Castles were built during the Middle Ages to protect kings, queens, and their lands from invaders. They were constructed with thick stone walls around a central keep and surrounded by a moat for added defense. While not very comfortable, castles served as homes for royalty and nobility as well as military strongholds. Over time, castles evolved from basic wooden fortresses to elaborate stone structures with private chambers, though always prioritizing defense over luxury. By the late Middle Ages, some castles fell into disrepair while others were converted into grand homes as the feudal system declined.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. Castles In the middle ages, people built Castles to protect the kings and queens. Most castles were surrounded by channels filled with water called moats. Castles were build close to rivers for washing, drinking water, and to fill up the moats The castles that didn’t have moats were built on a steep hill or mountain. The walls didn’t absorb heat, so the inside of the castle was cold
3. Castles The castles were built more for safety, not for comfort. A keep was a watch tower for enemies The peasants built a moat by hand First, people built wooden castles, but when enemies started burning down castles, people started building stone castles It took years to build a wooden castle Stone castles were more expensive
4. Castles Castles were designed to defend enemies. Enemies would attack a castle with Catapults and Flaming Arrows
5. Castles A drawbridge let people in and out of the castle The lady made sure supplies were ordered and bills were paid The most important part of the castle was The Great Hall In the great Hall, the Lord ate, slept, and entertained himself The Great Hall was the only room in the Castles of the Early Middle Ages
6. Castles Towns were build around the castle, so if an enemy was spotted, the people in the towns would get a warning. The Keep was the strongest part of the Castle The castle windows were small, so little fresh air came in The castles did not have comfortable furniture Food was cooked in big kettles in the fireplaces The walls had big rugs on them
7. Castles The floors were covered with twigs and bits of wood Candles and torches were used to light the walls Usually, a curtain separated the sleeping area from the rest of the Great Hall By the 1100s, the lord, lady, and their children had a private room called a Solar The Solar had little furniture
8. Castles A fireplace in the Solar kept the royal family warm Toilets in the Middle Ages were called Garderobes The toilet channel emptied out dirt in a pit underneath the ground There was no toilet paper, so people used handfuls of hay, straw, or torn bits of cloth. Lords and ladies bathed in a wooden bathtub shaped like a barrel
9. Castles The tub had a wooden seat padded with cloth for comfort During winter, the tub was placed in the lord’s or lady’s Solar; during Summer, the bath took place in a garden Servants poured hot water into the tub that was heated in the kitchen By the late 1300s, feudalism ended and European nobles lost their control, meanwhile kings got more powerful
10. Castles Many castles fell into ruin or were destroyed by war The rocks from castles were used to build new homes Some castles were turned into huge houses passed from generation to generation
11. Castles Around the 1400s, kings and other wealthy men built homes that looked like castles These modern castles didn't have any furniture at all These castles didn’t have defensive walls, instead they were surrounded by fountains and gardens
12. Kings and Queens By Wout It was the king’s duty to create laws for his people The king had to defend his people from outside enemies’ kingdoms A king was crowned in an extravagant ceremony called a coronation Kings ruled over large territories called kingdoms The pope placed the crown on the king’s head Queens came from very powerful families and were daughters of other kings or great lords Queens offered their husbands advice on how to rule the kingdom Kings ruled over large territories called kingdoms. Kings are the ruler of the whole land
13. Knights Knights protected lords, queens, and vassals. Knights wore chainmail for armor. Chainmail was little round iron circles. Knights’ weapons were spears and swords. The newer weapons were called crossbows and longbows. Knights were brave and strong. Knights wore stronger and better armor.
15. Townspeople By the 1100s, new inventions, such as better plows, made it easier to farm Peasants grew more crops than they needed to feed their families and to pay their lord They began to hold weekly or monthly markets at crossroads to trade their products for goods from other manors
16. Townspeople2 Boys in the middle ages started to learn a craft or trade when they were about seven years old They worked as apprentices, or unpaid assistants, to masters, who were experts at the craft or trade
17. Townspeople3 In the late middle ages, some cities had indoor markets where merchants sold goods of all kinds Craftspeople and merchants who made or sold the same kinds of goods belonged to organizations called guilds Guilds decided how much their members could charge for their goods
18. Townspeople4 In Medieval towns, people were mostly of two classes They were either laborers who were technically serfs, but did not live on manorial estates, or they were members of the middle class
19. MerchantsBY DANIEL.D Merchants were people who sold stuff They sold food, weapons and other stuff Merchants were poor and they had to work a lot Merchants were weavers, goldsmiths, and food and beverage sellers These people owned shops and earned money by selling goods, not by fighting or farming Boys in the Middle Ages learned a craft or trade when they were 7 years old Guilds decided how much the product would cost, and made sure the products were of high quality
20. Merchants 2By Daniel.D Merchants were still ruled by the lord They couldn’t do whatever they wanted to do Merchants weren't free and they weren't that lucky They could be killed if the lord told his vassal or his knights to kill the merchants
21. THIS IS THE END OF THE PRESENTATION !!!!Hope you loved it! Thank you for coming!!!!