It has become widely appreciated that our gut symbionts play integral roles in human health since perturbations of this bacterial community or the products they can produce have been associated with increased susceptibility to a variety of diseases.
Moving into the Post-MetagenomicEra of Gut Microbiome ResearchJonathan Clarke
Julian Marchesi's presentation slides from our previous Microbiome R&D and Business Collaboration Forum. For information about this years event please visit http://www.globalengage.co.uk/microbiota.html
Moving into the Post-MetagenomicEra of Gut Microbiome ResearchJonathan Clarke
Julian Marchesi's presentation slides from our previous Microbiome R&D and Business Collaboration Forum. For information about this years event please visit http://www.globalengage.co.uk/microbiota.html
Gut Microbiota Role in Liver Regeneration: Evidences and Novel Insights | Cri...CrimsonpublishersITERM
Human pathophysiological status highly depends on microbiota activity; its presence is in fact necessary to a healthy development, as well as for backing up immune system in the defense from pathogens. Gut microbiota also acts as a metabolic player that takes part in host metabolism by partially regulating bile acids (BAs) metabolism, as well as farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signalling. In fact, if microbiota functions are totally or even partially impaired, its role in supporting both BAs and FXR pathways will be undermined too, resulting in a diminished liver regeneration function. Hepatic pathologies have been associated to impaired gut microbial diversity, that can trigger a positive feedback cycle that worsen liver injury and obstruct liver regeneration process. Alcoholic liver disease subjects were typically infected by Bacteroides species and expanded Proteobacteria ones. Thus, it can be inferred that an intimate relationship between microbiota, hepatic metabolism and injury as well as regeneration is standing. Within this complex scenario, it is not surprising that the gut-liver axis could be also part of the regenerative mechanisms that, under certain circumstances, occur within the hepatic environment. This opinion paper aims to put together some of the evidences related to this thesis in order to consolidate it and give new insights about it.
Evidence shows that honey improves glycemic control in diabetes mellitus. Besides its hypoglycemic effect, studies indicate that honey ameliorates lipid abnormalities
in rats and humans with diabetes. This review also validates the beneficial effects of oligosaccharides on various abnormalities commonly associated with these disorders. Based on the evidence that honey contains oligosaccharides, we hypothesize that oligosaccharides present in honey might contribute to the antidiabetic and other health-related beneficial effects of honey.
Research Progress of Intestinal Flora and High Fat Diet ObesityJohnJulie1
Obesity is a chronic metabolic disorder caused by an energy imbalance, which is becoming an increasingly prevalent and ubiquitous problem worldwide. Its cause is complex, including genetic factors, high fat diet, intestinal tract bacterium group. The effect of intestinal flora on obesity has been widely recognized in the past few years. This article reviews the possible mechanism of intestinal flora in the occurrence of obesity, then proposes a new idea for using intestinal flora to intervene obesity.
The human microbiota is an extremely large system with its majority inhabitin...semualkaira
Human microbiota is the system englobing more than 100 trillion
microorganisms living in symbiosis with the hosting body [1, 2].
The majority of the human microbiota inhabits the gastrointestinal
tract especially the colon
The human microbiota is an extremely large system with its majority inhabiting the colon. In this review we study the relation between the gut microbiota composition and obesity.
The human microbiota is an extremely large system with its majority inhabiting the colon. In this review we study the relation between the gut microbiota composition and obesity.
Metabolomics is the large-scale study of small molecules, commonly known as metabolites, within cells, biofluids, tissues or organisms. Collectively, these small molecules and their interactions within a biological system are known as the metabolome.
Metabolomics is an analytical profiling technique for measuring and comparing large numbers of metabolites present in biological samples. Combining high-throughput analytical chemistry and multivariate data analysis, metabolomics offers a window on metabolic mechanisms.
