the Lyapunov function
𝑉𝐴𝑑 becomes negative. Henceforward, the system is stable.
𝑉̇𝐴𝑑 = −𝐾𝑏1𝑒𝑏1
2
− 𝐾𝑏2𝑒𝑏2
2
(60)
3. SIMULATION AND RESULTS DISCUSSION
This section aims to evaluate the performances of the adaptive backstepping control strategy applied
to the power inverter. This includes the convergence time, voltage, and frequency stability, as well as the
total harmonic distortion (THD) of the output voltage. To this end, the MATLAB/Simulink model in Figure 4
is constructed. It consists of a standalone house with a PV plant and battery storage system as well as a
bidirectional EV charging station. For this study, the output power of both the PV plant and battery storage
system is considered to be zero. Accordingly, the power requirements of the house must be provided by the
EV using the aforementioned power converter and control schemes. The electrical and control parameters
adopted in this section are listed in Table 1.
Given that the voltage level and frequency required by most house equipment are 220 V and 50 Hz
respectively, the reference voltage profile in Figure 5 is adopted in this paper. It is a sinusoidal waveform
with a voltage level of 220 V and 50 Hz frequency. Initially, this profile is used to investigate the
performances of the adopted control schemes in supplying a stable load of 6 KVA. The obtained simulation
results are illustrated in Figures 6 and 7.
9. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Power transfer control within the framework of vehicle-to-house technology (Hicham Ben Sassi)
3825
Figure 4. Simulation setup
Table 1. Simulation parameters
Parameter Value Parameter Value
L 5 mH V2 220 V
C 100 µF Load1 2 KW
C-bus 12000 µF Load2 4 KW
f 50 Hz Load3 6 KW
𝐹𝑠𝑤 20 KHz μ1 100
𝑉𝐷𝐶 500 V μ2 100
EV battery capacity 40 kWh λ1,2,3 3
In Figure 6, the inverter’s output voltage using the Backstepping controller is compared to that of
the same inverter controlled by the conventional proportional-integral-derivative (PID). Based on the
obtained results it is clear that the backstepping voltage represented by the solid blue line converges towards
the reference voltage given by the red plus pattern in just 10−3
(𝑠). Which substantiates the tracking
performances of the adopted control scheme. Furthermore, compared to the PID voltage given in the dotted
green line, the backstepping voltage is clearly more stable since it does not present any oscillations. It rather
maintains a sinusoidal form of 50 Hz frequency and 220 V amplitude throughout the entirety of the
simulations, which is crucial for the household electrical equipment. With regards to the quality of the output
power, Figure 7 shows that the power provided to the house under a constant load is stable with no
fluctuations, which is a critical requirement for power systems especially if there is no electric grid to
smoothen the power.
Being that the daily power demand of most houses varies depending on the number of connected
equipment, in this section, the robustness of the adopted control schemes is evaluated under a load variation
scenario. For this purpose, the power profile in Figure 8 is adopted. This latter simulates instantaneous
transitions between three load values; 𝑃1 = 2 𝐾𝑊, 𝑃2 = 4 𝐾𝑊, and 𝑃3 = 6 𝐾𝑊. The obtained results are
illustrated in Figures 9 and 10.
As illustrated, in Figures 9 and 10, the sequence of sudden variations in power demand has no effect
on the performance of the controllers. In this regard, Figure 9 shows that the output voltage’s amplitude and
frequency are successfully maintained at 220 V and 50 Hz respectively regardless of the load variations. This
is showcased in the zoomed area of Figure 9. Concurrently, the amplitude of the electrical current in
Figure 10, varies in accordance with the load to satisfy the power requirement, while maintaining a perfect
sinusoidal form of 50 Hz frequency as shown in the zoomed area. The quality of the inverter’s output signals
10. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 13, No. 4, August 2023: 3817-3828
3826
is further validated by a frequency analysis conducted on the voltage supplied to the loads as presented in
Figure 11. The analysis yielded a THD of about 0.25%, which is below the acceptable range (5%) according
to the standard of IEEE-519 (IEEE 519 working group, 1992).
Figure 5. Reference voltage signal Figure 6. The output voltage of the power inverter
Figure 7. Output power provided to the house Figure 8. The output power of the inverter
Figure 9. The output voltage of the inverter Figure 10. The load’s current variation
Figure 11. Analysis of THD of the output voltage
11. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Power transfer control within the framework of vehicle-to-house technology (Hicham Ben Sassi)
3827
4. CONCLUSION
In this paper, the power transfer between an EV and an isolated house was controlled using an
adaptive backstepping approach and an integral sliding mode scheme within the framework of
vehicle-to-house technology. The robustness of both controllers was investigated under both fixed and
variable load scenarios and resulted in satisfactory performances. In this regard, the output signal of the
inverter follows with great accuracy the reference signal, resulting in a perfect sinusoidal waveform. This is
supported by the frequency analysis of the output signal, which yielded a THD value of 0.25% total harmonic
distortion. As a result, the authors recommend these two control strategies for vehicle-to-house technology.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank the members of the Laboratory of Intelligent Systems,
Georesources and Renewable Energies (LISGRE), for their help and support.
