The document provides information about ancient Roman architecture and daily life. It describes architectural structures like aqueducts, bridges, and the Colosseum. It details Roman homes, roads, transportation, food, clothing, and the military. Gladiator fights and Pompeii are also summarized. The document covers many aspects of architecture, infrastructure and culture in ancient Rome.

1. Ancient Roman Architecture By: Sofia & Mellissa

2. Aqueducts A channel that brought water into the towns and cities, sometimes raised high up on arches to cross rivers or ravines. Their easiest way of getting water straight into Rome. Pipes from Aqueducts go to public fountains, bathrooms and baths.

3. Bridges Bridges had the arch as its basic structure. The greatest difficulty were the pillars because they need to provide support while fighting the water current. Built with wood then brick and stone.

4. Colosseum • It was the greatest roman amphitheater. • Games were held here. Sea battles raged and animals appeared out of trap doors in the floor. • It could seat 50,000 people. • No one knows the architect that designed the Colosseum

5. Colosseum Building Process • If it wasn’t made with cement and vaulted arches the Colosseum could not have been built because it would have been to heavy and fallen. • It had 80 entrances. 2 for the emperor, dignitaries. 2 for the gladiators, 1 for dead, 1 for alive and 76 for the people. • They started by building an oval trench that was 18 feet deep and filled it with cement.

6. Building techniques and tools • The Pantheon was the largest dome in history until the twentieth century • The idea of a dome came from extending an arch. • They built with simple hammers, chisels, saws, pulleys and cranes.

7. Roman Forum • It was snug in a valley between Capitoline Hill and Palintine Hill. • Beginning as a market place it evolved into an economic, political and religious hub and the town square in the center of Rome. • Made with stone paving, arches and white marble columns.

8. Roman Homes • Most apartments were 5-6 stories high. • Apartments were crowded and unsanitary while stores were on the 1st floor • The richest of Romans could afford town houses just for them selves. • Town houses allowed kitchens unlike apartments and were only 1-2 stories and windows only on the 2nd floor for security purposes.

9. Ancient Roman Upper Class Life By Rosa, Jeffery, & Noa

10. Daily Life Slaves helped through whole day During day, men went to baths, women read In evening, HUGE feasts Prayed first thing in morning because believed gods gave wealth

11. Fashion for the rich Women had very elaborate hairstyles They had emeralds, opals, and pearls Men had very elaborate styled beards Both men and women wore perfume

12. Homes and Decor Small windows to prevent heat from coming in Villas had 8 rooms Had courtyards and shrines They had specially designed gutters and heating systems

13. Parties and festivity Rich people hosted feasts for friends and important people from the city Slaves washed guest’s feet Men got together for hunting parties Men wore bright togas for parties

14. Currency Moneylenders had very high interest A large some of money is called a dowry Made new coins for every conquest Pecunia means money in Latin

15. Slaves and servants Slaves were prisoners of war, captives or Romans in debt Rich roman can obtain slaves by buying, inheritance, or as slave’s child Most household slaves were treated well

16. Powers and Social Standings Rich people called patricians Only oldest families in Rome were rich Held political, legal, and religious power Consul= Supreme authority below emperor

17. Rich kids Boys and girls learned reading, writing, and math in primary school Older boys learned Greek, grammar, geometry, public speaking, and astronomy in secondary school Boys became men at 15 Learn to swim with bamboo floats

18. Ancient Roman Foods By:Eleanor & Aileen

19. Food For The Poor The poor people that lived near the Mediterranean Sea had to eat foods that grew in dry places They eat pasta,salad,water,bread,and porridge or eat left over food from breakfast

20. Rich People’s Foods Special occasions they ate giraffes,larks,and dormice,not for the flavor but because they’re expensive They ate chicken and pork with lots of spices They had the most access to fruits and figs and grapes

21. Roman Farmers They grow figs,and strawberries In hot climates they grow grapes and olives In cold climates they grow turnips and apples Farmers grew grapes in order to make and sell wine

22. Kinds Of Roman Meats Sheep,Cattle Pork and Ham Fish and peacock tongues Complicated meal is that they would make stuffing chicken inside of duck, duck inside of goose,goose inside of pig,pig inside of cow,then they cook it altogether