Dr. Tom Burkey - Host-Microbe Interactions: Effects on nutrition and physiologyJohn Blue
Host-Microbe Interactions: Effects on nutrition and physiology - Dr. Tom Burkey, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, from the 2014 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 15-16, 2014, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-leman-swine-conference-material
FODMAPS, Put simply, FODMAPs are a collection of short-chain carbohydrates (sugars) that aren’t absorbed properly in the gut, which can trigger symptoms in people with IBS. FODMAPs are found naturally in many foods and food additives.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Gut Microbiota Role in Liver Regeneration: Evidences and Novel Insights | Cri...CrimsonpublishersITERM
Human pathophysiological status highly depends on microbiota activity; its presence is in fact necessary to a healthy development, as well as for backing up immune system in the defense from pathogens. Gut microbiota also acts as a metabolic player that takes part in host metabolism by partially regulating bile acids (BAs) metabolism, as well as farnesoid X receptor (FXR) signalling. In fact, if microbiota functions are totally or even partially impaired, its role in supporting both BAs and FXR pathways will be undermined too, resulting in a diminished liver regeneration function. Hepatic pathologies have been associated to impaired gut microbial diversity, that can trigger a positive feedback cycle that worsen liver injury and obstruct liver regeneration process. Alcoholic liver disease subjects were typically infected by Bacteroides species and expanded Proteobacteria ones. Thus, it can be inferred that an intimate relationship between microbiota, hepatic metabolism and injury as well as regeneration is standing. Within this complex scenario, it is not surprising that the gut-liver axis could be also part of the regenerative mechanisms that, under certain circumstances, occur within the hepatic environment. This opinion paper aims to put together some of the evidences related to this thesis in order to consolidate it and give new insights about it.
Evidence shows that honey improves glycemic control in diabetes mellitus. Besides its hypoglycemic effect, studies indicate that honey ameliorates lipid abnormalities
in rats and humans with diabetes. This review also validates the beneficial effects of oligosaccharides on various abnormalities commonly associated with these disorders. Based on the evidence that honey contains oligosaccharides, we hypothesize that oligosaccharides present in honey might contribute to the antidiabetic and other health-related beneficial effects of honey.
Research Progress of Intestinal Flora and High Fat Diet ObesityJohnJulie1
Obesity is a chronic metabolic disorder caused by an energy imbalance, which is becoming an increasingly prevalent and ubiquitous problem worldwide. Its cause is complex, including genetic factors, high fat diet, intestinal tract bacterium group. The effect of intestinal flora on obesity has been widely recognized in the past few years. This article reviews the possible mechanism of intestinal flora in the occurrence of obesity, then proposes a new idea for using intestinal flora to intervene obesity.
The human microbiota is an extremely large system with its majority inhabitin...semualkaira
Human microbiota is the system englobing more than 100 trillion
microorganisms living in symbiosis with the hosting body [1, 2].
The majority of the human microbiota inhabits the gastrointestinal
tract especially the colon
The human microbiota is an extremely large system with its majority inhabiting the colon. In this review we study the relation between the gut microbiota composition and obesity.
The human microbiota is an extremely large system with its majority inhabiting the colon. In this review we study the relation between the gut microbiota composition and obesity.
Metabolomics is the large-scale study of small molecules, commonly known as metabolites, within cells, biofluids, tissues or organisms. Collectively, these small molecules and their interactions within a biological system are known as the metabolome.
Metabolomics is an analytical profiling technique for measuring and comparing large numbers of metabolites present in biological samples. Combining high-throughput analytical chemistry and multivariate data analysis, metabolomics offers a window on metabolic mechanisms.
