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The nucleic acids
This document discusses nucleic acids, DNA, RNA, their structures and functions. It describes that nucleic acids are made up of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate and a base. The bases in DNA are adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine, while in RNA thymine is replaced with uracil. It explains the primary and secondary structures of DNA including the double helix structure. It also summarizes the central dogma of biology regarding DNA replication, transcription and translation of DNA to mRNA to proteins. The document concludes with a discussion of mutations that can occur during DNA replication and an overview of cloning techniques.
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The nucleic acids
- 1. Nucleic Acid DNA& RNA Structure Central Dogma Mutations The Nucleic Acids
- 2. Nucleic Acid DNA& RNA Structure Central Dogma Mutations Nucleic Acid a complex organic substance present in living cell esp. DNA & RNA whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain. Functions: • Transmission of hereditary characters. • Synthesis of proteins.
- 3. Nucleic Acid Components DNA & RNA Structure Central Dogma Mutations A. Kinds of Nucleic Acid 1. RNA (Ribonucleic acid) – it is located elsewhere in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm. 2. DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) – it is located in the chromosomes of the nucleus. Nucleotides – building blocks of nucleic acid chain. It is composed of base, sugar and phosphate.
- 4. Nucleic Acid DNA& RNA Structure Central Dogma Mutations Base • Base found in DNA & RNA are basic because they are heterocyclic amines. • Two of these bases (adenine and guanine) are purines and the other three (cytosine, thymine & uracil) are pyrimidines. • DNA bases: A, G, C & T while RNA: A, G, C & U.
- 5. Nucleic Acid DNA& RNA Structure Central Dogma Mutations Purines Adenine Guanine
- 6. Nucleic Acid DNA& RNA Structure Central Dogma Mutations Pyrimidines Cytosine Uracil Thymine
- 7. Nucleic Acid DNA& RNA Structure Central Dogma Mutations Sugar • Sugar component of RNA is ribose; DNA is deoxyribose. • The combination of sugar and base is known as nucleoside.
- 8. Nucleic Acid BaseSugar Nucleoside DNA & RNA Structure Central Dogma Mutations Adenine Deoxyribose Deoxyadenosine Adenine Ribose Adenosine Guanine Deoxyribose Deoxyguanosine Guanine Ribose Guanosine Cytosine Deoxyribose Deoxycytidine Cytosine Ribose Cytidine Thymine Deoxyribose Deoxythymidine Uracil Ribose Uridine
- 9. Nucleic Acid DNA& RNA Structure Central Dogma Mutations
- 10. Nucleic Acid DNA& RNA Structure Central Dogma Mutations Phosphate • This are phosphoric acid that when this group is linked to the – CH2OH group of nucleoside the result is a compound known as nucleotide. • Sequence: Nucleotide=base+sugar+phospate
- 11. Nucleic Acid BaseNucleoside Nucleotide DNA & RNA Structure Central Dogma Mutations Adenine Adenosine Adenylate (AMP) Adenine Deoxyadenosine Deoxyadenylate (dAMP) Guanine Guanosine Guanylate Guanine Deoxyguanosine Deoxyguanylate Cytosine Cytidine Cytidylate Cytosine Deoxycytidine Deocycytidylate Uracil Uridine Uridylate Thymine Deoxythymidine Deoxythymidylate
- 12. Nucleic Acid DNA& RNA Structure Central Dogma Mutations AMP (Adenosine Monophosphate) ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
- 13. Nucleic Acid DNA& RNA Structure Central Dogma Mutations DNA & RNA Components DNA RNA Location Nucleus Nucleus & Cytoplasm Bases A, G, C & T A, G, C & U Sugar Deoxyribose Ribose Structure Double helix Many structure
- 14. Nucleic Acid DNA& RNA Structure Central Dogma Mutations Structures 1. Primary structure • Divided into parts: a. Backbone of molecule – consist of alternating deoxyribose and phosphate groups. b. Side-chain groups – consist of the bases that are linked one to each sugar unit and carry all information necessary for protein synthesis.
- 15. Nucleic Acid PrimaryStructure DNA & RNA Structure Central Dogma Mutations
- 16. Nucleic Acid 2.Secondary structure (Double DNA & RNA Structure Central Dogma Mutations helix) • In 1953, James Watson & Francis Crick established the 3D structure of DNA. • The model of DNA established by watson and crick was based on two important pieces of information obtained by other workers: (1) the chargaff rule that (A&T) and (G&C) are present in equivalent quantities. (2) X-ray diffraction photographs obtained by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins.
- 17. Nucleic Acid DNA& RNA Structure Central Dogma Mutations • Watson and Crick concluded that DNA is composed of two strands in double helix. • In the DNA double helix the two polynucleotide run in opposite directions in 5’ to 3’. • The sugar-phosphate backbone is on the outside and bases are point inward. • The bases are paired according to chargaff rule. The bases so paired form hydrogen bonds with each other thereby stabilizing the double helix. They are called complimentary base pairs.