23. A Roman Dinner Party Good manners are to vomit to make more room for more meals The people stay for games and songs before getting ready to leave They remove out door shoes and put indoor shoes (sandals) and the slaves would wash the wealthy peoples hands a place a crown of flowers upon their head

24. What meals did the ancient children eat at school? Salad (lunch) Rice or pasta (snack) Water (daily) Juice (lunch) Cheese and vegetable(both)

25. What did the Romans drink? Romans drank wine on special occasions,breakfast,lunch,and dinner Romans drank water for breakfast,lunch,and dinner Calda which is warm water and wine laced with spices Ponca is vinegar mixed with enough water to make it drinkable

26. Clothing and Accesories By Morgan, Nora & Sofia C. Ancient Roman

27. Hair Styles, men and women Curls were popular for both, men + women Men had short hair In early Rome, women wore simple hair styles (Bun)

28. Foot Wear, men and women Different ranks= Different types of shoes Women wore boots like men but made out of softer material Slaves wore wooden clogs, or animal skins wrapped around feet

29. Different Occasions Clothing Party stolas had embroidery around the hem Togas for party’s were brightly colored Togas for mourning were darkly colored

30. Seasonal wear/ traveling clothes To protect from rain + cold, wore hooded cloak called lacernae Traveling cloaks were made from animal skins, they were warm and waterproof Paenula is a piece of cloth with a hole cut into it

31. Men and Boys Clothing Wore tunics, which was a single piece of cloth draped around the body More expensive the tunic, covered with pleats Tunica palmat = leafy, flowery tunic worn by important men

32. Women and Girls Clothing Wore tunic, longer than men Important women wore stola over tunic Going out = wore pala over stola, pala is rectangular toga with hood

33. Jewelry Women liked jewelry, for value rather than look Rings were most common jewelry, worn by both men + women The most precious stones were pearls, opals, + emeralds

34. Cosmetics Made from vegetables + mineral dyes Chalk was used as face powder Put on make-up with a spatula

35. ANCIENT ROMAN ROADS & TRANSPORTATION by BEN AND MATT

36. How Roads Helped Ancient Rome Helped Armies move quickly around Rome Made communicating easier Helped Rome run their empire by making easy travel

37. How Roads were built and what they were made out of Built by digging trenches Many layers, top=curbstones, bottom=mortar/sand Roads were built to last

38. Ships and Other Water Transportation Ships were sail boats with 2 sails Ships were made of wood Docks were always busy

39. Military Transportation Used horses to travel and fight Mules carried supplies for the army Built bridges for easy travel

40. Land Transportation Used horses to carry letters Chariots were used for entertainment Went in covered cart if going on long journeys

41. Different types of roads and where they went Paved roads=fast transportation, mud roads=slow transportation 50,000 miles of roads Roads covered Roman empire

42. Merchants and Farm carts Driven by oxen Farmers used plows that went slowly Farm carts had solid wooden wheels

43. Different Transportation Routes and how Long they Took Alexandria to Ostia takes 16-21 days Rome to Caesaria takes 20 days Took two to three weeks by ship to go from Egypt to Rome

44. Ancient Roman Army and weapons By Austin & Alex

45. How soldiers benefited the society Soldiers built opera houses and other public buildings. The soldiers paroled the city for possible danger. They Brought treasure home from war. Most importantly, the soldiers kept the citizens and kingdom safe.

46. Weapons and how they used them Romans used many weapons, such as spears, axes, swords, sabers, javelins, bows, and slings. All warriors carried a sword and shield. Spears were used for spearheading their phalanx formation, where they marched in a triangle shoulder-to -shoulder.

47. Marching When Romans marched to war they each carried grain, a pick, 2 stakes, a saw, their armor and weapons. When marching they slept in a wool tent. Roman soldiers marched 8 or more miles a day. Some Roman camps could be as big as a city.

48. Siege Boats carried most supplies for troops. Commander directed troops from afar and from the advice of other leaders. Troops would mostly steal food from enemies to eat and hurt them. They built bridges over rivers by anchoring boats and putting large planks across the boats.