Dr. Tom Burkey - Host-Microbe Interactions: Effects on nutrition and physiologyJohn Blue
Host-Microbe Interactions: Effects on nutrition and physiology - Dr. Tom Burkey, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, from the 2014 Allen D. Leman Swine Conference, September 15-16, 2014, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2014-leman-swine-conference-material
FODMAPS, Put simply, FODMAPs are a collection of short-chain carbohydrates (sugars) that aren’t absorbed properly in the gut, which can trigger symptoms in people with IBS. FODMAPs are found naturally in many foods and food additives.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
1. Contents
▪ Introduction
▪ Schematic illustration of organ systems and tissues that can be affected
by the gut microbiota
▪ Characterization of Gut Microbial Diversity
▪ Association of Gut Microbiota with Lipid Metabolism
▪ Biological Mechanisms through which Gut Microbes May Affect Lipid
Metabolism
▪ Targeting the Gut Microbiota for Therapeutic Applications / Treatment
▪ Conclusion
▪ References
2. Role of Gut Microbiota in Lipid Metabolism
Introduction
It has become widely appreciated that our gut symbionts play integral roles in human health
since perturbations of this bacterial community or the products they can produce have been
associated with increased susceptibility to a variety of diseases. The first indications of these
associations were for colitis and inflammatory bowel disease but altered gut microbial
composition or function has now been established in the development of cardiometabolic
phenotypes, including obesity and related abnormalities and atherosclerosis. There is also
evidence that the microbiota can even be a potential contributor to risk of neurobehavioral
conditions, such as autism. In this review, we focus on recent studies that indicate an emerging
role for gut microbiota in modulating lipid metabolism.
The gut microbiota has been recognized as an important factor in the development of metabolic
diseases such as obesity and is considered an endocrine organ involved in the maintenance of
energy homeostasis and host immunity. Dysbiosis can change the functioning of the intestinal
barrier and the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) by allowing the passage of structural
3. components of bacteria, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which activate inflammatory
pathways that may contribute to the development of insulin resistance. Furthermore, intestinal
dysbiosis can alter the production of gastrointestinal peptides related to satiety, resulting in an
increased food intake.
Schematic illustration of organ systems and tissues that can be affected by the
gut microbiota
Multiple lines of evidence support a role for altered gut microbial composition or function as a
contributor to the development of obesity and related metabolic abnormalities (i.e. type 2
diabetes), peripheral and coronary artery disease, and even neurobehavioral conditions such as
autism. Recent observations of significant associations between proportions of specific intestinal
bacteria taxa with lipid levels suggest a role for gut microbes in modifying host lipid metabolism.
Gut microbe effects may be mediated through multiple mechanisms, including elaboration of
lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or other bioactive metabolites that act fundamentally as hormones
since they can circulate within the host and act at distant sites. Gut microbial production of short
chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and secondary bile acids are two such examples that have been shown
to affect lipid levels and other metabolic phenotypes. Evidence shows that gut bacteria can also
generate intermediate precursors (e.g. trimethylamine) from certain dietary nutrients, that can
then be further metabolized by the host to generate biologically active products (e.g.
trimethylamine N-oxide), which then can exert direct effects on lipid metabolism and contribute
to disease development or progression. Biological mechanisms impacted by gut microbial
metabolites can involve reverse cholesterol transport, hepatic cholesterol and sterol metabolism,
intestinal lipid transport, bile acid composition and pool size, glucose and insulin metabolism,
energy harvest/expenditure, as well as others.
Characterization of Gut Microbial Diversity
The human intestinal tract is home to at least 1000 distinct species of bacteria, which collectively
number over 100 trillion organisms. This diverse ecosystem is shaped by early life events but can
evolve over time through interactions between its constituents as well as with exogenous factors
or those that are endogenous to the host. Until recently, characterization of the gut microbiome
relied mostly on conventional culture-based microbiological techniques, which was a major
hindrance since most bacteria in the gut are not readily amenable to cell culture. However,
advances in next generation genomic technologies now allow us to identify and classify gut
bacterial composition in an unprecedented manner. One widely used approach has typically
involved in-depth sequencing of the variable regions of bacterial 16S rRNA genes to determine
the diversity and proportion of bacterial taxa within the microbial community. Based on the
sequence data obtained, microbial richness and diversity are then organized into operational
taxonomic units (OTUs). Although more challenging, recent studies have also begun to
characterize microbial communities through unbiased metagenomics analyses, which involves
untargeted shotgun sequencing of all genetic material recovered from the intestine or feces.