REFERENCES
[1] S.-C. Ma, J.-H. Xu, and Y. Fan, “Characteristics and key trends of global electric vehicle technology development: A multi-
method patent analysis,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 338, Mar. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130502.
[2] D. Liu, L. Xu, U. H. Sadia, and H. Wang, “Evaluating the CO2 emission reduction effect of China’s battery electric vehicle
promotion efforts,” Atmospheric Pollution Research, vol. 12, no. 7, Jul. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.apr.2021.101115.
[3] A.-M. Hariri, M. A. Hejazi, and H. Hashemi-Dezaki, “Investigation of impacts of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles’ stochastic
characteristics modeling on smart grid reliability under different charging scenarios,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 287,
Mar. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125500.
[4] S. S. Ravi and M. Aziz, “Utilization of electric vehicles for vehicle-to-grid services: progress and perspectives,” Energies, vol. 15,
no. 2, Jan. 2022, doi: 10.3390/en15020589.
[5] P. Sharma, S. Reddy Salkuti, and S.-C. Kim, “Advancements in energy storage technologies for smart grid development,”
International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 3421–3429, Aug. 2022, doi:
10.11591/ijece.v12i4.pp3421-3429.
[6] S. Rafique, M. J. Hossain, M. S. H. Nizami, U. Bin Irshad, and S. C. Mukhopadhyay, “Energy management systems for
residential buildings with electric vehicles and distributed energy resources,” IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 46997–47007, 2021, doi:
10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3067950.
[7] H. B. Sassi, C. Alaoui, F. Errahimi, and N. Es-Sbai, “Vehicle-to-grid technology and its suitability for the Moroccan national
grid,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 33, Jan. 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2020.102023.
[8] N. Hinov, V. Dimitrov, and G. Vacheva, “Model for vehicle to home system with additional energy storage for households,”
Electronics, vol. 10, no. 9, May 2021, doi: 10.3390/electronics10091085.
[9] Y. Mazzi, H. B. Sassi, F. Errahimi, and N. Es-Sbai, “State of charge estimation using extended Kalman filter,” in 2019
International Conference on Wireless Technologies, Embedded and Intelligent Systems (WITS), Apr. 2019, pp. 1–6, doi:
10.1109/WITS.2019.8723707.
[10] P. K. Gayen, P. Roy Chowdhury, and P. K. Dhara, “An improved dynamic performance of bidirectional SEPIC-Zeta converter
based battery energy storage system using adaptive sliding mode control technique,” Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 160,
pp. 348–361, Jul. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.epsr.2018.03.016.
[11] D. Marinho, M. Chaves, P. Gambôa, and J. Lopes, “Conversion system for grid-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-grid applications,”
Journal of Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage, vol. 17, no. 1, Feb. 2020, doi: 10.1115/1.4043538.
[12] F. Mendez-Diaz, B. Pico, E. Vidal-Idiarte, J. Calvente, and R. Giral, “HM/PWM seamless control of a bidirectional buck-boost
converter for a photovoltaic application,” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 2887–2899, Mar. 2019,
doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2018.2843393.
[13] Y. M. Alsmadi, V. Utkin, and L. Xu, “Sliding mode control design procedure for power electronic converters used in energy
conversion systems,” in New Perspectives and Applications of Modern Control Theory, Cham: Springer International Publishing,
2018, pp. 465–521.
[14] S. Das, M. S. Qureshi, and P. Swarnkar, “Design of integral sliding mode control for DC-DC converters,” Materials Today:
Proceedings, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 4290–4298, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2017.11.694.
[15] M. Riaz, A. R. Yasin, A. Arshad Uppal, and A. Yasin, “A novel dynamic integral sliding mode control for power electronic
converters,” Science Progress, vol. 104, no. 4, Oct. 2021, doi: 10.1177/00368504211044848.
[16] M. Facta, A. Priyadi, and M. H. Purnomo, “Investigation of symmetrical optimum PI controller based on plant and feedback
linearization in grid-tie inverter systems,” International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 2017, doi:
10.20508/ijrer.v7i3.5984.g7188.
[17] S. Ghosh, B. Moulik, and H. P. Singh, “Coordinated converter-inverter PI based grid tied photovoltaic system,” in 2021 6th
International Conference for Convergence in Technology (I2CT), Apr. 2021, pp. 1–7, doi: 10.1109/I2CT51068.2021.9418065.
[18] J. A. Cortajarena, O. Barambones, P. Alkorta, and J. De Marcos, “Sliding mode control of grid-tied single-phase inverter in a
photovoltaic MPPT application,” Solar Energy, vol. 155, pp. 793–804, Oct. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.solener.2017.07.029.
[19] G. V. Hollweg, P. J. D. de Oliveira Evald, E. Mattos, R. V. Tambara, and H. A. Gründling, “Feasibility assessment of adaptive
sliding mode controllers for grid-tied inverters with LCL filter,” Journal of Control, Automation and Electrical Systems, vol. 33,
no. 2, pp. 434–447, Apr. 2022, doi: 10.1007/s40313-021-00835-5.