49. Training When selected they were fitted for armor and outfits. They rode horses without stirrups to build endurance. Recruits marched two times a day with full armor and spears. Some trainees were taught to fire catapults. Selected for training when boys.

50. Armor Wore shield, plate armor, belt and mail shin guards. Shield is called Scuttum, and were made out of wood and steel. The Belt is called chinglum, and was leather with dangling mail. Chest plate is cal led lorice, and is iron on leather. ^ Battle Helmet

51. Enemies of Rome The roman enemies were the Germans, Deccins, Iberians, Hispanics, Parthians, Celtics, Gallics, and Persians. The Germans were considered barbarians. The Romans lost to the Germans only once.

52. Benefits of War During war, slaves and land were captured to be sold and built on. Lots of gold and riches were brought back from war. After years of military service soldiers were given full citizenship. A parade to display valor full warriors and captured slaves was fun for everyone.

53. Ancient Roman Gladiators By: Sam & Raphael

54. Types of Gladiators There were Retiariuses, who used tridents and nets. The Acians, who had brown shields and curved swords. The Mirmihlo, who had heavy shields, short swords and helmets. The Velitis, who used javelins and who fought 5 vs 5. Gladiators usually fought against other Gladiators.

55. How Gladiators are treated Gladiators are usually slaves or prisoners! Gladiators were usually trained in gladiator schools and were not allowed out! Gladiators were usually treated like wild animals! Talented gladiators were worth a lot of money and were fed special barley.

56. Rise and Fall of the Gladiator Fights The tradition of gladiator fights came from the Etruscans. The Etruscans believed that the spilling of blood from the gladiator fights honored the dead! The tradition of gladiator fights ended in 404 A.D. because a Christian Priest got mad because one gladiator was about to kill the other one. The spectators got mad and killed the priest. Then the emperor ended the gladiator games.

57. Rules of the gladiator fights Gladiators had to swear an oath agreeing to suffer whips, burning, and death! In gladiator fights, when a gladiator is wounded, the crowd gets to choose if he lives or not: thumps up; keep alive, thumbs down; kill! Gladiator fights were only on special occasions. Very rarely can a woman be a gladiator.

58. Gladiator Schools Instructors were usually former gladiators. There were 4 gladiator schools in all of Rome. Gladiators-in-training used wooden swords to practice! Schools were usually close to the arena so they would have a smaller chance of escaping when they are going to the arena.

59. Types of Gladiator Fights Gladiators could fight animals such as lions and bears! The gladiator animals were kept hungry so they would try to eat the gladiator(s)! The Colosseum could be flooded so there could be sea battles! Gladiators most often fought each other.

60. The Colosseum The Colosseum was made in 80 A.D. The Colosseum was the biggest gladiator stadium ever! The Colosseum held up to 47,000 people! The Colosseum was built in Rome.

61. By: Natasha & Donnaya Pompeii

62. The Great Vesuvius Vesuvius was a volcano that was asleep and slowly building up pressure The magma was so hot and steam turned it to pumice and ash explodedthrough a hole in the top The volcano was 4,203 feet high Pompeii eruption was on August 24, AD 79

63. Volcano timeline

64. Old Pompeii In the town of Pompeii: had altars in the center of the town Nile water was sacred in temples Found in 1600’s Porta Marina was a gate through which you entered Pompeii People first invented the water fountain

65. Pompeii timeline

66. Buildings in Pompeii Amphitheater: double theater Forum: center of political, economical, and religons, outdoor market Baths: public baths Frigidarium: cold bath Tepidarium: warm bath Caldarium: hot bath Basilica: tall, thin structure Arch of Caligula: showcase of trophies

67. Pompeii Gods and Altars Jupiter: king of all gods Priapus: god of fertility Apollo: god of light Venus: goddess of love, known as protector of Pompeii, had a son called Cupid

68. Items and Bodies found In Pompeii, people found: Bread in oven Bowling alleys and running water Lot’s of paintings of fruits Graffiti from gladiator fights “ Beware of the dog” signs Marble basin and bronze tub with cradle Gold neck lace of 48 ivy leaves cut of gold

69. New Pompeii People added a terrace to enjoy the view Most popular during summer and autumn About 7,000 people visit per day Pompeii has been restored