4. Both 16S and metagenomic analyses have revealed that the human gut is mostly comprised of a
common core of bacteria from two major phyla, Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, with the
remainder of the gut microbiota being remarkably diverse. This diversity often includes less
abundant representation from the phyla Proteobacteria, Verrumicrobia, Actinobacteria,
Fusobacteria, and Cyanobacteria, as well as the domain Archaea. It is also important to note that
the human gut microbiome can also be dynamic and altered dramatically, for example, by
antibiotic use, but less so by age, host genetics, chronic dietary patterns, and other environmental
exposures.
Association of Gut Microbiota with Lipid Metabolism
Early studies comparing germ free versus conventionally raised mice first supported a role for
gut microbes in both affecting host energy metabolism and modulating lipid levels; however, the
design of these early studies did not permit identification of candidate microbes involved in
promoting the observed phenotypic changes in conventionalized (microbe colonized) mice.
Given the known clinical correlation between obesity, related metabolic disorders, and
dyslipidemia, it is possible that the observed associations between gut bacterial taxa and lipid
levels are mediated through effects on BMI or other metabolic disturbances. This notion is
supported by a recent analysis in a population-based cohort that not only confirmed previously
known associations between obesity and certain bacterial taxa, such as Akkermansia,
Christensenellaceae, and Tenericutes, but also demonstrated that some of the associations with
microbial composition were shared between BMI and levels of triglycerides and high-density
lipoproteins. Importantly, however, these analyses revealed microbial taxa whose proportions
were associated with lipids independent of BMI as well, including novel associations with
Eggerthella, Pasteurellaceae, and Butyric monas. Surprisingly, only weak relationships were
noted between microbial variation and total cholesterol or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
levels, suggesting that gut bacteria affect specific aspects of lipid metabolism and/or distinct
classes of lipoproteins. Taken together, these observations provide new avenues for validation
and follow up studies.
Biological Mechanisms through which Gut Microbes May Affect Lipid
Metabolism
As with any gut microbiota study that is associative in nature, such as those in humans, a major
challenge is elucidating the underlying biological mechanisms and proving whether the
associations are due to a causal relationship. In this regard, evidence from animal studies
supports the notion that the gut microbiome can mechanistically impact host lipid levels. For
example, certain facultative and anaerobic bacteria in the large bowel produce secondary bile
acids from the pool of bile salts secreted into the intestine. A small fraction of these bacterially
derived bile acids is absorbed into the bloodstream and can modulate hepatic and/or systemic
lipid and glucose metabolism through nuclear or G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), such as
FXR or TGR5, respectively.
5. Another potential mechanism through which gut microbes could affect lipid metabolism may
involve fermentation of nondigestable carbohydrates. Humans are not capable of breaking down
many common forms of complex carbohydrates, whereas a subset of anaerobic bacteria found in
the cecum and proximal colon can ferment several compounds, such as pectins, gums,
hemicelluloses, and galactose-oligosaccharides. One class of metabolites produced by these
bacteria are short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which can subsequently be metabolized by the host
or alternatively act as hormones (Figure). SCFAs, such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate, are
known to regulate intestinal immune homeostasis and serve as an energy source for colonic
epithelial cells. However, SCFAs have been shown to have metabolic benefits as well, which are
mediated, in part, through induction of intestinal gluconeogenesis. SCFAs are also absorbed
from the gut and can have potent effects on energy expenditure and insulin sensitivity in
peripheral metabolic tissues through different GPCRs, such as GPR41 and GPR43.