- 18. Nucleic Acid DoubleHelix DNA & RNA Structure Central Dogma Mutations
- 19. Nucleic Acid DNA& RNA Structure Central Dogma Mutations The Central Dogma
- 20. Nucleic Acid Replication DNA & RNA Structure Central Dogma Mutations • The process begins when a helicase (specialized enzyme) will unzip the DNA double helix into two strands which is the leading and lagging strand. • The leading strand has a 5’ to 3’ direction and direct synthesis of a new strand of DNA through complimentary base pairing. The old strand then unites with the new strand to reform a double helix through the process of semiconservative replication.
- 21. Nucleic Acid •In the lagging strand, the DNA & RNA Structure Central Dogma Mutations synthesized of DNA strand is in a short segments in a 3’ to 5’ direction. Thus, this short segments placed on the lagging strand are okazaki fragments and are ultimately joined by the enzyme DNA ligase to form a new strand. • Therefore, two new DNA strand is being replicated.
- 22. Nucleic Acid DNA& RNA Structure Central Dogma Mutations
- 23. Nucleic Acid Transcription DNA & RNA Structure Central Dogma Mutations 1. Initiation Stage there is a special region on the DNA wherein RNA polymerase attached and this is called the promoter site. 2. Elongation Stage certain proteins called transcription factors unwind the DNA strand and allow the RNAQ polymerase to transcribed only a single strand of DNA to a strand of RNA called mRNA.
- 24. Nucleic Acid •Antisense strand – strand that DNA & RNA Structure Central Dogma Mutations serve as the template. • Sense strand – strand that is not transcribed. 3. Termination Stage RNA polymerase moves along the DNA strand until it reaches a terminator sequence at the point RNA polymerase releases the mRNA polymer and detaches from the DNA. The DNA strand will bind again.
- 25. Nucleic Acid DNA& RNA Structure Central Dogma Mutations
- 26. Nucleic Acid Translation DNA & RNA Structure Central Dogma Mutations 1. Initiation stage The small ribosomal subunit enters in the methylated cap of the mRNA and goes to the initiation site. The tRNA contains anti-codon (UAC) which is complimentary to the mRNA codon (AUG) which will bind. The large ribosomal subunit will bind to small ribosomal subunit to peptidyl site and aminoacyl site. The 1st tRNA will occupy the p-site and 2nd tRNA (AAA) will enter the A-site which is complimentary to 2nd mRNA (UUU) codon.
- 27. Nucleic Acid 2.Elongation Stage DNA & RNA Structure Central Dogma Mutations The methionine then transferred to A-site amino acid. The 1st tRNA exits and ribosomes move along the mRNA. The 3rd mRNA enters. The process will just continue. As the elongation continues the growing peptide is continuously transfer to A-site tRNA. Ribosomes move to mRNA and new tRNA enters. 3. Termination stage When stop codon encountered in the A-site, release factor enters the A-site and translation is terminated. The ribosomes dissociates and newly form protein release.
- 28. Nucleic Acid DNA& RNA Structure Central Dogma Mutations
- 29. Nucleic Acid Mutationand Cloning DNA & RNA Structure Central Dogma Mutations Mutation – an error in the copying of a sequence of bases. Occur during replication and it can be classified as microlesion and macrolesion. a. Microlesion – involving the replacement of one base pair by another (Substitution). it divided into three subclasses: 1. Transition 2. Transversion 3. Frame-shift
- 30. Nucleic Acid •In the transition, the replacement of DNA & RNA Structure Central Dogma Mutations purine by another purine or a pyrimidine by another pyrimidine. • In the transversion, the replacement of a purine by a pyrimidine or vice versa.. • In the frame-shift, the loss or addition of one of few pairs of bases. b. Macrolesion – classified as deletions, duplication and rearrangement. • In deletions is the inability to revert.
- 31. Nucleic Acid •Mutagens – chemicals that can DNA & RNA Structure Central Dogma Mutations cause mutation. Urethane Lead Dimethylnitrosoamine Diethylnitrosoamine Hydroxylamine Hydrazine compound Nitrosoamides Acridine orange benzopyrene
- 32. Nucleic Acid Cloning DNA & RNA Structure Central Dogma Mutations • Cloning is the process of creating genetically identical copies of biological matter. Types of Cloning: 1. Molecular Cloning Molecular cloning focuses on making identical copies of DNA molecules. This type of cloning is also called gene cloning. 2. Organism Cloning Organism cloning involves making an identical copy of an entire organism. This type of cloning is also called reproductive cloning. 3. Therapeutic Cloning Therapeutic cloning involves the cloning of human embryos for the production of stem cells. The embryos are eventually destroyed in this process.
- 33. Nucleic Acid DNA& RNA Structure Central Dogma Mutations Thank You! Presented by: Den Mark Galapir Xandrad Abigail Garduque Edmar Luban Jovilyn Padilla Jessa Marie Ipac