[20] A. K. Zadeh, L. I. Kashkooli, and S. A. Mirzaee, “Designing a power inverter and comparing back-stepping, sliding-mode and
fuzzy controllers for a single-phase inverter in an emergency power supply,” Ciência e Natura, vol. 37, Dec. 2015, doi:
10.5902/2179460X20769.
[21] S. Salimin, S. A. Zulkifli, and M. Armstrong, “Reduction in current THD of grid parallel inverters using randomized PR control,”
International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS), vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 290–296, Mar. 2017, doi:
10.11591/ijpeds.v8.i1.pp290-296.
[22] R. Majdoul, A. Touati, A. Ouchatti, A. Taouni, and E. Abdelmounim, “Comparison of backstepping, sliding mode and PID
regulators for a voltage inverter,” International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), vol. 12, no. 1,
12. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 13, No. 4, August 2023: 3817-3828
3828
pp. 166–178, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.11591/ijece.v12i1.pp166-178.
[23] H. B. Sassi, F. Errahimi, N. Es-Sbai, and C. Alaoui, “Comparative study of ANN/KF for on-board SOC estimation for vehicular
applications,” Journal of Energy Storage, vol. 25, Oct. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.est.2019.100822.
[24] Y. Mazzi, H. Ben Sassi, A. Gaga, and F. Errahimi, “State of charge estimation of an electric vehicle’s battery using tiny neural
network embedded on small microcontroller units,” International Journal of Energy Research, vol. 46, no. 6, pp. 8102–8119,
May 2022, doi: 10.1002/er.7713.
[25] V. Utkin, “Variable structure systems with sliding modes,” IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 212–222,
Apr. 1977, doi: 10.1109/TAC.1977.1101446.
[26] A. Bessas, A. Benalia, and F. Boudjema, “Integral sliding mode control for trajectory tracking of wheeled mobile robot in
presence of uncertainties,” Journal of Control Science and Engineering, pp. 1–10, 2016, doi: 10.1155/2016/7915375.
[27] M. Idrees, S. Ullah, and S. Muhammad, “Sliding mode control design for stabilization of underactuated mechanical systems,”
Advances in Mechanical Engineering, vol. 11, no. 5, May 2019, doi: 10.1177/1687814019842712.
[28] S. Adak, “Harmonics mitigation of stand-alone photovoltaic system using LC passive filter,” Journal of Electrical Engineering
and Technology, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 2389–2396, Sep. 2021, doi: 10.1007/s42835-021-00777-7.
BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Hicham Ben Sassi is professor at the Private University of Fez, Morocco. He
received his Ph.D in Electrical Engineering from the University of Sidi Mohammed Ben
Abdellah, Faculty of Science and Technologies, Morocco. His research interests include,
electric vehicles, batteries, renewable energy, power electronics and artificial intelligence. He
can be contacted at email: hicham.1bensassi@gmail.com.
Yahia Mazzi received the M.S. degree in Electronic, Signals, and Automated
Systems from the Faculty of Sciences and Technologies of Fez, Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah
University, Morocco, in 2018. He is currently pursuing a Ph.D. degree in Energy Management
for Electric Vehicles at the Laboratory of Intelligent Systems, Georesources and Renewable
Energies (LISGRE ISGRE). His research interests include electric vehicles, batteries, battery
management system, electric vehicle motor drive control, renewable energies, power
electronics, embedded systems, and the application of artificial intelligence in power system
and EV battery management system. He can be contacted at: yahia.mazzi@usmba.ac.ma.
Fatima Errahimi is teacher and researcher at the Faculty of Sciences and
Technologies in Sidi Mohamed Ben Abedellah University of Fez. She got Ph.D degree on
Automatic Control System and robotics in 2004. Her special fields of interest include the
integration of renewable energy sources in building energy management, optimization control
for demand side units in households and smart grid. She participated in many research projects
among which the IRESEN one on low cost CPV in Morocco. She supervised many Ph.D thesis
and several post graduate students. She can be contacted at: fatima.errahimi@usmba.ac.ma.
Najia Es-Sbai received her Ph.D. degree from Pau University (France) in 1993.
She is a Professor in the Electric Engineering Department at the Faculty of Science and
Technology, University of Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah (USMBA-Fez Morocco), since 1995.
She completed her Ph.D. (doctorat d’état) at USMBA in 2002. She was deputy head of the
electrical engineering department at the Faculty of Science and Technology of Fez for the
period 2010-2013. Her main research concerns area of nanostructures. In recent years, she
focused on image processing, especially emotions detection and renewable energy. She is
member and Deputy Director of the Laboratory of Intelligent Systems, Georesources and
Renewable Energies (LISGRE) since 2014 and she is concerning in supervising many Ph.D.
thesis. Theses concerning the management and optimization of energy flows in a smart grid
DC isolated, intelligent inverter, DC-DC converters for energy optimization, and facial
expression emotion detection. She can be contacted at email: najia.essbai@usmba.ac.ma.