It is also possible that gut bacteria generate intermediate precursors that are further metabolized
by the host to products that exert direct effects on lipid levels. For example, recent studies have
linked high levels of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) to atherosclerosis in both mice and
humans. TMAO is derived secondarily through hepatic oxidation of trimethylamine (TMA),
which is first produced through gut microbe-mediated metabolism of dietary choline and L-
carnitine. Possible mechanisms for the pro-atherogenic effect of TMAO have been suggested to
involve perturbations of reverse cholesterol transport, cholesterol and sterol metabolism, and/or
the quantity and composition of bile acids. Interestingly, host DNA variation appears to only
play a marginal role in the regulation of TMAO levels, particularly in humans, suggesting that
dietary factors and/or gut bacterial composition are more important determinants.
Targeting the Gut Microbiota for Therapeutic Applications / Treatment
An important clinical implication from studies on gut microbiota is how to leverage findings for
therapeutic purposes. Selective manipulation of the gut microbial ecosystem might provide new
avenues to treat and/or prevent dyslipidemia and cardiometabolic diseases, but this will first
require a better understanding of which specific bacteria, or alternatively, which bacterial
metabolites, are the appropriate targets for intervention and manipulation. The simplest point of
intervention may be to limit consumption of dietary constituents that either foster the growth of
undesirable bacteria or serve as substrates for microbe-dependent generation of products that
disrupt lipid homeostasis or other metabolic processes.
Alternative viable therapeutic strategies may be the use of prebiotics or probiotics to produce a
desired change in microbial composition and/or function that favorably impacts host lipid
metabolism. Prebiotic therapy consists of ingestion of select nutrients or dietary constituents
(nonmicrobial compositions) that provide a growth advantage of beneficial bacteria, whereas
probiotic therapy involves the ingestion of one or more live bacterial strains, attempting to take
advantage of the mutualism of microbes. Therapeutic intervention could also rely on the use of
broad or class-specific antibiotics to eliminate bacterial species or their products associated with
dyslipidemia and other metabolic disturbances. However, this approach is not a sustainable long-
6. term option. Many gut microbial products are beneficial to the host and even infrequent
antibiotic treatment, particularly in very young children whose gut microbiota has yet to be fully
established, can adversely impact host global metabolism via changes in the gut microbial
community [40] and facilitate the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains.
Another promising therapeutic approach may involve pharmaceutical targeting of gut microbe-
specific biological processes. This concept was recently demonstrated in a series of elegant
experiments with respect to the association of TMAO with atherosclerosis. Several important
insights were revealed by this study. For example, Wang et al. designed a small molecule choline
analog, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butanol (DMB), that competitively inhibited diverse and phylogenetically
distant classes of microbial TMA lyases, which were previously identified as enzymes that
catalyze the conversion of choline to TMA [42, 43]. Notably, these effects were observed in
physiological polymicrobial cultures derived from both cecal contents of mice and fecal samples
of healthy humans. Most importantly, chronic feeding of DMB to mice in the context of a high-
choline diet led to shifts in the proportions of some bacterial taxa and substantial reductions in
plasma TMAO levels, macrophage cholesterol accumulation, foam cell formation, and
atherosclerotic lesions, without any evidence of toxicity or adverse cardiometabolic effects in the
animals. Taken together, these results suggest that targeting gut microbial production of TMA
through specific and non-lethal means may serve as a potential therapeutic approach for the
treatment of cardiometabolic diseases and that microbial inhibitors in general may represent a
novel therapeutic strategy for other disorders that involve intestinal dysbiosis.
Conclusion
For many years, the community of bacteria living in our gut was largely ignored. However,
emerging evidence clearly demonstrates that our microbial symbionts play multiple
fundamentally important roles in maintaining normal metabolic homeostasis. These discoveries
have broad implications for elucidating bacterially-mediated pathophysiological mechanisms that
alter lipid metabolism and other related metabolic traits. From a clinical perspective, this newly
recognized endocrine organ system can be targeted for therapeutic benefit or prevention of
cardiometabolic diseases and risk factors. The ability to manipulate the gut microbiome for
improved health and prevention of diseases is still in the early phases of development, but recent
rapid advances in gut microbiome studies highlight both the potential and promise of targeting
intestinal microbes for therapeutic gain.
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